...Emotions are one’s state of mind and natural responses, but scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings. It’s also evident that emotion senses on the meanings. I have experienced more positive emotions over the past four day. These emotions are characterized by happiness and positive expectations. These emotions are expectation of a brighter future. This because I had been informed a job opportunity had been secured on my behalf. This has been my dream since I was born. This was a dream come true because, I have always been thinking about the job. These positive emotions brought about anxiety in me thus I was not able to settle. I have also had negative emotions in the last four days. These emotions have generated negative thoughts in me. This can be as a result to a response of an expected trip that I was eager to be present. I could not believe my ears to hear that the trip had been cancelled due to the fact that one of our friends had lost their parents. The fact that I was not aware also brought about a negative emotion (Cassady & Eissa, 2009). Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. This can also be linked to the arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. It’s also linked in some way to behavioral tendency. A similar description can be derived from the sociology....
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...psycho-physiological processes; cognitive development involving areas such as problem solving, moral understanding, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development; and self-concept and identity formation. 3 major contexts to consider when analysing child psychology are: social context, cultural context, and socioeconomic context. Developmental psychology includes issues such as the extent to which development occurs through the gradual accumulation of knowledge versus stage-like development, or the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures versus learning through experience. Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors including social context, and their impact on development; others take a more narrowly-focused approach.Developmental psychology informs several applied fields, including: educational psychology, child psychopathology, and forensic developmental psychology. Developmental psychology complements several other basic research fields in psychology including social psychology, cognitive psychology, ecological psychology and comparative psychology. Cognitive development is the study of a child's development in terms of factors such as information processing, language acquisition and conceptual resources. A part of both neuroscience and psychology, cognitive development is...
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...Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior Until several years ago, many students who were classified as having ID or assigned into an inclusion classroom were not expected to participate in standardized testing, however as late, everyone in public schools is expected to participate in standardized assessments. Some educators are happy with the change while others are concerned the assessments are not an accurate assessment of what students actually know. For many students with learning disabilities, standardized assessments often don’t accurately indicate what the student truly knows and where they have deficits. One problem with assessing students with ID is the identification and classification of ID is that they differ greatly between states and is often inconsistent. According to Kortez, students with specific learning disabilities are served under the IDEA, however we use the word “classification” when referring to the category of and indentified student’s specific disability or disabilities (Kortez). The major problem that arises is the fact that identification is being highly inconsistent which is raising the concern students being mislabeled. It seems as though some educators are either over identifying or under indentifying students. However, this is not just a problem on the educator’s level; it is also showing up on the state level. It seems as though when the combined across the nation, identification is inconsistent. More than half of all students being...
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...Unit 4 Absence Assignment A student with an intellectual disability has difficulty with cognitive function that inhibits thinking and reasoning. It tends to be much more severe than a learning disability in that it affects the IQ of the student (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2009). While a student with a learning disability may seem very intelligent and articulate, but struggle with a specific task such as reading or studying, a student with an intellectual disability may struggle in multiple aspects of life, not just school. Along with limited intellectual functioning, students with this type of disability will also have limited adaptive behavior, meaning social and practical intelligence will be below average as well. Teaching such students can be challenging for general education teachers. In general, such severe disabilities would warrant an IEP and the care of special ed instructors and paraprofessionals. However, many students...
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...ADAPTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ARMS) FOR CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION Mihaela Ulieru and Paul Worthington Emergent Information Systems Laboratory The University of Calgary Ulieru@ucalgary.ca http://www.enel.ucalgary.ca/People/Ulieru/ Abstract The purpose of this work is to develop an adaptive risk management framework capable to prevent, identify and respond in critical time to threats. Our focus is on protecting critical infrastructure (e.g. public utilities) which vitally depends on network and information security. As solution we propose a holonic Cybersecurity system that unfolds into an emergency response management infrastructure capable to react in due time to unknown and new kinds of attacks/threats. The system can adapt to its changing environment through its self-organizing capability. Mimicking the way immunity works in biological organisms the system can dynamically adapt to embrace new risk situations and can dynamically create and learn new risk models as it encounters new risk situations. Keywords. Risk management, holonic, self-organization, multi-agent systems. 1. Rationale During the emergency response to the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Centre, emergency response commanders on the scene were unable to communicate to ‘911’ Public Service Access Points (PSAP) that people should evacuate the building. As a result, PSAP operators complied with New York City’s standard operating procedure for hi-rise fires and advised...
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...PSY 200/203 Study Guide for Final Exam Chapter 1 - Scientific method A. Psychology has four basic goals regarding behavior and mental processes 1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Control B. Scientific method - set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in investigations 1. Events are lawful (follow consistent patterns) 2. Events are explainable 3. Events are approached with scientific skepticism (critical thinking) a. Minimize the influence of preconceptions/biases while evaluating the evidence b. Determine the conclusions that can be reasonably drawn from the evidence c. Consider alternative explanations for research findings Steps in the scientific method A. Formulate a testable hypothesis 1. hypothesis 2. variables 3. operational definition B. Design the study and collect data 1. descriptive methods 2. experimental methods C. Analyze the data and draw conclusions D. Report the findings Descriptive research methods – strategies for observing and describing behavior A. Naturalistic observation – systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural settings 1. Allows study of behaviors that cannot be easily or ethically manipulated in an experiment B. Case study – indepth investigation of an individual or small group of individuals 1. Allows study of rare, unusual or extreme conditions C. Surveys 1. Sample ...
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...Communication of Emotions PSYC 380 Abstract Many people and particularly animals communicate their emotions toward others in some form of postural changes, facial expressions, and nonverbal sounds. Emotions may be seen as subjective, conscious experiences characterized primarily by psycho-physiological expressions, biological reactions, and also mental states. Charles Darwin was said to be one of the first scientists to ever write in reference to the existence and nature of emotions within non-human animals. From this study, various aspects of the communication of emotions will be observed and considered. Is it possible that animals have a type of intelligence whereas they can communicate how their feeling? This question will be answered and what scientists and studies have to say about such a question. In addition to this research, the neural basis of the communication of emotions will also be examined. Various parts of the brain will provide insight as to what causes and gives animals the potential ability to communicate their emotions, not only toward their own species, but also toward humans. Many people and particularly animals communicate their emotions toward others in some form of postural changes, facial expressions, and nonverbal sounds. Emotions may be seen as subjective, conscious experiences characterized primarily by psycho-physiological expressions, biological reactions, and also mental states. According to general hypotheses, there are correlations...
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...ecological alike, and review relevant literature from cognitive neuroscience that may or may not provide neural foundation for the claims that they have formulated. The reason for which I find it interesting to contrast these two approaches is there different outlook on the concept of “bias”. Traditional – closed systems - approaches to decision-making The investigation of decision-making is a multidisciplinary endeavor with researchers approaching the area from different fields and applying numerous different models (Hastie, 2001). The normative model of decision-making originates from mathematics and economics and the most prominent normative model is perhaps Subjectively Expected Utility (SEU; Savage, 1954). This model of rational behavior implies that people act as if they are calculating the "expected utility" of each option, choosing the one that they believe has the highest value. It has been criticized however, as some researchers doubted whether humans actually perform the mental multiplications and additions suggested by SEU. Simon (1955) was the first to challenge the assumptions of optimizing decision theories (such as SEU) making strong arguments concerning the limited capacity of the decision maker, for which he introduced the term “bounded rationality” (Gigerenzer & Selten, 2002; Simon, 1955, 1992). He proposed an alternative; the ''satisficing'' decision model. This states that when people are faced with numerous options, they choose the first course of action...
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...Sigmund Freud or B.F Skinner and various physicians and biologists. Scientific Experimentation is the method of some of the perspectives use, while some rely solely on clinical observation. The biological foundation of psychology is biopsychology. Neuroscientists “investigate the electrical and chemical processes in the nervous system that underlie these mental events” (Kowalski, 2009, p. 6, para. 1). Mental events include thoughts, feelings, and fears just to name a few. When studying the brain, neuroscientists observed patients with severe brain trauma, concluding they showed lack of language and memory or a drastic change in personality. These results proved that the brain and behavior worked together. One of the issues arising from the study of biopsychology is the term localization of function, meaning to the extent to which different parts of the brain control different functions. The belief at one time was that each psychological function happened in a specific part of the brain, when after several observations realized psychological circuits are distributed throughout the brain and contribute to a psychological event. Once the biological foundation of psychology was built, it was time to start building the frame, which leads to the major schools of thought in psychology. The first two schools of psychology were structuralism and functionalism. Considered the beginner of experimental psychology, Wilhelm Wundt was a physiologist from Germany. Wundt used experimental techniques...
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...My view on Neandertals before this assignment was that of what was played out in movies and commercials. The perception of them was that they are of very low intelligence and acted just like wild animals. I knew that they had a diet similar to ours in that they eat meat and fruit and vegetables and made tools for hunting but I never knew exactly to what extent. After reading the lecture and textbook on Neandertals my views have radically changed. I have never seen them as not human but now I see them more human than before. Physically they are similar to modern humans. Some of their features were adaptive to the cold climate that they had to endure. Much like the traditional artic population, the Neandertals were short and robust. Thanks to testing of the Neandertal genetic sequence for the MC1R gene it is also proven that they were blond and light completed thus allowing them to better absorb vitamin D with cloudy and overcast skies. The nose was large and projecting and they had a bump on the back of the skull much like some people still have today. They had very strong legs with sturdy bones and powerful knees. They also had robust toes that were muscular. These two features makes the Neandertal a very powerful runner for the terrain in which they lived. It would help them run faster and easier on wet or slippery ground. They also had very strong thumbs that enabled them to have very powerful grips. I would very well consider these physical characteristics human. There are...
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...Intelligence has been defined in different ways, including the abilities, but not limited to, abstract thought, understanding, being self aware,communication, reasoning, learning, having emotional knowledge, retaining, planning, and problem solving. Intelligence is most widely studied in humans, but has also been observed in animals and plants. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines or the simulation of intelligence in machines. Numerous definitions of and hypotheses about intelligence have been proposed since before the twentieth century, with no consensus reached by scholars. Within the discipline of psychology, various approaches to human intelligence have been adopted. The psychometricapproach is especially familiar to the general public, as well as being the most researched and by far the most widely used in practical settings.[1] Contents [hide] * 1 History of the term * 2 Definitions * 3 Human intelligence * 3.1 Psychometrics * 3.2 Other theories * 3.3 Evolution of intelligence * 3.4 Improving intelligence * 4 Animal and plant intelligence * 5 Artificial intelligence * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 Further reading * 9 External links | ------------------------------------------------- [edit]History of the term Main article: Nous Intelligence derives from the Latin verb intelligere which derives from inter-legere meaning to "pick out" or discern. A form of this verb, intellectus, became the medieval technical...
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...Human nature, a term that is widely used to describe the feelings, characteristics and behavioral traits shared by all humans, according to Wikipedia. However, to fully comprehend what human nature is we should examine both the physical and psychological aspects in more depth. Through the required readings for this essay, cited on the reference page, I was able to explore several views that help support my position on human nature. I believe that human nature is derived from a complex combination of genetic, or physiopsychology, behavioral, or cognitive psychology, and environmental, or social psychology. Simply put, human nature is a combination of both trait and state psychology. There are certainly practical advantages for considering even the simplest understanding of human nature as it relates to business, culture and productivity all of which I intend to prove throughout this reaction paper. Let’s examine physical psychology in more depth. Research has provided us with information suggesting that a person is born with certain abilities as it relates to the make-up of the brain, nerves, hormones and other physical factors. These items collectively create our psychological core of which sets limits as to how much information we can process. In other words, when we are born we’re “hard-wired” with a certain capacity to process and interpret information at some level. According to Nicolson (1998), humans are hard-wired due our drive for survival which stems from...
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...PERU E. M COLLINS COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS TERM PAPER ARGUEMENTATION STUDENT ID NO: D33/34238/2010 AN ARGUMENTATIVE RESEARCH PAPER ON RESEARCH TOPIC: WHAT IS SCIENCE? TOPIC: Dispelling Misconceptions; Physical and Natural Sciences are not superior over Social Sciences. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract. 3 Introduction 4 Recommendations 22 REFERENCES 25 Abstract. Science in general is a great and highly developed human enterprise. Its intricacies are clearly not limited to the scientists alone, but it is essential for the entire human race. If we think of science as a space within the larger space of society then it is at the interfaces between these two spaces that human beings are involved with science. To see this interface clearly from the space of science is not the same as seeing it as a mere collection of facts that should be construed to be true and nothing but the truth. Science is beyond facts, ideals and thoughts. It is a process and a model that has undergone tests, been tried, reviewed and accepted as a true representation of the processes and occurrences in the natural world However, due to the broad nature of science, and the work, time and resources involved in pursuit of knowledge in different science fields which entails different interests, and thereby different values too; and the different...
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...Building a Vision-Guided, Values-Driven Organization By Richard Barrett PART I: WHY VALUES ARE IMPORTANT Organizational values are more important today than at any other time in history because the personal and societal context within which business operates is changing. Who you are as an organization, and what you stand for, are becoming just as important as what you sell. The values that an organization lives by are important to a variety of stakeholders: • Society: Organizational values need to meet society’s expectations with regard to environmental stewardship and social responsibility. Failure to support society’s values can have a very significant impact on financial performance.1 Shareholders: Organizational values need to meet the needs of the new breed of shareholders that are only investing in companies that: (a) meet socially responsible investment criteria; and (b) compete to be the best companies to work for, or other quality awards. Potential employees: To attract the best people, the organizational values need to meet the needs of potential new employees who are choosing to work in organizational cultures that align with their personal values. Existing employees: To retain the best people, the organizational values also need to meet the needs of existing employees and support them in finding personal fulfillment at work. • • • Employee Fulfillment Whilst attention to all stakeholders needs are important, the most critical are: (a) How existing employees...
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...Introduction： Consequently, to be an effective leader, the manager must impact of his associates in a positive way to accomplish the organizational goals and now there are mainly three main approach applications in leadership of organization, including trait approach, situational & contingency approach and transformational approach. And this style of leadership is more inclined to believe that the qualities a person is born, not developed or the relationships develop followers. The concept is that humanity is born with certain personality traits, called “a born leader” (Fred, R). For example, like these well-known people, Catherine the Great, Mohandas Gandhi, Abraham Lincoln, Joan of Arc, Napoleon Bonaparte and Steve Jobs, the common ground is that they are born leaders, the people are willing to follow with them because of the charisma (Bass, 1990; Jago, 1982). Next, situational leadership was developed by Paul Hersey, a professor, and Ken Blanchard, a leadership expert in 1977, and this theory focuses on the action of the leader depends upon the situational and followers (Cynthia, M). Closely related to the situational approach is what has become know as the contingency approach. The contingency theory of leadership was presented by the Austrian psychologist Fred Edward in 1964. Compared to situational approach, the contingency approach while emphasizing the situation, but also emphasizes the leaders personality (Sirje, V, 2009). Last, in the past two decades, a new paradigm...
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