...Pop art is now most associated with the work of New York artists of the early 1960s such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist, and Claes Oldenburg, but artists who drew on popular imagery were part of an international phenomenon in various cities from the mid-1950s onwards. Following the popularity of the Abstract Expressionists, Pop's reintroduction of identifiable imagery (drawn from mass media and popular culture) was a major shift for the direction of modernism. The subject matter became far from traditional "high art" themes of morality, mythology, and classic history; rather, Pop artists celebrated commonplace objects and people of everyday life, in this way seeking to elevate popular culture to the level of fine art. Perhaps owing to the incorporation of commercial images, Pop art has become one of the most recognizable styles of modern art. By creating paintings or sculptures of mass culture objects and media stars, the Pop art movement aimed to blur the boundaries between "high" art and "low" culture. The concept that there is no hierarchy of culture and that art may borrow from any source has been one of the most influential characteristics of Pop art. It could be argued that the Abstract Expressionists searched for trauma in the soul, while Pop artists searched for traces of the same trauma in the mediated world of advertising, cartoons, and popular imagery at large. But it is perhaps more precise to say that Pop artists were the first to recognize...
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...Primarily in New York in the early 1940’s, a group of artists developed a stylistic diverse collection of art that began a drastic new development in the artistic realm that guided/shifted the perception of art across the globe. Abstract expressionism broke away from the conventional thought in both subject matter and technique, changing the focus to a more inner spiritual expression of impulsiveness and improvisation; the work of abstract expressionist resisted the stylistic labeling that was commonly based upon dynamic movement in contrast to reflection with an open palette of color. Imagination and artistic creativity was the overall basis of abstract expressionism. Even when depicting realistic subject matter the artist utilized extremely spirited, messy brush stokes or no brushes at all, simply dripping/flinging paint onto the canvas with overlapping inspirational sources. Critics of this era did not viewed or even consider abstract expressionism as art, which is similar to every new artistic form that emerged before them. Many of the initial artists of this movement lived in New York and met in a tavern located in Greenwich Village, thus, the movement was also given the name The New York School. One of the most notorious members of this group was Jackson Pollock, who became so well known for his dip and splatter form that many gave him the nickname “Jack the Dripper;” Pollock utilized drips and lines to stimulate emotion versus portraying distinctive subject matter...
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...Dadaism and Pop Art are two art movements from the same century and were both developed in response to war, one in protest and the other celebrating the increase in consumerism after a war. One theme shared by both movements was mocking the established art world. (Pop art) Artists from both movements used images from the street, the mass media, the supermarket, ready-made items, and present them as art in itself. (Pop art) Dada was an international movement starting in 1916 and ending in 1922 that started as a protest of WWI. Many artists were fed up and used their art as a forum to “spit on” nationalism and materialism, which they felt contributed to the war. Because of the war, many artists, especially French and German, found themselves in Zurich where refuge was offered which is where the origin of the movement can be traced to when Hugo Ball opened the Cabaret Voltaire in 1916. (Sniles) Within a few days the core of Dada movement was established with artists such as Emily Hennings, Jean Arp, Tristan Tzara, and Richard Haulsenbeck. (Sniles) There are a couple of theories of how the name Dada came to be with one being French poet Tristan Tzara thrust a knife into pages of a dictionary, randomly finding a name for the movement. (Dada) Officially, Dada was not a movement, the artists not artists, and the art not art and there was one basic rule: Never follow any known rules. (Esaak) As an early form of Shock Art, the artists used mild obscenities, visual puns...
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...and Consumer Culture 1. Role of Advertising in Society * Does advertising create unnecessary wants? * The primary function of advertisements is to sell products * Publicly addressed to a mass audience widespread social effect * Intended to create desire and a belief that a product will satisfy desire of consumer 1. Economic Role * Making consumers aware of products and services facilitating selling process Expand consumer demand for products Encouraging consumption and fostering economic growth * Helps new competitors enter the market = advances competition, which results in the lowering of prices that consumers pay for goods and services Effects on Consumer Choice * Differentiation * Brand Loyalty Effects on Competition * Barriers to entry * Economies of scale Effects on product costs and prices * Advertising as an expense that increases the cost of products * Increased differentiation 2. Information Role * Commercial Speech must * Presents information to help consumers make decisions regarding the purchase of products and services * Ads tells us what is new, available, where, when and the price * Tell us about a products (alleged) quality and specifications 3. Entertainment Role * Ads have become an intrinsic part of modern society * Although we may condemn its objectives, as an aesthetic experience we enjoy ads in the same way we enjoy pop culture texts E.g. Very...
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...Do you agree that Pop art is a critique of the values of post-War urban culture in the United States or is there some validity in the arguments that suggest that Pop art is another representation of profit-based propaganda? Select works from two or three artists to examine this question. Pop art was born out of the needs of Post-war America and its capitalist driven economy, where consumption was key and everything was a commodity that had to be readily available. The diversity within the movement arose from how the Pop artists approached this culture of post-war America, whether it was through parody, fetishization, or just pure replication; as well as what aspects of the culture they chose to reflect on. The sheer diversity of themes and styles covered by the various pop artists means that one cannot be too reductive when analysing this art movement. It is therefore with this in mind that this essay will examine just two Pop artists, Andy Warhol and Tom Wesselmann, to examine both artists’ use of commercial methods teamed with images borrowed from popular culture and how they established their own unique technique and style to reflect on the capitalist culture rising in America. Post-war America was a time of great growth and development, as America moved into a position of political and economic leadership, newfound pride in the American way of life and American culture flourished. The economic boom meant newfound freedom for Americans, as having money and freely spending...
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...Roy Lichtenstein’s ‘In the Car’ in association to the postmodernist theme of Consumer Culture and more explicitly, the introduction of Pop Art, born from post-war consumerist societies. The argument refers to eight scholarly research sources, three of which are scholarly journal articles. POSTMODERNITY AND CONSUMERISM: WIT, INVENTION AND THE AFTERMATH OF WAR Research Statement: Using a visual analysis, compare and contrast Andy Warhol’s Blue Marilyn with Roy Lichtenstein’s In the Car in association to the postmodernist theme of Consumer culture and more explicitly the introduction of Pop Art; born through post-war materialisation. The Postmodernist Cannon of the latter twentieth and twenty-first Century Art is a crucial anthology, signifying radical and innovative movements that differentiated from Modernist art practices. It signifies a period of time whereby practitioners sought to contradict the rebellious experimentational aspects of Modernist art through re-visioning and revitalising media to fit the metamorphosing culture. Incorporated within the Cannon were several movements that were heavily influenced by the rise of Consumer cultures, dictated by the post-war explosion of advertisement in the 1950’s, compelling practitioners to manipulate and transform their style in either awe of the perpetually adapting society or in rebellion towards the mass produced Consumer culture that had been born. Two leading postmodernist practitioners, Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein...
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...28 The Coming of Age of the Male Characters in About a Boy About a boy is a contemporary novel written by the British author Nick Hornby. It incorporates constructs of post-modern writing by bringing into focus the artists, and styles, and prose of the vernacular. The setting of the novel takes place in London in the mid 1990s. About a boy gives a unique perspective of a coming of age story. It follows the coming of age of two boys of two very different ages; Will Freeman 36 years old and Marcus 12. This novel shows the contrast between consumerism and materialism with real interpersonal connections. Will Freeman made the decision to pursue materialism rather than personal friendships, and to live in self-imposed isolation. Will had the ability to buy “cool” clothes, and sunglasses and sneakers, and so was never at a loss for acquaintances. Marcus, on the other hand, felt isolation due to a lack of materialism. Marcus was an outsider in his school in London since he could not have the best “coolest” clothes, shoes, and haircuts and thus was always the target of bullying. However, as the plot progresses, Marcus and Will undergo transformational experiences together to become more connected to the people around them. The transformational experiences of Fiona’s suicide, falling in love, and Marcus’ arrest all culminate in the maturation of Will and Marcus’ and the genesis of interpersonal connections between. First, Fiona’s suicide causes Marcus to grow much older than...
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...that would do to thrash nationalism, rationalism, materialism and anything which they felt added to or contributed to the war. Dada used prefabricated materials such as photographs, paintings and mass-produced objects in their art works. They used the idea as much as the materials. An everyday object is turned into an art by object by placing it an artistic context. It disregarded tradition and the use of conscious form in favor of the ridiculous. The movement spread from Zurich to other parts of Europe and eventually New York City. The art form began to get serious consideration in the early 1920s. The Dadaism slowly faded. Describe Surrealism The dictionary defines Surrealism as “A style of art and literature developed principally in the 20th century, stressing the subconscious or non-rational significance of imagery arrived at by automatism or the exploitation of chance effects.” Surrealism was a movement in the 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, the unexpected and non sequitur. Some of the characteristics are exploration of the dream and unconsciousness, depicting images of perverse sexuality, scatology, decay and violence, to go against socially acceptable behaviors and traditions, and focusing on the irrational to make art strange. Similarities and Differences Surrealism grew from Dadaism but in different cultures...
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...simplistically by the masses. Its common definition of increasing spending for wants and supposed needs may be attributed to the small world we often find ourselves in. While this definition is true, it reduces the concept of consumerism to a culture of overspending. If we were to check the entire concept of consumerism, we would find that more than a habit, it is a political movement and an economic instrument. In its political aspect, consumerism is an institutionalized effort to protect consumers from exploitative policies and practices such as “inferior or dangerous products, unfair pricing, and false advertising”. It is also a movement for upholding honest business practices. This political movement is to serve as check and balance for the economic theory manifested in the markets that increasing consumption of goods and services form a solid economy. This complex concept of consumerism is based upon the increasing mass production to aid the American economy after several economic declines. Come 1970s, however, the element of spending in consumerism became competitive and corrupted to display the productivity achieved by the masses. So the culture of keeping up with the Kardashians, or the Joneses if you want to be retrospective came to be and this culture is what we often mean when we define consumerism. Of course, this concept would not have been constructed without the mechanism of the media. With the growth of mass production, media grew parallel to it and became responsible in...
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...role models. The main character Peter Griffin is a mindless, disrespectful, and shameful dad whose escapades get his family, himself and others into dangerous situations. Peter Griffin has no respect for authority and throughout the series writers of the show use his characters to trash other show and people with little respect for anyone. The bad examples continue into shows like Breaking Bad a television show watched by millions upon millions in which the main character Walter White is a science teacher with a small family who goes from suburban life to leading a life in the drug game after getting diagnosed with cancer. Walter White teaches bad morals to people and even if children don't watch it directly, the message has gotten in to pop culture so much so that children are being dressed up in Walter White halloween costumes. An example of a childrens show format merging into adult content is in the show Brickleberry created by a comedian who strategy is to shock by any way possible, he turns a lovable looking animate bear and cast of other harmless looking characters and insults to insult. This comedy sends the wrong message to kids about humor, comedy, and bullying. Children are likely to follow these examples or models because children are constantly looking for things or people to look up to or idolize. Children need something to look up to and work towards. They are just recently finding out the many aspects of life and with these new discoveries they need to look towards...
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...Journal of Consumer Behaviour, J. Consumer Behav. 11: 406–414 (2012) Published online 23 May 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/cb.1385 Does an iPod make you happy? An exploration of the effects of iPod ownership on life satisfaction ANTJE COCKRILL* School of Business and Economics, Haldane Building, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK ABSTRACT The Apple iPod is currently the undisputed leading product in the global MP3 player market. This competitive advantage is due to the design, high functionality, and perhaps most importantly, the ‘cool factor’ which Apple has managed to obtain with its products. This study explores if owning an iPod (as opposed to another brand of MP3 player) makes a difference in the perception of general life satisfaction. Using Diener et al.’s generic satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) to measure the dependent variable life satisfaction, a model with the key concepts usage, benefits, peer influence, design, iPod phenomenon, and iPod bubble has been developed and tested in a variety of ways, including regression analysis. The sample consisted of a multinational sample of 240+ young adults, aged 18–35 years. The demographic profiles of iPod and non-iPod owners were very similar, but for iPod owners, 23 per cent of the variance in overall life satisfaction is explained by the key concepts used in this research. Key influencing variables for iPod owners are peer influence and design. For non-iPod owners...
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...Jordan Quinzon Company Analysis and Research Assignment Due September 30th, 2014 There is a list of things that say “America” when you see them. Baseball comes to mind, Ford Motors is another one, and nothing says American better than a Dodger Dog fresh off the back rollers of the convenience stand. When I look back at America I think of strength, the willingness to fight no matter what, and above all being muscle toned, risky, loud and obnoxious badass on a bike. This isn’t exactly what Harley-Davidson wanted to portray, but it’s what made them into the company they are today. Harley-Davidson was started by no other than William S. Harley and Arthur and Walter Davidson, a few friends fascinated by motors and bikes in a rural part of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The first blueprint sketched by William S. Harley was in early 1901, but the first actual sale of a completed bike wasn’t till late 1906. With nothing more than a small machine shop, a handful of old motors, and a few bicycles the friends started on their road to fame and fortune. They wanted to manufacturer these modified bicycles to the public in hopes they would make money, the main driving force behind any entrepreneur back then and now. Beginning its journey through sales in World War I and II the Harley brand was thrust onto the scene of racing and leisure riding from veterans and active duty members to civilians and celebrities. Being one of the only manufacturers to survive not only the war, but also the Great Depression...
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...As a traveller must consume products in the destination, the environmental impact from the hospitality and tourism activities is unavoidable. Beside of this, travellers especially who of the world’s developed nations enjoy the comfort and convenience of technological innovations not dreamed of a century ago. (Myers, 2009) With the rapid development of tourism, the conception of tourism is misunderstood and expanded; therefore the tourism activities lead great pressure to the environment. On the other hand, it is urgent to pop up an alert to people towards those issues and scientifically guild them to change their behavior to choose the sustainable...
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...Marketing I (Fundamentals) Week 2 Marketing Orientation Marketing Management Ø The analysis , Planning , Implementation and Control activities of management with regards to marketing. Marketing Management Philosophies 1. Production Concept Focus on production and distribution efficiencies Consumers will favour products that are available and affordable 2. Product concept Focus on product improvement Consumers favour better products 3. Selling concept Focus on more selling and promotion Consumers won’t buy unless you persuade them 4. Marketing Concept Focus on satisfying target markets needs and wants better than competitors as a way to achieve organisational goals. 5. Societal Marketing Concept Ø Same as marketing Ø But do it in a way that the society’s well-being is maintained or improved. The pure marketing concept overlooks possible conflicts between consumer short-run wants and consumer long-run welfare –e.g. fast food. The societal concept seems appropriate bin an age of: • • • • Environmental problems Resource shortages Rapid population growth World-wide economic problems 1 Marketing I (Fundamentals) • Neglected social services Marketing Challenge into the Next Century 1. Growth of nonprofits marketing 2. The information Technology Boom 3. Rapid globalisation 4. The changing world economy 5. The call for move ethics and social responsibility 6. The new marketing landscape The 4ps 1. Product • • • The product can be tangible or intangible The right product for...
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...LONDON: THE SWINGING CITY Before Affluence and After Austerity SLIDE: London smog 1953 In the mid-1960s, London was the place to be. ‘Fifteen years earlier, few would have predicted that London would soon play host to the most swinging ball of the century’ (Sandbrook, 2006b)[i] In fact Hardy Amies had had a similar opinion when reflecting on the legacy of the Festival of Britain in 1951; nothing in it signalled the onslaught of the Swinging Sixties, making particular reference to the Britishness of design in the shape of Mary Quant and her artistic contemporaries which would have enormous further global impact (Banham & Hillier 1976)[ii]. In retrospect it is understandable; the gloomy and restrictive situation of the country locked in the interminable shackle of debt from which it seemed almost impossible to free itself, gave absolutely no hint at the transformation to come. Historical descriptions of Britain in the 1950s are invariably depressing (Akhtar & Humphries, 2001; Marr, 2007; Kynaston 2008; Sandbrook, 2006ab; Tarrant, 1990; White, 2008)[iii]. The word that tends to sum up these accounts is ‘grey’. Cyril Connolly, the writer and critic wrote in 1947 after the worst winter since records began followed by the worst flooding, that the British people had been reduced to ‘a neuter class …with [ ] drab clothes … - a careworn people … in their shabby raincoats, under a sky permanently dull and lowering like a metal dish-cover.’ (Gardiner, 1999:35)[iv] SLIDE: London...
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