...Sampling and Data Collection To purchase this visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/BSHS435Week2SamplingandDataCollection/2788 Contact us at: help@mindblows.us BSHS 435 Week 2 Sampling and Data Collection in Research Paper BSHS 435 Week 2 • Student described observation and measurement as they relate to human services research. • Student addressed each of the following points in the paper: o Sampling • What is the purpose of sampling? • How can you avoid bias when selecting samples for human services research? o Data Collection • Describe the scales of measurement used in research • What are the types of reliability? Provide examples of the types of reliability as they apply to human services research or to human services management research. • What are the types of validity? Provide examples of these types of validity as they apply to human services research or to human services management research. • Why is it important to ensure that data collection methods and instruments are both reliable and valid? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of: Telephone surveys Online surveys Focus groups Surveys via websites Which of the above examples of survey research you would like to use if you are collecting data and why? • The paper is 700 to 1,050 words in length. • The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. • The conclusion is logical, flows, and reviews the major points. BSHS 435 Week 2 Sampling and Data...
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...Research Process Paper Andra Lou Lewis University of Phoenix Research and Evaluation I RES/341 Robert Katz August 1, 2010 Research Process Paper The "levels of measurement", or scales of measure are expressions that typically refer to the theory of scale types. All measurement in science is conducted using four different types of scales Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Nominal scales when measuring use names or categorized responses and are the lowest scales of measurement. Gender, zip codes, area of country, favorite color, and religion are examples of variables measured on a nominal scale. The essential point about nominal scales is they do not have any impact on the data. In the Ordinal Scale type, the numbers assigned to objects or events represent the rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) of the entities assessed that represent a quality measurement and can tell whether a case has more or less. An ordinal scale defines a total preorder of objects; the scale values themselves have a total order. Ranked preferences only tell what one preference is over another, not how much more is preferred. Quantitative attributes are all measurable on interval scales, as any difference between the levels of an attribute can be multiplied by any real number to exceed or equal another difference. A highly familiar example of interval scale measurement is temperature with the Celsius scale. The thermometer represents equal volumes of mercury between each...
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...MEASUREMENT SCALES PAPER; Measurement Scales Paper University of Phoenix MKT/441 In a questionnaire there are many types of scales used to obtain different forms of data. This all depends on which information the questionnaire is looking for exactly, but there are different ways of collecting the data and different types of scales needed for each answer. This paper is to help determine the differences between the ordinal scale, the nominal scale, Interval scale and the ratio scale. Also will be described is a few examples on each scale and a brief description of each scale. Ordinal Scales Ordinal scales are best described as a scale that can measure something like satisfaction. For instance, if someone had developed a new stove that was installed in peoples homes and wanted to know their satisfaction level with the stoves in measurements such as not satisfied, somewhat satisfied, or very satisfied based on various types of questions with the same three as answers, would classify as a ordinal scale. This type of research would be best used in a questionnaire when getting a general response from the people being questioned. This is could also be used as a 1-4 type scale where 1 is not satisfied and 4 being very satisfied. In a questionnaire a good example of an ordinal scale would be a recent visit to a doctors office in which customers are asked to answer questions based on their experiences. So some questions may be from 1 to 4 1 being did not enjoy, 4 being was...
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...Measurement in Accounting: What is the Scale? In the last few years the field of accounting has been the subject of a critical review,the intensity of which is increasing as time goes by. Somehow, both within and without the accounting profession, there is a feeling of dissatisfaction with the information generated by the accounting process. Such dissatisfaction is leading to questions about the fundamental bases of Accounting. The practitioner claims to identify,collect,measure,record,analyse and report financial data useful for a variety of purposes. Unfortunately, recent financial turmoil emanating from some of the uses applied to accounting reports is causing accountants and other stakeholders to question the foundations of accounting. Some ask questions like is Accounting a Science or Art? If it is a science, what is its foundation in Science? Are their theories guiding the focus of accounting scholars? Are these theories the result of empirical findings and observations? Are the findings the outcome of diligent and rigorous measurement of phenomena? Does accounting measure any phenomena? Is the accounting phenomena amenable to measurement? Inshort is Accounting a measurement Discipline? Scholars are therefore re-examining the foundations of accounting to determine its suitability as a Science. A Science Discipline is founded on theories which are prediction of phenomena. These predictions are possible because rigorous and precise measurements of phenomena is achieved...
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...Practice Vol.21 (Supplement 1) 2006 Pages i19–i32 Advance Access publication 31 July 2006 Improving measurement in health education and health behavior research using item response modeling: comparison with the classical test theory approach Mark Wilson*, Diane D. Allen and Jun Corser Li Abstract This paper compares the approach and resultant outcomes of item response models (IRMs) and classical test theory (CTT). First, it reviews basic ideas of CTT, and compares them to the ideas about using IRMs introduced in an earlier paper. It then applies a comparison scheme based on the AERA/APA/NCME ‘Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests’ to compare the two approaches under three general headings: (i) choosing a model; (ii) evidence for reliability—incorporating reliability coefficients and measurement error—and (iii) evidence for validity—including evidence based on instrument content, response processes, internal structure, other variables and consequences. An example analysis of a self-efficacy (SE) scale for exercise is used to illustrate these comparisons. The investigation found that there were (i) aspects of the techniques and outcomes that were similar between the two approaches, (ii) aspects where the item response modeling approach contributes to instrument construction and evaluation beyond the classical approach and (iii) aspects of the analysis where the measurement models had little to do with the analysis or outcomes. There were no aspects where the classical approach...
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...June 13, 2011 Current Business Research Project This paper is a synopsis of a research study in price knowledge measurement scales used in the food and clothing retail industry. This paper will define and identify the business research, purpose of the study, problems under investigation, methods of data collection, and the ending result. The article this synopsis is based on is “On the Validity of Price Knowledge Measurements via self-assessment scales: two studies in retail” (Eberhardt, Kenning, & Schneider, 2009, p. 1). Business research is defined “as a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in a work setting that needs a solution” (Sekaran, 2003, p. 5). The business research used in respect to price knowledge measurement includes addressing self-assessment versus percentage absolute deviation (PAD), and the retail branch of food versus clothes. The problem under investigation is determining the validity of scales used to measure consumer price knowledge used in marketing to influence market price and profit (Eberhardt et al., 2009, p. 1). Previous research is outdated and does not consider important factors such as brand power, or demographics, and was performed from the viewpoint of a researcher and not the consumer (Eberhardt et al., 2009, p. 2). The researchers performed separate studies in food and clothing retail in Germany. To test the comparison shopping scale of Petrevu and Ratchford of checking price tags, searching...
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...Lab 1: Microscopy and the Metric System Purpose The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the lighted microscope, how to prepare a wet mount, and understand taking measurements in the metric system and its conversions. Materials & Methods Materials: Part A: * Computer for videos Part B: * Tape measure with centimeters * Scale that measures grams * Thermometer that shows Celsius * Campbell Biology Book * 1 piece Orange Starburst Methods: Part A: Combined Lighted Microscope 1. Watch video on microscope 2. Answer the provided questions on the microscope Wet Mount: 1. Watch video on wet mount 2. Explain the process of creating a wet mount Part B: Width of Book: 1. Lay book flat 2. Take the measuring tape and measure the width of the book in centimeters Mass of Orange Starburst: 1. Place the scale on flat surface 2. Zero the scale and set the display to grams 3. Place the orange starburst and write down the mass in grams Meniscus: 1. Answer the provided question on Meniscus in a graduated cyclinder Temperature: 1. Set thermometer to display temperature in Celsius 2. Take room temperature by turning on the thermometer and noting temperature 3. Take body temperature by placing the thermometer on the back of your hand Results Part A: Microscopy 1) Parts of a compound microscope and their functions. a) Focal Adjustment- helps adjusts the slide into focus b) Eyepiece- the lens...
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...researchers use to collect data and information is research work. * Learned about internet – A researchers use internet to access information online. * Learned about two types of research report which is Juried or refereed – a reviewed report * Nonjuried or nonrefereed – none reviewed report. E.g. Journal report. * Learned about checklist evaluating research- that a report juried that is judge. * Learned that a research that is not screen or viewed by expert is not valid * Guidelines in reviewing research by going to library to sort for information needed for case study. * I learned as a researcher, you must read more than articles. * I learned about research paper / APA Style – that first thing is to choose the research topic. * Learned about what research paper entails, like cover page, table of content, abstract, introduction, summary, conclusion and references. * I learned about APA style and what is stand for. –American...
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...Types of Measurement Scales Marc Waters MKT/441 June 9, 2014 Cyndie Shadow Types of Measurement Scales Introduction For this week’s assignment, students are to select four types of types of measurement increasing order of sophistication; they are Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. These are categories in which numbers are grouped. This paper will also demonstrate how they can be effective in surveys or questionnaires. Nominal The number we assign to some object, idea, or behavior is entirely arbitrary, although in some cases a tradition may establish the rules of assignment. If measurements are assigned arbitrary numbers, they are called nominal numbers, and their sole purpose in the analysis is to differentiate an item possessing one characteristic from an item possessing a different characteristic. Nominal data is a type of categorical data in which objects do not have a natural, meaningful order. You can count but not order or measure nominal data. Only calculations based on the frequencies of occurrence are valid. Nominal scales have no numeric properties. Qualitative information is obtained from a nominal scale. This means objects are classified by name only. Counting is the only operation that can be performed on a nominal scale. Examples of nominal questions that may be used are: state of residence; gender; or hair color: blonde, brown, red, and black. Ordinal Ordinal data is a type of categorical data in which objects have a natural and...
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...Introduction There are four measurement scales, or types of data, nominal, ordinal interval and ratio. These four measurements are simple ways to categorize different types of variables. This paper will discuss the usage of each scale. Nominal Nominal scales are the most commonly used in marketing research. Nominal scales are used for labeling variables, without any quantitative value. In fact, Nominal scales could be called “labels”. Nominal are categories with numbers assigned to them to facilitate analysis. “A nominal scale partitions data into categories that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, implying that every bit of data will fit into one and only one category and that all data will fit somewhere on the scale.” (McDaniel, C. Jr., & G, R. (2007). Marketing Research (7th ed. p. 269) Nominal uses numerals to identify objects, individuals, events, or groups. This determines the equality or inequality of a situation. The classification that nominal falls under is male/female, buyer/non-buyer, etc. Most nominal data is collected via questions that provide the respondent a list of items to choose from. Examples of Nominal Scales Ordinal “Ordinal scales have the labeling characteristics of nominal scales plus an ability to order data.” (McDaniel, C. Jr., & G, R. (2007). Marketing Research (7th ed. p. 270). With ordinal scales, it is the order of the values that is important and significant. In most cases, Ordinal scales are typically measures...
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...is that wage earnings and wages are categorized differently. In order to understand the specific problem one has to research various industries as well as look into what positions are being held, they have investigate the number of years experience, and kook at the current ages is of individuals who are working. With that said in order to provide research one has to understand what is meant by the research process. Today’s society understands the process of researching is asking question and searching for answers. This paper will provide research pertaining to wage earners and wages. First, define the purpose of the research and explain why researching wage earnings and wages are important. The next step is research hypothesis, meaning give three examples of possible outcomes. Knowing the purpose, understanding the question, and reviling the hypothesis will lead to defining the operational variables tested. Next is to establish the level of measurement and scale for each variable. The final objective is briefly discussing the remaining steps in the research process. Describe Purpose of the research and explain why the research problem is important Research is an organized, systematic, database, critical, objective, scientific inquiry, or investigation into a specific problem. In addition, in doing this, the business main purpose is to find answers or solutions. The research that is being preformed is that the general problem with wages and wage earnings is education. The specific...
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...cross-national validation of the consumer-based brand equity scale Isabel Buil Department of Economy and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Leslie de Chernatony Birmingham Business School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and ´ Eva Martınez Department of Economy and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Abstract Purpose – This study seeks to investigate the measurement invariance of the consumer-based brand equity scale across two samples of UK and Spanish consumers. Design/methodology/approach – Brand equity was conceptualised as a multi-dimensional concept consisting of brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations and brand loyalty. To test the brand equity scale cross-nationally a survey was undertaken in the UK and Spain. Measurement invariance was assessed using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Findings – The brand equity scale was invariant across the two countries. Results show that the consumer-based brand equity scale has similar dimensionality and factor structure across countries. In addition, consumers respond to the items of brand equity in the same way, which allows meaningful comparison of scores. Research limitations/implications – Future research could examine the cross-national generalisability of the brand equity scale using other countries’ products and services. Practical implications – Given that the brand equity scale is invariant across countries, researchers and international...
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...Measurement scales A topic which can create a great deal of confusion in social and educational research is that of types of scales used in measuring behaviour. It is critical because it relates to the types of statistics you can use to analyse your data. An easy way to have a paper rejected is to have used either an incorrect scale/statistic combination or to have used a low powered statistic on a high powered set of data. * Nominal * Ordinal * Interval * Ratio Nominal The lowest measurement level you can use, from a statistical point of view, is a nominal scale. A nominal scale, as the name implies, is simply some placing of data into categories, without any order or structure. A physical example of a nominal scale is the terms we use for colours. The underlying spectrum is ordered but the names are nominal. In research activities a YES/NO scale is nominal. It has no order and there is no distance between YES and NO. and statistics The statistics which can be used with nominal scales are in the non-parametric group. The most likely ones would be: mode crosstabulation - with chi-square There are also highly sophisticated modelling techniques available for nominal data. Ordinal An ordinal scale is next up the list in terms of power of measurement. The simplest ordinal scale is a ranking. When a market researcher asks you to rank 5 types of beer from most flavourful to least flavourful, he/she is asking you to create an ordinal scale of preference...
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...Measurement Scales Tina M. Biebl MKT / 441 Marketing Research University of Phoenix Introduction A poorly designed questionnaire may not obtain the results the firm or organization is looking for. There are four categories in which numbers are generally grouped. In increasing order of sophistication, they are (1) nominal numbers, (2) ordinal numbers, (3) intervally scaled numbers, and (4) ratio-scaled numbers. This paper will examine each briefly and how they can be used effectively in the design of a survey questionnaire. Qualitative Data Data that can be categorized into one of several non-numerical categories is qualitative. You are recording some quality that the data possesses. Care needs to be taken to avoid assigning numbers to the categories then computing with them. This type of data is either nominal or ordinal. Nominal The number we assign to some object, idea, or behavior is entirely arbitrary, although in some cases a tradition may establish the rules of assignment. If measurements are assigned arbitrary numbers, they are called nominal numbers, and their sole purpose in the analysis is to differentiate an item possessing one characteristic from an item possessing a different characteristic. Nominal data is a type of categorical data in which objects do not have a natural, meaningful order. You can count but not order or measure nominal data. Only calculations based on the frequencies of occurrence are valid. Nominal scales have no numeric...
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...Sampling and Data Collection in Research Paper BSHS 435 Roxanne January 12, 2015 Heather Suggs Sampling and Data Collection in Research Paper Research is essential to improve the effectiveness of the delivery of human services and to further the education of human service professionals. Research allows human service professionals to understand and apply what was learned in research to better assisting clients to accomplish their objectives and goals. There are different ways to conduct research in human services. I will be discussing two ways to conduct research which are sampling and data collection. I will discuss the purpose of sampling and data collection and how it relates to human service. Sampling Sampling is one way to conduct research in human services. Sampling can be obtained from a certain population, depending on the research. The sample is generally composed of one or two elements which are obtained from the population being studied. In order to attain a preferable sample, first you have to identify the type of population to get a sample. In case you are not able to obtain a good sample, it is more likely to affect your conclusion. There are two types of sampling, which are probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling can be used to achieve every element that has the opportunity to be incorporated in the sample. Probability sampling is usually done randomly like how people pull names out of a hat or drawing straws. There...
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