...“ CHARCOAL: AN ALTERNATIVE INK ” AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT SUBMITTED AS AN ENTRY TO THE SCHOOL BASED SCIENCE FAIR . SY 2012-2013 GROUP CATEGORY BUTUAN GRACE CHRISTIAN SCHOOL PROPONENTS: CHARLES JUELL V. AVILA JONATHAN LUKE D. LLOREN JONATHAN A. BECERRO JANINE VALERIE R. PABIA MERIAM P. PLAZA MRS. MARDELIE D. SESCON SCIENCE TEACHER “ CHARCOAL: AN ALTERNATIVE INK ” TABLE OF CONTENTS : ABSTRACT. ....1 RESEARCH PLAN.... ....1-2 INTRODUCTION .... ....3 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. ....3 STATEMENT OF THEPROBLEM . ....3 STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS. ....4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.. ....4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS.. ....4 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. ....4-5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.. ....5 CONCLUSION. ....5 RECOMMENDATION... ....5 BIBLIOGRAPHY.. ......6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ......6 ABSTRACT: The world today is suffering for an economic crisis; many people seem to realize the importance of each item that needs to be bought. Ink is an ordinary item but prevalent in everyday use. Some things that provide ink for its functions are expensive that not all people can afford. That’s why the researcher investigated a project that can help lessen the economic crisis for the production of ink. The researchers pounded some charcoal and combined it with alcohol. Added a small amount of vinegar to add stability to the ink. The Vinegar also makes it more permanent, once it has dried on the paper. Strained and transferred it to a container. After the study...
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...Introduction Ash is a vital ingredient in the canine diet as it is the main constituent of minerals within most diets. Ash content in food is determined by burning the food to calculate the ash percentage left behind. A deficiency in any of the minerals within ash would result in a wide range of health problems which is why it is a legal requirement to display the ash content on food packaging. This experiment is designed to recreate the process undergone by the pet food company to determine the ash content within the food. Method Weigh silica crucible and record weight prior to experiment. Grind over 5g of food sample in pestle and mortar and measure 5g of ground sample into the crucible. (W0) Place the dish in a baking oven for 24hrs to dry out the sample. Reweigh the sample in silica crucible, This is now the true weight of the sample (W1) Set up the bunsen burner on top of the heatproof mat with tripod and clay pipe triangle above to support the crucible. Ignite the bunsen burner and begin to heat the sample slowly ensuring the sample does not set on fire as this will result in a loss of material to the atmosphere in the form of particles. The sample should turn black. Once the sample reaches roughly 100°C continue to heat to 500°C until the sample turns white. Allow sample to cool to room temperature in a dessicator. Weigh the finished sample (W2) Calculate the ash content (X): (W2-W0)/(W1/W0)x100=X Materials: Silica dish Baking Oven Bunsen Burner ...
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...Makabuhay and Chili Extract ABSTRACT This investigatory project utilizes Makabuhay stem and chili pepper extract to produce insecticide as a substitute for a commercial product to kill cockroaches and ants. The insecticide was extracted out of Makabuhay stem and chili pepper. The insecticide was done by chopping the chili pepper into smaller pieces and a pounded Makabuhay stem to get its pulp. An insecticide was given to the different ants and cockroaches. The data analysis shown that the use of this insecticide is as effective as the use of commercial products in killing ants and cockroaches. The results was very successful because the insects were killed after spraying the insecticide to them. This study investigates the potential of makabuhay and chili extracts combine together as a household insecticide against ants and cockroaches. The mixture was made into a solution with little water and sprayed onto ants and cockroaches at varying concentrations. The researchers aim to keep your family health away from the diseases that the cockroaches and ants may bring. This insecticide cannot harm your family health because it is environmental friendly , doesn’t have a harmful chemicals. METHODOLOGY • Materials/Equipment The researchers gathered Chili, Makabuhay stem, Mortar and pestle, Beaker, Graduated cylinder, Piece of cloth, Spray bottle, Stirring rod and Water. • Procedure ...
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...reflected this in their work Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx. As I stated earlier a key aspect of classical social analysis is how individuals "observe, and act on their interests", Durkheim reflects this in his work on how religion affects a person and their society. Durkheim was not interested in the religious experience of individuals but rather with the communal activity and the communal bonds that came as a result of participation in religious activities . C. Wright Mills stated that a classic social analysis " should entail concern with historical structures" which Durkheim addresses with his analysis of religion and how it affects those that indulge in it. Karl Marx also reflected the same characteristic Mills stated was vital in his work major contribution to sociology "Historical Materialism". Marx believed that it starts from the realization that in order for human beings to survive and continue existence from generation to generation, production relations will be created among people to survive and produce goods essential for man’s livelihood. Marx believed that this leads to division of labor and some people live off the work done by others by owning the means of production. ------------------------------------------------- Historical materialism shows Marx's concern with the structure of the division of labor and individuals benefit from living off the work done by others . Another trait that C. Wright Mills stated should be involved with classical social analysis...
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...reflected this in their work Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx. As I stated earlier a key aspect of classical social analysis is how individuals "observe, and act on their interests", Durkheim reflects this in his work on how religion affects a person and their society. Durkheim was not interested in the religious experience of individuals but rather with the communal activity and the communal bonds that came as a result of participation in religious activities . C. Wright Mills stated that a classic social analysis " should entail concern with historical structures" which Durkheim addresses with his analysis of religion and how it affects those that indulge in it. Karl Marx also reflected the same characteristic Mills stated was vital in his work major contribution to sociology "Historical Materialism". Marx believed that it starts from the realization that in order for human beings to survive and continue existence from generation to generation, production relations will be created among people to survive and produce goods essential for man’s livelihood. Marx believed that this leads to division of labor and some people live off the work done by others by owning the means of production. ------------------------------------------------- Historical materialism shows Marx's concern with the structure of the division of labor and individuals benefit from living off the work done by others . Another trait that C. Wright Mills stated should be involved with classical social analysis...
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...First Industrial Revolution Kathryn Nicole Lindsey Western Governors University The Industrial Revolution started in England in the late eighteenth century when company men used the power of the streams nearby to help power the factories. Everything use to be handmade before this. Suddenly mills and factories were producing textiles faster than ever with the help of machines. The Industrial Revolution secret soon left England because a young man named Samuel Slater, who stole the technology by remembering the plans for the mills. Slater stowed away onboard a ship and brought America the Industrial Revolution. Slater was then known as the “Father of the Industrial Revolution” which is funny because he actually stole the plans. With the mill and factories growing and expanding at a great speed they were able to add other products to the line such as everyday things like furniture. By the end of the nineteenth century American farmers started moving into the cities were they worked in the factories. The farming industry was not making a lot of money at the time so the families would send their children especially daughter to work in the mills and factories so that they could send money home to help the farm. America then turned from being an agriculture society to an urban society in no time. The largest novelty of the Industrial Revolution was the assembly line which helped make products a lot faster than before. This allowed for prices to drop but also...
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...|eliminating Kant’s “things-in-themselves” (external reality) and making the self, or the ego, the ultimate reality. Fichte | |maintained that the world is created by an absolute ego, which is conscious first of itself and only later of non-self, or the | |otherness of the world. The human will, a partial manifestation of self, gives human beings freedom to act. Friedrich Wilhelm | |Joseph von Schelling moved still further toward absolute idealism by construing objects or things as the works of the | |imagination and Nature as an all-embracing being, spiritual in character. Schelling became the leading philosopher of the | |movement known as romanticism, which in contrast to the Enlightenment placed its faith in feeling and the creative imagination | |rather than in reason. The romantic view of the divinity of nature influenced the American transcendentalist movement, led by | |poet and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson. | |C | |1 | | | |Hegel ...
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...enterprise system it was once envisioned as. The major change the United States made was directing the system away from competition. The result is a society dominated by mega corporations that control demand rather then respond to the demands of the marker. To break down the previous statement the corporations are so “in control of their products price that they can charge whatever they see fit”. The reason for this is lack of competition in a capitalistic society. Karl Marx a social theorist of the 1800’s believed that the basis of social order in every society is the production of economic goods. “The concepts of what is produced, how it’s produced, and how it’s exchanged determines the differences in people’s wealth, power, and social status”. Marx argued that because human beings must organize their activities, in order to clothe, feed, and house themselves, every society is based upon an economic base. The form that people chose to solve their basic economic problems would, according to Marx, eventually determine virtually everything in a social structure. A social structure can include such ideas as family structure, education, and...
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...tony.varley@nuigalway.ie Course Description: The classical sociological tradition has been heavily dominated by the writings of Marx, Weber and Durkheim. Each of these three theorists has carved out a distinctive approach to the study of society and, in the process, has contributed substantially to our understanding of the transition from pre-modern to modern society. There are many who would argue that the ideas of these three classical figures continue to have much to offer to an understanding of contemporary society and politics. There are several possible ways to study the ideas of Marx, Weber and Durkheim. In this course we will attempt to take a thematic and comparative approach by comparing the views of Marx, Weber and Durkheim on a number of central topics. We will look therefore at their ideas concerning the methods appropriate to the study of society, their views on class and the division of labour, on democratic politics and the state and on culture, religion and ideology. Our discussion will begin with a consideration of what a ‘classical’ tradition might look like in the social sciences; and of why Marx, Weber and Durkheim merit inclusion as the most significant members within such a tradition. For a fuller appreciation of the classical tradition in social theory there is no substitute for a reading of the original writings of Marx, Durkheim and Weber. As these writings are very extensive, we will rely on a number of commentaries – principally those by Morrison...
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...ABSTRACT. The notion social class attains a well-defined theoretical content in the works of the classical political economists, who defined classes on the basis of the specific income form that each category of people (class) obtains. This approach to class constitutes a first form of a "friendly merger" between political economy and sociology. When combined with the classical labor value theory, it has led to a theory of class exploitation of the laboring class by the capitalist class. As economic theory became increasingly apologetic after the "Marginalist Revolution" (setting itself the aim of justifying capitalism), the theory of class has been totally banished from the corpus of "modern (neoclassical) economic science." This paper claims that the scientific elements inherent in classical political economy's class theory were preserved by the Marxist class theory, which further revolutionized the classical approach, creating a new, purely non-economistic and non-mechanistic "relationist" class theory, an d forming thus a vivid economic-sociological approach to social classes. On the basis of the Marxist approach, complex problems concerning the class structure of contemporary societies can be tackled. I Introduction THE THEORY OF CLASSES MAKES UP one of the most controversial chapters of the social sciences, in the sense that it comprises a forefront of confrontation between the different theoretical schools that are formulated within the field. To clarify what is to...
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...The Industrial Revolution: A Means to an End Capitalism is the result of constant revolutions led by a lower class. Karl Marx states that the “modern bourgeois is itself the product of a long course of development of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange”(Marx, 160). The bourgeoise are the group of people who were able to seize control of the means of production for their community. They control the manufacturing of all the resources the people might need. The bourgeois maintain command of the production while the proletariat are the ones who carry out the actual work. Marx believed the only limiting factors of the proletariat’s status beneath the bourgeois were the current level of technology available and, although that technology is keeping them down, it will advance to the point of giving the proletariat a chance to shrink the gap between themselves and those above them, “but with the development of industry the proletariat not only increases in number, it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows and it feels that strength more”(166). The Industrial Revolution was the gateway to modern economics and ushered in an age of poorer working standards, profit based business models, and the end to artisanship. The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of a new type of economy. The machines and inventions spawned during this time allowed people to perform certain tasks much more efficiently and increased the level of production...
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...Engels and Marx: Fathers of Communism Alfredo Lopez English 1A Professor Snyder 12 May 2014 “In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality.” –Karl Marx This single sentence is the foundation on which Karl Marx and Frederick Engels founded Communism. Their mission was to free the oppressed from the powers of economy and religion. According to the Oxford English Dictionary Communism is “A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.” Communism was formed to show that the working and poor class, often called proletarians or “blue-collar” workers, was the foundation for any strong country, that without these lower members of society, a country would fall apart. Marx wanted to show the world this so he laid out a plan for Communism, with ten essential points. Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in Trier in western German, the son of a successful Jewish lawyer. Marx studied law in Bonn and Berlin, but was also introduced to the ideas of Hegel and Feuerbach. In 1841, he received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena. In 1843, after a short spell as editor of a liberal newspaper in Cologne, Marx and his wife Jenny moved to Paris, a hotbed of radical thought. There he became a revolutionary communist and befriended...
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...By 1860 Irish immigrants had largely replaced the New England mill girls as textile workers. The pace of industrialization and economic expansion had a significant impact on society, as the distribution of wealth between successful entrepreneurs and the laboring classes grew. ” Before long, 45% the capital assets in the United States belong to the top 10% of the population. In Boston in 1845 the top 4% of the people owned 65% of the wealth, and in Philadelphia the top 1% owned 50% by 1860.” These statistics help explain the gap between the wealthier classes in the working classes widened, but living standards for all continue to rise. Since the time period of 1800-1860 industrialization fundamentally affected the political structure , economic status, and social class of American. The North and South had many different views on a lot of aspects of life and what they believed was right and wrong and how they wanted for their regions. People like Karl Marx and John Adams had a lot to say about what the tariff of abominations and the textile manufactures affected the North and South. People in America were experiencing a lot of change during this time period. The Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed...
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...the Scottish Enlightenment,[1] Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the "father of modern economics" and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today.[2] Friedrich Engels (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈɛŋəls]; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German social scientist, author,political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx. In 1845 he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research. In 1848 he co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx, and later he supported Marx financially to do research and write Das Kapital. After Marx's death, Engels edited the second and third volumes. Additionally, Engels organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value" and this was later published as the "fourth volume" of Capital.[1] He has also made important contributions to family economics. Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist, statistician, and writer who taught at the University of Chicago for more than three decades. He was a recipient of the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and is known for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and...
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...Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislations across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others. Child labour was employed to varying extents through most of history. Before 1940, numerous children aged 5–14 worked in Europe, the United States and various colonies of European powers. These children worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining and in services such as newsies. Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours. With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence rates of child labour fell. In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found...
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