...rates of divorce. Therefore, In order to formulate the problems of divorce we must address the institution of marriage. Marriage is a sacred institution that has been around for many centuries and the reasons for marriage are all but clear and concise. Pre-industrial revolution, people married for reasons such as financial, political, or social gains (Coontz 2005). Traditional gender roles were emplaced whereas, women were in charge of the domestic and emotional duties of the household and men were in charge of the financial duties of the relationship. Women did not have many options pre-industrial revolution and were forced to marry to gain economical support. External gains and non-emotional reasons were a major component in the selection of a marriage partner in this era, not much emphasis was placed on love and emotions. Today however, people marry for a variety of reasons including emotional and non-emotional reasons. In a study conducted by Eekalaar (2007), 39 respondents who were married or had been married in the 1980’s were interviewed with questions pertaining to marriage and reasons for. His research concluded that people base their reasons for marrying on 5 different categories. The most applicable and most chosen reason for marriage by the respondents was “compliance with convention”. Compliance with...
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...Human Mating Systems By Samantha Nemasango Evolutionary psychology are debating on whether humans are designed for monogamy, polygyny or extra marital relationship (Hazan and Zeifman, 1999) Mating systems refers to how human and other animals form sexual relationships 4 types, monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, polygynandry or promiscuity ( Valsiner, 2000) Fig1: percentages of the mating systems MONOGAMY Mating system which involves one male and one female 2types of monogamy, perennial and serial Perennial monogamy- pair bonds for life (Black,2001) 20% of world society are perennial monogamist Serial monogamydifferent partners throughout lifetime but one partner at a time (United States) Fig2: male and female monogamy 16% of human society practising monogamy E.g Mesopotamia, Romans and modern christians Monogamy may be the consequence of mate guarding Males prevents food theft Reduces infanticide and sexual coercion No sperm competition Humans are one of the 32 species with concealed ovulation Concealed ovulation is associated with monogamy Fig3: ratios of male and female in different mating systems Discourages man to search for another partner because he will not know who is fertile among them Females way of keeping males from killing their offspring (Rice, 2007) Increased paternal certainty and care Female lost estrous synchrony Fig 4: Fertility rate in mono / polygyny...
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...the psychology Welcome & Introduction If your reading this your studying for AQA A Psychology Psya3 and the Relationship topic is one of the ones you have chosen. Its a wise move I think as its one of the easier ones to learn. I generally advise picking something you can relate to because you have some grounding for it as opposed to learning whole new concepts or ways of thinking on subject matter thats completely foreign. It tends to save you time in getting your head around things. A bit about me - My name is Sajan Devshi and I self-taught myself AQA A A Level Psychology between 2011-2012 achieving an A* grade and 100% in both Psya3 & Psya4. You can check out my certificate on my website at http://www.loopa.co.uk as well as get my other model answers too for the other topics in Psya3 and Psya4. But enough about me - you can learn about me in more depth on my website - lets get on with the show and onto the the overview of this topic, structuring and the model answers themselves too. S ECTION 1 Memorising Your Model Answers This is going to be pretty much your hardest task and with the help of this book hopefully it becomes more manageable. People have various ways they memorise things and it is entirely up to you. Memorising Essays U SING A CRONYMS + P RACTICE The method of memorising the essays is the same across all my model essay answers. I employ the concept of “chunking” alongside the use of “acronyms”. Combined this helped me memorise ...
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...XXX10.1177/1529100612436522Finkel et al.Online Dating 2012 Research Article Online Dating: A Critical Analysis From the Perspective of Psychological Science Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13(1) 3–66 © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1529100612436522 http://pspi.sagepub.com Eli J. Finkel1, Paul W. Eastwick2, Benjamin R. Karney3, Harry T. Reis4, and Susan Sprecher5 1 Northwestern University; 2Texas A&M University; 3University of California, Los Angeles; University of Rochester; and 5Illinois State University 4 Summary Online dating sites frequently claim that they have fundamentally altered the dating landscape for the better. This article employs psychological science to examine (a) whether online dating is fundamentally different from conventional offline dating and (b) whether online dating promotes better romantic outcomes than conventional offline dating. The answer to the first question (uniqueness) is yes, and the answer to the second question (superiority) is yes and no. To understand how online dating fundamentally differs from conventional offline dating and the circumstances under which online dating promotes better romantic outcomes than conventional offline dating, we consider the three major services online dating sites offer: access, communication, and matching. Access refers to users’ exposure to and opportunity to evaluate potential romantic...
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...Indian Matrimonial and Mate-Seeking Websites Sonora Jha Seattle University Mara Adelman Seattle University Abstract A preference for light skinned females is a global bias that affects all areas of human relationships, especially in marital mate selection. Further intensified by the meteoric rise in Internet dating and mate selection, this bias often serves an invalidating function for darker-skinned women. This study (1) analyzed ‘profiles’ and ‘preferences’ of brides and grooms (N=200), and (2) coded ‘success story wedding photos’ (N=200) posted on four Indian matrimonial websites. Results showed an overwhelming bias among males for brides lighter-skinned than themselves. Males were also more likely than females to state a preference for skin color in their prospective brides, and to use qualitative words like ‘beautiful’ and ‘lovely’ to describe their preferred match. Most significantly, the ‘success story’ wedding photos consistently had lighter-skinned brides than grooms. Darkskinned women were almost non-existent in these ‘success stories.’ This research points to a technology-abetted intensification of colorism. That is to say that the powerful profile ‘menu’ options and the visual imagery of predominantly lightskinned, ‘successful’ brides illustrated on current websites visually reinforce the invalidation of dark skinned women. Keywords Internet matchmaking Colorism Indian marriage market Technology and women Skin Color Introduction Mate-seeking preferences are...
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...Discuss the extent to which relationships have been shown to differ in different cultures (24m) Relationships are a universal thing but differ depending on the different types of cultures in which they occur. Individualistic cultures value self-autonomy, leadership and self-fulfilment; more attention is paid to the individual’s attitudes and preferences than to group norms, examples of individualistic cultures include Western Europe, Australia and America. Conversely, members of collectivist cultures define themselves as interdependent and value group harmony, duty, obligation and security. In this type of culture more attention is paid to group norms rather than to an individual’s attitudes and behaviour, examples of collectivist cultures include China, Pakistan and India. As collectivist cultures are more focused on group gain than individual gain, family approval of the relationship would be a key determining factor in the relationship, for this reason marriages are usually arranged by family members and are non-voluntary. Also, in cases where the individual is not happy in the relationship, it may continue despite this as the relationship is more beneficial to the group - for this reason divorce may be difficult or impossible due to this pressure from the group. Whereas, individualistic cultures are more accepting and encouraging in allowing people to freely and voluntarily choose their partner on the basis of love and attraction as the individual’s happiness and pleasure...
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...THE SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY OF INTERNET DATING IN THE UNITED STATES* Jessica M. Sautter Rebecca M. Tippett S. Phillip Morgan Duke University Durham, NC *The authors share equal authorship. We thank Doug Downey, Mary Madden, Emilio Parrado, and Lynn Smith-Lovin for comments on earlier drafts and the Pew Internet & American Life Project for making the data used here available. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Southern Sociological Society Meetings, March 25, 2006 and the Southern Demographic Association Meetings, November 5, 2005. We acknowledge research support from an NIH contract, “New Approaches to Explaining Family Change and Variation” (N01-HD-3-3354). Direct correspondence to Rebecca M. Tippett: Department of Sociology, Duke University, Box 90088, Durham, NC 27708-0088. E-mail: rtippett@soc.duke.edu APPROX 8,808 WORDS (FULL DOCUMENT, INC ABSTRACT, TABLES, REFERENCES) Social Demography of Internet Dating THE SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY OF INTERNET DATING IN THE UNITED STATES Abstract: Using the first nationally representative survey to focus on internet dating, we identify those “at risk” of using internet dating, i.e., one must have internet access and have been single in the past five years during the technology’s growth. We identify socio-demographic correlates of both these selective processes and estimate use of internet dating net of these processes. We find that socioeconomic and demographic factors have strong effects on the selective processes...
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...Influence of Social Role Theory on Mate Preferences in Different Relationships Sumer Pirzada Colorado State University Abstract This study was conducted in order to find if social role influence mate preference in short-term relationships. The hypothesis was not supported after carrying out the research process. There were 35.5% male respondents and the remaining respondents were 64.5% female. Of the 31 participants, which were recruited from pool of friends on Facebook to take the fifteen minute survey, the sample size was predominantly European/White with the mean age of 21 years. The participants took three surveys in order to identify whether they fall in homemaker or provider category then they took the third survey on their preference mate. Even though there was only a single significant finding: that homemakers prefer other homemakers when considering mates for a short term relationship, this study indicates that most college students fall into provider role probably because they want to pursue a career after graduating so they prefer homemaker as their mate regardless of being in long-term or short-term relationship. Keywords: social roles, mate preferences, physical traits, college students, short term relationship, long term relationship Influence of Social Role Theory on Mate Preferences in Different Relationships People choose their mates based on many human characteristics. These characteristics may vary for each individual, type of relationship...
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...71 Oedipus Complex, Mate Choice, Imprinting; an Evolutionary Reconsideration of a Freudian Concept based on Empirical Studies Tamas Bereczkei and Petra Gyuris∗ University of Pécs, Hungary Freud’s assumption that the Oedipal relationship plays an important part in shaping the future character of mate choice needs a scientific reconsideration that, in turn, requires setting an empirically testable explanation. The authors hypothesize that the close physical and emotional attachment between the mother and her son includes a sexual imprinting-like mechanism that influences the processing of childhood experiences. Here they present a set of experiments showing that adults prefer long-term partners who resemble the mental representation of their parent of the opposite sex. Furthermore, mating preferences were found to be shaped in the process of attachment; those mothers were most frequently used as mental models for their sons’ mate choice who provided more emotional warmth and less avoidance to their sons during childhood. The implications of the study’s results for the contemporary interpretation of Freudian theory are discussed. Key Words: Oedipal relationship; Mate preferences; Evolutionary psychology. Freud’s theory It is well known that the Oedipus complex plays a pivotal role in Sigmund Freud’s theory. This complex characterizes the early stage (between 3-5 years) of boys’ sexual objectchoice (Freud, 1905, 1938). During this period, boys have sexual feelings towards...
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...9/14/2012 Table Of Content Development Across The Life Span Social Clock: Ravena Helson Social And PD In Adulthood : Daniel Levinson Intimacy Vs Isolation: Erik Erikson Relationship Development: Bernard Mursntein Triangular Theory Of Love: Robert Sternberg Selecting A Partner Marriage Conflict Divorce UNIT 4 EARLY ADULTHOOD PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Career Choose And Embarking On Career Identity During Young Adulthood Career Development Holland’s Theory Ginzberg’s theory Gender And Career Choice Why People Work Career Transition Learning Unit Objectives Development Across the Lifespan Discuss about the personality development of early adulthood. Explain Social clock: Ravena Helson, Social and PD in adulthood : Daniel Levinson, Intimacy vs Isolation: Erik Erikson, Relationship development: Bernard Mursntein and Triangular Theory of Love: Robert Sternberg Discuss on issues about selecting a Partner as well as Marriage, Conflict in marriage and divorce Discuss issues related to Career. What makes people happy? Money? Materials? Objects? According to research, happiness in young adulthood is usually derived from feelings of independence, competence, or self-esteem (Sheldon et al, 2001). Therefore, the components of happiness: Fulfillment of psychological needs. Building relationships in Early Adulthood: Liking and Loving During early adulthood, romance,...
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...THE SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY OF INTERNET DATING IN THE UNITED STATES* Jessica M. Sautter, Duke University Rebecca M. Tippett, Duke University S. Philip Morgan, Duke University This is a preprint of an Article accepted for publication in Social Science Quarterly © 2010 Southwestern Social Science Association. *All authors contributed equally and share authorship of this article. Direct all correspondence to Rebecca M. Tippett, Department of Sociology, Duke University, PO Box 90088, Durham, NC 27705 (rtippett@soc.duke.edu). Data and coding used in this article are available upon request for those wishing to replicate this study. This research was partially supported by a contract, (N01 HD-3-3354; PI. S. Philip Morgan) "Designing New Models for Explaining Family Change and Variation," with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Data collection was carried out and funded by the Pew Foundation with partial support from Duke University. The authors wish to thank Emilio A. Parrado, Seth Sanders, Lee Rainie, John Horrigan, Lynn Smith-Lovin, Amanda Lenhart, Mary Madden, Douglas Downey, Linda K. George, and Nathan D. Martin for helpful comments and suggestions. Early versions of this article were presented at the 2005 Southern Demographic Association Annual Meeting and the 2006 Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting. 1 THE SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY OF INTERNET DATING IN THE UNITED STATES ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the sociodemographic correlates of internet...
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...Relationship Between Husband and Wife Abstract: When the two entities are able to deliver their thoughts and feelings it helps each one of them to understand and know one another. This would also help one of them to view the world from the viewpoint of the other. The pattern and frequency of communication change according to several factors especially time and familiarity. Yet, effort towards an effective communication should be present in both the entities involved in the relationship. In this particular case of study these entities are the husband and the wife. The purpose here is to show how the communication between husband and wife helps in shaping their relationship and deciding the direction and outcome of family systems and decision-making. While studying the family structures, we have considered mainly a couple and one child framework (that is a triangle structure) for most of the analysis. At the same time, the paper also involves in studying the different factors, which affect such communication, and how these may influence the entire family orientation and structure. Introduction Communication refers to the exchange of ideas and information among two or more organisms via certain medium or means. Communication may occur with the help of words or through signs and gestures. The idea is to share some message and communication is effective when the message is shared successfully or the thoughts can be transferred to the concerned entity. Communication has...
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...Getting the Love You Want By: Harville Hendrix ISBN: 0805068953 A Guide for Couples See detail of this book on Amazon.com Book served by AMAZON NOIR (www.amazon-noir.com) project by: PAOLO CIRIO UBERMORGEN.COM ALESSANDRO LUDOVICO paolocirio.net ubermorgen.com neural.it Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 I THE MYSTERY OF ATTRACTION The type of human being we prefer reveals the contours of our heart. -ORTEGA Y GASSET WHEN C o u P L E S COME to me for marital therapy, I usually ask them how they met. Maggie and Victor, a couple in their mid-fifties who were contemplating divorce after twenty-nine years of marriage, told me this story: "We met in graduate school," Maggie recalled. "We were renting rooms in a big house with a shared kitchen. I was cooking breakfast when I looked up and saw this man-Victor- walk into the room. I had the strangest reaction. My legs wanted to carry me to him, but my head was telling me to stay away. The feelings were so strong that I felt faint and had to sit down." Once Maggie recovered from shock, she introduced herself to Victor, and the two of them spent half the morning talking. "That was it," said Victor. "We were together every possible moment for the next two months, and then we eloped." Page 4 q Getting the Love You Want "If those had been more sexually liberated times," added Maggie, "I'm sure we would have been lovers from that very first week. I've never felt so intensely about anyone in my entire life." Not all first encounters...
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...My Perfect Partner in Married Life Choosing my perfect partner in life takes a lot of prayers and considerations.I dont like to rush or feel desperately alone and marry the wrong kind of person for the wrong reasons --only to regret it later.Nothing should be more important to me and the person I marry than my spiritual well-being.Foremost that I will consider is she should be a believer and a follower of Christ.She's a worshipper and with a heart after God.I believe that spiritual compatibility is important in marriage. How Can I Know Who To Marry She was young and beautiful, and had grown up in a small town. He was wealthy, an only child, 40 years old, and worked his father's livestock business. Their homes were separated by more than 400 miles, and their eyes had never met before the day they became man and wife. An old man, a long-time employee of the groom's father, acted as a matchmaker. On the day he arrived in the young woman's town, he walked up to her, asked her a few questions, talked to her relatives, and then knew that she was the one to marry his employer's son. This old man "popped the question" to her father and then made arrangements to take her back for the marriage--and she willingly went! The bride and groom were Rebekah and Isaac. The Genesis 24 account of what led up to their marriage offers an unusual example of how God can lead two people together. Although it would probably be inappropriate to try to follow every detail of their example today...
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...sexuality His convincing arguments should persuade xm that there are very special reasons why we evolved to use sex for recreation as well as for procreatim whereas most other mammals are denied that pleasure.... It is a great little book, by one of the worlds foremost biological philosophers." -ROGER Shohl Professor of Physiology Monash University Australia "Once again Jared Diamond provides us with answers to questions we may never have stopped to ask, but wish we had. In this long essay Diamond explains that recreational sex, while not unique to humans, is a rare behavior in the animal world. Above all, we learn, sexual activity divorced fron procreation is not only part of what it is to be human, but the very crux of our evolutionary success." -Bettyaxn Kevles. author of Naked to the Bonn Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Centnty The Science Masters Series is a global publishing vonture consisting of original science books written by leading scientists and published by a worldwide team of twenty-six publishers assembled by John Brockman. The series was conceived by Anthony Cheetham of Orion Publishers and John Brockman of Brockman Inc., a New York literary agency, and developed in coordination with Basic Books. The Science Masters name and marks are owned by and licensed to the publisher by Brockman Inc. Copyright c 1997 by Jared Diamond. Published by Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this...
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