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Marketing

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1. Marcos, empresario textil, está comenzando a tener serias dificultades para mantener sus negocios a salvo de la crisis del sector. Algunas de las operaciones que ha hecho y otras que tiene pensado realizar le plantean serias dudas acerca de sus derechos y obligaciones, por lo que acude a usted en busca de asesoramiento:

A. La mayor parte de sus negocios los ha realizado con un compañero y amigo. Como ahora no atraviesan un buen momento económico, es consciente de que en cualquier momento empezaran a exigirles el pago de lo que ellos adeudan por diferentes contratos. En este sentido, ¿qué tipo de responsabilidad pueden exigirles, solidaria o mancomunada? ¿Existe alguna diferencia básica entre qué les apliquen una u otra?

En este caso, nos encontramos ante una pluralidad de deudores y estos pueden responder de dos formas distintas, solidaria o mancomunadamente. En el primer caso, al ser responsabilidad solidaria significa que cualquiera de ellos puede responder de todo, quien responda de todo luego tiene el derecho de ejercer la acción de repetición contra su compañero y migo. Sin embargo, el otro caso es el de mancomunidad, por el cual cada uno responde únicamente de su cuantía no por el todo. Esta es la clasificación que establece el derecho civil y que sirve de base al derecho mercantil. Debemos tener en cuenta que el Derecho Mercantil rompe con la presunción de mancomunidad que se establece en el artículo 1137 del Código Civil optando siempre por la responsabilidad solidaria.

Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, en este caso se les puede exigir una responsabilidad solidaria, en la cual uno de los deudores (Marcos) va a responder frente a los acreedores del total y luego tiene el derecho de ejercer la acción de repetición frente a su compañero para que le pague la cantidad que le corresponde.

B. Uno de sus hijos ha recibido una carta en la que le indican que un contrato de adhesión que tiene con una empresa de servicios, . ¿Puede la empresa llevar a cabo esta rescisión?

En Derecho Mercantil tenemos la figura del derecho del desistimiento que tiene la finalidad de proteger al consumidor. Para que este derecho sea efectivo, hay toda una serie de preceptos que tratan facilitar al consumidor una información previa para que pueda ejercer este derecho.

En este supuesto estamos ante una clausula abusiva, por tanto no puede rescisión. La clausula abusiva es uno de los tres controles dentro del control de fondo que existen en el derecho mercantil. Concretamente tiene lugar cuando la condición general ha entrado en el contrato pero es considerada abusiva. Por su parte una condición general pasa a ser abusiva cuando va en contra de los principios del Derecho Civil, explícitamente, cuando va contra la igualdad o la buena fe).

Ahora bien, debemos acudir a la redacción del artículo 8 de la Ley de Condiciones Generales de la Contratación, en el cual se estipula que serán nulas de pleno derecho las condiciones que vayan en contra d esa ley o en contra de normas imperativas, es decir, que siempre vulnere algún principio general. Esta es la regla general, pero habrá que acudir al artículo 10 de la Ley del 84, pero como esta derogada debemos atender a los artículos 80 a 91 del la Ley General de Consumidores y Usuarios.

Como no supera el control de fondo, en el artículo 7 de la Ley sobre Condiciones Generales de la Contratación se establece que no estarán incorporados al contrato y por tanto se considerarán nulos. Sin embargo, no se va a declarar la ineficiencia del contrato mientras tanto este pueda subsistir sin esas cláusulas.

C. Su cuñado, que también es empresario, le avaló como aceptante de una letra de cambio que vence el 28 de diciembre de 2012. Es prácticamente imposible que ese día disponga del dinero para pagarla. ¿Puede evitar que el tenedor de la letra le reclame a su cuñado el importe si él no la paga, teniendo en cuenta que sólo lo hizo por hacerle un favor?

Primero debemos tener en cuenta que las letras de cambio son un titulo-valor que incorpora in derecho de crédito que tiene plena autonomía, las cuales circulan a la orden, significa que llevan el nombre del sujeto al que van dirigidas. A diferencia de los cheques, llevan un funcionamiento totalmente distinto, debido a que estas se pueden aplazar a la hora de pagar, por lo tanto puede endosarse la letra a otro sujeto.

En el artículo 57 de la Ley Cambiaria y del Cheque (LCCH) se establece lo siguiente: "los que hayan librado, avalado, conceptuado o endosado una letra. De cambio responden solidariamente frente al tenedor". Nuestro supuesto trata de un sujeto que ha avalado a otro, lo que significa que desde que se asume una posición jurídica se tiene responsabilidad, por lo tanto su cuñado tendrá que responder ante el tenedor, no hay forma alguna de poder evitarlo.

2. Francisco ha firmado una letra de cambio como avalista del librador. En esa posición ¿qué acciones de reclamación pueden interponer contra él? En el caso de que pagara la letra ¿qué acciones de reclamación podría posteriormente interponer él?

Contra Francisco podrán interponer una vez llegado el plazo de vencimiento la acción directa, por vía ordinaria o por el proceso especial cambiario. En el caso de que el no pague.

Por otro lado, Francisco podrá interponer contra los endosantes en el caso de que el pague la letra, la acción de regreso, para que los mismos le paguen lo que le es debido.

3. Elisa tiene pensado firmar tres letras de cambio, a 30, 60 y 90 días, respectivamente. Las letras serán aceptadas por ella en el momento mismo del libramiento. Si se retrasase en el pago de estas letras ¿cómo debería actuar el tenedor de la letra de cambio?

Si llegado el momento en que Elisa se retrasara en el pago de las letras de cambio, el tenedor de las mismas puede interponer una reclamación o bien por el incumplimiento del contrato de compraventa (seria el procedimiento ordinario) o bien por el procedimiento cambiario.

No puede interponer la reclamación por ambos procedimientos, sino que tendrá que optar por uno de los 2.

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