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Masters

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Facultad de Ingeniería
U N LP
A M S
ISTEMAS
O
RGANIZACIONALES I Trabajo Práctico 1
Tema:

Sistemas Objetivo
: Comprender los rasgos fundamentales de los sistemas, para facilitar suanálisis. Estudiar el enfoque sistémico. 1. Tomar como ejemplos de sistemas abiertos un automóvil y la facultad de Ingenieríade la UNLPam. Identificar y ejemplificar por cada uno de ellos los conceptos: entrada,proceso de conversión, salida, retroalimentación, contexto, recursividad y sinergia.2. ¿Cuáles de los elementos encontrados, en cada uno de los sistemas enumerados en elpunto anterior, son subsistemas y cuáles no?3. ¿Sistemas de distinto tipo pueden formar parte de un mismo supersistema? Justificarla respuesta. Dar ejemplos.4. ¿Puede un sistema proporcionar salidas no deseadas? ¿Por qué? Dar ejemplos.5. Investigue y posteriormente ejemplifique situaciones que manifiesten el pensamientolineal (tres ejemplos como mínimo).6. Repita el punto 5 pero con situaciones que manifiesten el empleo de un pensamientoo enfoque sistémico (tres ejemplos como mínimo).7. Para cada uno de los textos que se adjuntan, identificar:a) El problema (u oportunidad).b) La situación o contexto del problema.c) La solución hallada (y el análisis de sus consecuencias positivas y negativas)d) El tipo de pensamiento usado. Justificar esta respuesta. Nota: los textos fueron extraídos de la edición 1998 de “Dinámica para Sistemas y Organizaciones” de la UTN.

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Facultad de Ingeniería
U N LP
A M S
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RGANIZACIONALES I Trabajo Práctico 1HOVEY AND BEARD COMPANY
Texto extraído del libro: Administración contemporánea – David H. Hampton La Hovey and Beard Company es una fábrica de juguetes de madera, de diversasclases: animales de madera, juguetes de tracción y otros parecidos. Una parte delproceso de manufactura implica el rociado de la pintura en juguetes parcialmenteensamblados y la colocación de éstos en ganchos móviles que los acarrean hasta elhorno de secado. Esta operación estaba plagada de ausentismo, rotación y baja moral.Veamos brevemente la operación de pintura donde ocurría el problema:Se cortaban, fijaban y ensamblaban parcialmente los juguetes en el cuarto demaderas. Posteriormente se sumergían en sellac, después de lo cual se pintaban. Losjuguetes eran predominantemente de dos colores y solo uno cuantos se fabricaban enmás de dos colores. Cada color requería un viaje adicional por el cuarto de pintura.Poco tiempo antes de que comenzaran los problemas se había reestructurado laoperación de pintura, de manera que ocho empleados que efectuaban la tarea sesentaban en línea al lado de una cadena continua de ganchos. Esta cadena estaba enmovimiento continuo, pasaba la línea de pintores y llegaba al horno horizontal de grantamaño. Cada empleado se sentaba en una caseta diseñada de manera tal que pudieranextraerse los vapores y eliminarse los excesos de pintura. El pintor tomaba un juguete deuna bandeja contigua, la colocaba en una criba en el interior de un cubículo de pintura,rociaba la pintura de una color de acuerdo con un patrón, sacaba el juguete y lo colocabaen el gancho que iba pasando.Los ingenieros habían calculado la velocidad a la que se movían los ganchos, demanera que cada empleado, una vez capacitado, fuera capaz de colocar el juguete en elgancho antes de que este quedara fuera de su alcance.Los empleados que trabajaban en el cuarto de pinturas estaban bajo un plan debonos por grupos. Dado que la operación era nueva para ellos, estaban recibiendo unbono por aprendizaje, el cuál se reducía en cantidades iguales cada mes. Se habíaprogramado que el bono desaparecería en unos meses, momento en el cual pudierantrabajar por sí mismos, es decir, que pudieran satisfacer el estándar y ganar un bonopara el grupo cuando lo superaran.Habían surgido varios problemas hacia el segundo mes de capacitación. Los pintoresaprendieron con mayor lentitud que la prevista, y comenzó a verse que la producción seestacionaría en un nivel más bajo que el planeado, muchos de los ganchos estabanpasando vacíos. Los pintores se quejaban de que los ganchos pasaban demasiado a prisay que los ingenieros habían calculado mal los tiempos, determinando erróneamente lavelocidad. Unos cuantos empleados renunciaron y hubo que reemplazarlos, lo cuálagravó más el problema del aprendizaje. No se había logrado el espíritu de equipo que laadministración esperaba se desarrollara en forma automática, a través del bono degrupo, excepto lo que los ingenieros denominaron “resistencia”. Un pintor que eraconsiderado por su grupo como líder (y por la administración como cabecilla) fue claro alplanearle al supervisor las diversas quejas del grupo. Estas quejas tenían la variedadhabitual en todos los casos de frustración generalizada: el trabajo era confuso, losganchos se movían con demasiada rapidez, el pago de incentivos no estaba siendocalculado en forma correcta, y de cualquier manera había que soportar un calor excesivoen el horno de secado.Un consultor fue contratado en ese momento, el cual trabajo enteramente de acuerdocon el supervisor. Después de muchas conversaciones decidieron que el primer paso ahacer era una reunión para una discusión general sobre las condiciones de trabajo.La primer reunión organizada inmediatamente después, contó con la asistencia deocho pintores. Adujeron de nueva cuenta las mismas quejas: que los ganchos ibanrápido, el cuarto era caliente y no tenía buena ventilación. Por alguna razón, de estoúltimo es de lo que más se quejaron. El supervisor prometió reunirse y plantear elproblema de la ventilación con los ingenieros y programó una segunda reunión parainformar de los resultados de su gestión. Los ingenieros y superintendentes consideraronque el gasto sería prohibitivamente alto. Estaban pensando en alguna forma de aireacondicionado.El supervisor, llegó a la segunda reunión con cierta preocupación. Sin embargo, lospintores no parecían muy decepcionados, quizás porque tenían una gran proposición quehacerles. Consideraban que si se colocaban varios ventiladores grandes, de manera quecirculara aire alrededor de sus pies, estarían mucho más cómodos. Después de muchasdiscusiones el supervisor estuvo de acuerdo en que podría probarse la idea. El supervisory el consultor discutieron la cuestión con el superintendente y decidieron comprar tresventiladores de grandes aspas. Les pareció que los ventiladores podrían ser usados enotra parte en el posible caso del fracaso del cuarto de pinturas.Se colocaron los ventiladores. Los pintores estaban jubilosos.Durante varios días se movieron los ventiladores en varias posiciones hasta quefueron colocados a satisfacción del grupo. Independientemente de la eficiencia real de losventiladores, una cosa resultó evidente: los pintores estaban por completo satisfechoscon los resultados y las relaciones entre ellos y el supervisor mejoró palpablemente.Se realizó otra reunión para analizar los aspectos de la situación de trabajo; ladiscusión se centró en la alta velocidad y que nunca estarían en condiciones de alcanzarla meta de llenar la suficiente cantidad de ganchos para obtener un bono. El punto clavede la discusión llegó cuando el jefe de grupo explicó francamente que el punto no era queno pudieran trabajar lo suficientemente rápido como para seguir el ritmo de los ganchos,sino que no podían trabajar a ese ritmo todo el día. La reunión terminó con la petición:“Ajustar la velocidad de la cadena de acuerdo a como se sintieran”.Solo después de varias reuniones se aceptó que en realidad había un cierto margende libertad dentro del cuál las variaciones de velocidad de los ganchos no afectarían alproducto terminado. Con mucho problema el supervisor hizo que se instalara un controlmarcado con “Baja”, “Media” y “Rápida” en la cabina del líder del grupo, para poderajustar la velocidad de la cadena en cualquier posición entre los límites mínimos ymáximos fijados por los ingenieros. Los pintores estaban encantados y emplearonmuchas horas dedicadas a la comida en cómo deberían variar la velocidad de los ganchosdurante le día. Antes de una semana se fijó la siguiente norma: en la primer media horadel turno se operaría en lo que el grupo llamaba velocidad media (una fijación delmedidor por encima del punto “Medio”). Durante las siguientes dos horas y media seoperaría a alta velocidad. Media hora antes y media hora después de la comida seoperaría a baja velocidad, con excepción de los últimos 45 minutos del turno en loscuales se operaba a velocidad media.En vista de los informes de satisfacción y de la facilidad en el trabajo de los pintores,es interesante que la velocidad constante, a la que habían fijado los ingenieros, estabaligeramente por debajo de la media del medidor. La velocidad promedio a la que lospintores estaban moviendo la cadena estaba en la parte alta del medidor. Muy pocosganchos ingresaban vacíos al horno y la inspección no mostró ningún aumento de losrechazos en el cuarto de pintura.La producción aumentó y en tres semanas (aproximadamente dos meses antes delfinal programado del bono aprendizaje) los pintores estaban trabajando entre un 30 y un50% por encima de lo previsto según el acuerdo original. Como era natural sus ingresoseran de igual manera superiores de lo que se les había anticipado. Estaba cobrando supago básico, un considerable bono por destajo y un bono por aprendizaje, que, como serecordará, se había determinado reducir con el tiempo y no con la productividad.Los pintores estaban ganando más que cualquier otro operario especializado de otrassecciones de la planta. La administración se vio “asaltada” por demandas tendientes a evitar esta desigualdad. Con creciente irritación entre el superintendente y el supervisor,y entre el superintendente y los ingenieros, la situación llegó a un estado tal que elsuperintendente tuvo que revocar arbitrariamente, y sin consultarlo, el bono deaprendizaje y reimplantar la operación de pintura a su posición original: los ganchos semovían de nueva cuenta a su velocidad original (constante u basada en estudios de lostiempos), la producción se redujo otra vez y antes de un mes habían renunciado los ochopintores excepto dos. El supervisor se quedo en la compañía durante varios meses, perosintiéndose agraviado se separo después para ocupar otro trabajo.Con el mejoramiento de la producción en el cuarto de pinturas habían llegado unaserie de problemas. La producción extra en el cuarto de pinturas había creado un cuellode botella y un vacío en la sección anterior y ambos eran resultados indeseables para losdepartamentos adjuntos. Se había estremecido la estructura de salarios de la planta. Elprestigio de los ingenieros había sufrido un deterioro y aparentemente algunasprerrogativas de la administración estaban siendo asumidas por los empleados.

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Night John Family Structure

...mother and father as she learned that her mother was sold from her at four years of age.She could never figure out her history due to the purposeful disconnection put into act by the master.¨I was just a little thing taken away from my mother and father just when I needed them the most ¨ Mingo Whiteś Narrative. This occurrence of broken families took a toll on many slaves as they grew up to be curious of who they were. If they wanted to know anything about them they were harshly restricted from learning so they couldn't read. According to Frederick Douglass's Narrative ¨Frequently, before the child has reached its twelfth month, it mother is taken from it¨.This purposeful displacement of the parents and the child hindered the affection between elders with the child. It was completely designed to destroy the bond of the mother and child to prevent teaming up and cleverness being built in the relationship. This broken family structure was heavily touched on to convey the impact it had on many slaves and how they became clever enough to start learning how to read and learn names and numbers in their...

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