...Abstract Lutheranism and Baptist doctrines have slightly similar ambitions. Each doctrinarian can be understood as significantly diverse. It is vital to understand what each religion is in terms of historical and current views. Sheehan, Jonathan. All religious doctrine that exists has unique practices of worship and biblical views. The standards that each has is based upon the scriptural evidences. Utilization of different biblical interpretations laid a foundation for religious practice for both canons. Lutheranism began with Martin Luther. Sheehan, Jonathan. He challenged that authority of the Catholic Church in 1517 with his work, the 95 Theses. Many denominations after Lutheranism such as the Anabaptist rejected the authority of the Catholic Church completely. Lutheranism is a chief branch of Christianity in western society. It recognizes with the philosophy of the 16th century German theologian and reformer Martin Luther. Baptist believers are Christians that have theological beliefs of salvation through the acts of faith and baptism by the form of immersion. Sheehan, Jonathan. They hold the bible as an authority. Lutherans embraced the main creeds of Christianity. The Creed of Apostle and the creed of Nicene are of those that had been incorporated. The Baptists avoided the affiliation of creeds and what it represents. The Lutherans embraced the Aramaic and Greek scriptures. In addition of this they also included the study of the Apocrypha as sound sources of doctrine...
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...Martin Luther and the Ninety Five Theses Outline I. Introduction II. Who was Martin Luther? III. Martin Luther Calls for Reformation IV. A Short synopsis of the Ninety Five Theses V. Result of the Theses VI. Sources Consulted Introduction Martin Luther was the first person to translate and publish the Bible in the commonly-spoken dialect of the German people. Luther's hymns sparked the development of congregational singing in Christianity. His marriage, on June 13, 1525, to Katharina von Bora, a former nun, began the tradition of clerical marriage within several Christian traditions. Martin Luther was one of the most influential and compelling figures of Church history. Some of the most fundamental tenets of the Catholic Church were called into question by Luther, and lead to the greatest religious revolt in Church history, now known as the Protestant Reformation. Who Was Martin Luther? Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretta Luther on November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, Germany. He was baptized on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours, for whom he was named. Martin’s childhood was one of abuse and uncompromising cruelty, “His father once beat him so mercilessly that he ran away from home …His mother, "on account of an insignificant nut, beat me till the blood flowed, and it was this harshness and severity of the life I led with them that forced me subsequently to run away to a monastery and become a monk." His...
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...PAPER 1 – MARTIN LUTHER PRESENTED TO PROFESSOR MARK NICKENS FOR CHHI 302 – DO1 BY REV. JOSEPH T. WHITAKER, III LU23755920 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY LYNCHBURG VIRGINIA NOVEMBER 6, 2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 BIOGRAPHY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MAIN THEOLOGICAL POINTS------------------------------------------------------------------------- MAJOR EVENTS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SIGNIFICANT WRITINGS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CONCLUSION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BIBLIOGRAPHY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Introduction It has often been stated and thought that Martin Luther was the founder and originator of the Protestant Reformation. Was Martin Luther the founder of the Protestant Reformation? The historical record reveals...
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...An Essay on Martin Luther’s 95 Theses Martin Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church By: Andre Swift HIST 101 In the 16th-century of Europe, some scholars and theologians started questioning the teachings and behaviors of the Catholic Church. During this time, translations of the Bible and the early writings of church philosopher Augustine had became available and it seemed that these writings did not coincide with what the church was currently doing. Augustine’s writings “had emphasized the primacy of the Bible rather than Church officials as the ultimate religious authority” (A & E Television Networks, LLC, 2013). He also believed that people could not reach salvation by their own deeds or acts, but that only God could grant salvation by his holy grace. The Catholic Church had taught during the Middle Ages that salvation was only possible through good works, works of righteousness, or good deeds that was pleasing to God. Martin Luther studied Augustine’s writings and came to the conclusion and shared in “Augustine’s two central beliefs, which would later form the basis of Protestantism” (A & E Television Networks, LLC, 2013). During this time, “the Catholic Church's practice of granting "indulgences" to provide absolution to sinners became increasingly corrupt” (A & E Television Networks, LLC, 2013). The selling of Indulgences had been banned in Germany, but the church kept doing it with no consequences. Thus, enter Martin Luther. He saw this practice as...
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...Martin Luther born in 1483 in germany was a christian theologian and monk. his contributions to the christian religion were revolutionary and the impacts have shaped doctrines and structures present today in the religion. His interpretation of the bible resulted in controversial insights which challenged roman catholic traditions and the papal power which influenced europe in the middle ages. he initiated the protestant reformation which was hugely significant in the history of christianity. deep study of the scriptures gave way to many revelations for Luther. He believed and preached that salvation and subsequently eternity in heaven could not be simply earned through the doing of good deeds, but can only be received as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as a redeemer from sin and subsequently eternity in Hell. At the time, the roman catholic church was selling 'indulgences' which were then believed to ensure acceptance to heaven and release from purgatory for those who bought them, regardless of sin, thus allowing people to think they could buy their way into heaven. The money was then used to construct cathedrals and monuments. Luther challenged the church on the corrupt nature of these promises they made to the public and endeavoured to expose the truths of the bible. As many germans were unable to read and understand the bible, they relied heavily on the word of the pope and the church, however Luther preached that ones faith and belief in Jesus...
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...Martin Luther was born in 1483 in the town of Eisleben. He was born to a middle class family and he wanted to be a lawyer and so he studied law at the University of Erfurt. However, he gets caught in a thunderstorm and he is so terrified that he promised that if he survives the thunderstorm, he would give his life to God. This is because he was terrified, at the time, of God’s wrath and judgement. He then completed his holy orders a year later and became an Augustinian monk. In 1510, he went on pilgrimage to Rome as many people did at the time. However, whilst he was there, he saw the Pope dressed in golden armour on his way to a battle. He was amazed by this as in his mind, the Pope was not supposed to be as worldly as that. He was also disgusted by the obvious corruption he saw there, especially the business of selling indulgences that he saw thriving there. He returned back to his monastery disillusioned with the Church. During this time, he was in deep spiritual torture and despair and he said: “I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailor and hangman of my poor soul”. He began to see God as an angry judge whose only purpose was to condemn sinners. However, he then had his ‘tower experience’ in which he finally started to identify the real God who was not, he said, a vengeful judge and he discovered that the way to salvation was through scripture and faith. His strong, new beliefs were expressed when Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar began...
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...One individual can be powerful enough to change the world. With confiction, determnation and willingness to hold strong to your beliefs, one person can make a differance. Martin Luther and Susan B. Anthony are examples of significant people who stood for their beliefs for the greater good of man and changed the course of history. Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany on November 10, 1483 and died in Eisleben, Germany February 18, 1546. In his brief 62 years of life, he managed to make a monstrous change in traditions within Christianity by challenging the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and by translating the Bible in German. In 1501, Luther began studing at the University of Erfurt. He quickly excelled gaining a Bachelors and Masters degree by 1505. Luther then began Law school, at the same University, at this father's wishes. In the summer of 1505, Luther was caught in a storm while returning to school, lightening struck near him and fearing for his life "he cried out, "Help, St. Anne! I'll become a monk!"."(Greatsite, n.d.) Luther, having been raised in the Roman Catholic church, believed his life had been spared, dropped out of law school and entered the monastery.(Greatsite, n.d.) It was during his time at the monestary that he developed a termoilous relationship with God. He could not find peach with God no matter what he did. He was sent back to school to distract him from his self doubt by his superior. In 1507 he was ordained a priest and in...
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...Luther, Lewis, and the Mortification of Sin “Be a sinner and sin boldly, but believe and rejoice in Christ even more boldly.” These words were uttered by the great reformer and theologian Martin Luther. Martin Luther certainly was a strange, contradictory man. On one hand, he was at the forefront of an intellectual movement that would change the world forever, ushering in the modern era, but on the other hand, he was a depressed and bipolar maniac who could be found screaming his throat out and rolling on the floor, bawling his eyes out. Perhaps it was his “crazy” nature which enabled him to have such a clear, crystal sharp view on what John Owen called the “mortification of sin.” The quote referenced above sums up in fifteen words the answer to what millions across the centuries have pondered—how does a Christian fight against sin? At first glance, this quote seems heretical. As the Catholic priest Father Patrick O’Hare said about it, “If the author of such an infamous suggestion as is involved in the words ‘sin boldly’ was not a child of Satan, none ever labored so strenuously in advancing his soul-destroying principles.” But was Luther really a heretic? Was the Father of the Reformation indeed, as O’Hare mildly puts, “a child of Satan?” I would argue that Monsignor O’Hare is in the wrong. A study of Luther’s works will show that he was fond of strong hyperbole (as a quick glance through The Bondage of the Will would show). What is Luther really saying in...
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...swiftly and fought hard, this determination helped achieve social reform, which the most important German reformer, Martin Luther, was completely opposed to. Though the revolts were blamed on Lutheran reforms (Doc 1), Luther himself vehemently refuted the dispute (Doc 7). He refers to the peasants as dogs and is generally cruel towards their cause. Though a religious reformer, his dependence on the German nobility would not allow him to support the peasants; therefore his point of view is one in support of quelling the rebellions. The peasants may not have had the support of their greatest religious inspiration but they still drew on his word in order to justify their fight. The peasants claim that because all men are equal under the eyes of god, they have just as much divine right as the nobles do (Doc 3). These religious drives were set out in the Articles of The Peasants of Memmingen and would be responded to by the nobles, thus connecting Docs 3 and 4. The nobles would retort to the religious grounds of the peasants by ensuring them that their salvation was not under question, but it would be if they not fall into their proper order and pay the dues owed to the lords (Doc 4). Thomas Muntzer would go as far to say that it was “God’s will” that the peasants revolt (Doc 6). Muntzer was extremely vehement in Doc 6, this passion shows point of view, since he is theologian meaning he is well versed and read and therefore chooses to use this passion to...
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...To what extent could Luther be called a revolutionary? A revolutionary is someone who desires or causes a complete or dramatic change, in this case a change in religion, whereas a radical is someone who wants to bring something back to its roots and return it to how it had been. Whilst it can be argued that Luther was a revolutionary because he ultimately caused a revolution to occur, it can also be argued that he was not a revolutionary because he never intended for that to happen and he only had the basic idea to bring Christianity back to its roots, making him a radical. One way in which it can be argued that Luther was not a revolutionary was because he did not intend for a revolution to happen. This is apparent because when Luther wrote his 95 Theses, he sent them to the Archbishop (and elector) Albert of Mainz on the 31st of October 1517, which is when he pinned them up in the University of Wittenberg. This shows that he had not planned a revolution because it would not have made any sense if Luther had sent the 95 Theses to Albert to warn him in advance of a revolution, as revolutions work better when powerful people are not aware of them before they begin. Another piece of evidence that suggests that Luther had no intention to start a revolution is that the 95 Theses were written in Latin. This shows that they were written to be read by scholars of a university, not peasants. If Luther had really intended a revolution then he would have written the Theses in the vernacular...
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...B) 1. Northern Renaissance: Portrait of a Man – Jan Van Eyck 2. Catholic Reformation: Madonna with the Long Neck - Parmigianino 3. Aristocratic: Laughing Cavalier – Frans Hal 4. Protestant Reformation: Noli me tangere - Hans Holbein the Younger 5. Catholic Reformation: Girl with the Pearl Earring – Jan Vermeer The period of Mannerism first came about in Europe during the 1500s. The works created during this period were often influenced by the harmonious ideals of artists such as da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo. Well known for its intellectual sophistication and preoccupation with artificiality and artiness, the works of this time were often formulaic, theatrical and over-stylized. The figures in Mannerist art often portrayed as graceful, with elongated limbs, small heads and stylized facial features. The poses used are difficult or deliberately created rather than arising naturally or spontaneously. Unlike Renaissance paintings, Mannerism works favored compositional tension rather than balance and clarity. These artists favored the unorthodoxy of something new and expected, perhaps making them the first modern artists. The majority of these works had a religious subject, as the Christian church had much influence during these years. A leading example of a Mannerism painting is Madonna of the Long Neck by Italian painter Parmigianino. The oil on wood painting is currently held in Uffizi, Florence. The image depicts the Virgin Mary and baby Jesus surrounded by six angels...
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...evolution in ideas occurred: Luther being threatened by Cardinal Cajetan; Luther being questioned by Eck in Leipzig; His publishing of his 3 books in 1520 and his attendance at the Diet of Worms in 1921. On the 31st October 1517 Luther’s publishing of the The 95 theses was the backdrop to his challenge to the church and is what got everybody’s attention, in mainly focused in on the selling of indulgences was wrong (would not guarantee your entry to heaven and also morally wrong) and that sole fide (faith alone) would get a soul into heaven. Despite this was the first time his views had been published, there was no distinct change to his views it was only the fact that Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences in Germany had contributed to him publishing the 95 theses. However this was the first time his ‘Challenge’ to the Catholic Church was made to the mass public, which is very significant. Following on from his 95 theses, the Threats from Cardinal Cajetan and the debate with Johann Eck were the first real responses from the Catholic Church and a chance for Luther to show what he believed in. In 1518 Luther had been instructed to go to Rome to withdraw his theses but he refused and so the Pope sent Cardinal Cajetan to Germany, he then summoned Luther to Augsburg. For several days he made clear that the pope was not happy and threatened Luther without terrible punishments if he did not withdraw his theses; however Luther’s viewpoint remained unchanged. Luther argued that he would only...
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...Erasmus Erasmus of Rotterdam is highly critical of the monastic life. Not as one who avoids hard work. He accuses a certain segment as doing such; but also to argue if one follows the letter of discipline as just as much folly because the participant does not work either to further God's Kingdom or the general well-being on earth. He accuses the participants of being self-absorbed and not really humble. Highly critical of monks and monastic life as not being self-sacrificing, but rather self-gratifying: To be perceived as wise but in truth teaching trivia. To follow the trivia of the monastery but to be disobedient to God's will. Elizabeth I: Speech to the Troops at Tilbury Elizabeth evokes courage later in her Tilbury speech by comparing herself to a king. Elizabeth at first admits reality that she is just a “weak and feeble woman.” Then she claims to be almost a king trapped in a woman’s body. By saying she has “the heart and stomach of a king,” she uses symbols to show she is much like a man. The heart would be a symbol of the virtues of courage, bravery and loyalty. The stomach would be a symbol for being able to keep breakfast down as the bodies and gore of battle pile up around them. Elizabeth is saying she could be right in the midst of battle with them, and the soldiers would never see a feminine quality about her the entire time. She is hinting that Spain is attacking her because she is a woman, even though she has shown all these qualities of a man. Even...
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...2 Leslie Carlson WGU Themes in U.S. and World History GKE1 August 30, 2014 Task 2 Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a Catholic Monk and German patriot who challenged the Catholic Church and brought about significant social and political change. He was a powerful individual that changed the course of history without politics or government affiliation (Wilson, 2007, p. 34). Luther believed that anyone who possessed a bible should be able to read it and guide his own religion. He thought the Church corrupt for selling absolution, thereby releasing sinners from punishment in the afterlife. This took power away from the church. He was so convicted in this thought that he translated the Bible into German and had the New Testament printed in 1522 and the Old Testament in 1534. By challenging the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire, he in fact challenged political authority. By giving lay people access to the Bible, learning became something they could treasure. In 1524 Luther urged authorities in Germany to establish schools for all children. This social change became evident in 1580 when half the parishes in Electoral Saxony had elementary schools for boys. Ten percent had even made similar provisions for girls (Wilson, 2007, p. 37). “Indeed, no one more than Martin Luther resembles the flawed hero of which the sacred text affords so many examples”(Wilson, 2007, p. 39). Martin Luther was a significant mechanism in social and political changes in the 16th Century and beyond. Susan...
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...themselves. When the bible was translated, many people got mad. They got mad because people believed they were being told what was truly in the bible, but instead the church said lies to make people do what they wanted them to do. This has to do with church doctrines. John Wycliffe’s work influenced John Hus, an Eastern European priest. John Hus went against the practice of selling indulgences. He called for reform. Hus went up to the Council of Constane to defend his statement. But, things went wrong, they burned him at stake. This made all of the other people scared to stand up to the Catholic Church. Martin Luther was the first after John Hus to stand up to the church. Luther was a priest. He had been authorized to preach indulgences, which people donated money. Luther was protesting his ninety-five theses. He saw the practices as proof of how corrupt the church was. Luther challenged the church to defend itself. The ninety-five theses was an invitation to scholars. His challenge would capture a growing movement of protest and change Europe. This changed the world forever because this changed the way people thought of any religious ideas. He objected on indulgences. He did not believe in indulgences. He did not believe the Catholic Church had the power to...
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