...Microbiology is requires not only an academic understanding of the microscopic world but also a practical understanding of lab techniques and procedures used to identify, control, and manipulate microorganisms. The proper identification of a microorganism is not only important in a microbiology lab but also in the medical, industrial, and pharmaceutical fields. In this lab report, lab techniques and procedures learned during this course were performed to assess each students’ practical knowledge in microbiology. 6In area of fields I mention earlier microbiology is very important to our vaccination and antibiotics we are using, understand that microorganism play a key role in maintaining life on earth, fixing gases and breaking down dead plant and animal matter into simpler substances that are used at the beginning of the food chain 6. Biotechnologists can also exploit the activities of microbes to benefit humans, such as in the production of medicines, enzymes and food. The goal of this lab report is 1) to demonstrate comprehension of the methods and lab techniques learned during the semester 2) to explain the tests performed on each isolated unknown that led to the identification of each unknown 3) and to give a background on the characteristics, pathogenicity and some uses of one of the identified unknowns. II. Introduction In this lab report I will discuss how I came to find my two unknown bacteria. Each bacteria have undergo many different test to eventually identifying...
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...Microbiology: the study viruses and microscopic organisms I. Importance of Microbiology A. Different areas of study 1. Medical 2. Pharmaceutical 3. Industrial 4. Biotechnology 5. Food and dairy processing 6. Agriculture 7. Environmental B. Microorganisms are an important part of the human environment and health. C. Study of microorganisms brings insight into life processes in all forms of life. II. Viruses A. Not considered a live organism because: 1. Not a cell 2. Replicate by invading a cell, and using the cell to make more viruses 3. Do not grow 4. No homeostasis 5. Do not metabolize B. Structure – composed of: 1. Capsid or protein coat. 2. Some have an envelope (membrane) 3. Nucleic acid – either: RNA, DNA C. Size 1. About 20 nanometers to 250 nm (.0000000020m) in size 2. Can only be seen with electron microscope 3. Approximately 1000 times smaller than a bacteria D. Shapes E. Life Cycle 1. Viral DNA must invade a living cell to replicate a. Plant cell – through injury in cell wall b. Animal cell – punch hole or endocytosis c. Virus – restricted to one cell. 2. may go through one or both life cycles. a. Lytic life cycle - Attaches and injects DNA. - Replicate viral DNA. - Forms complete viruses. - Viruses fill cell, breaks open, and they spread b. Lysogenic life cycle - Does not make new virus. - Viral DNA injected, and makes modified DNA called a viroid. - A bacterium replicates many times. - Does not...
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...Aeromonas Hydrophila: The Improbable Culprit Edwin Myrick Abstract This study examines the structure and influences of Aeromonas Hydrophila, as a stand-alone bacterium and as it contribute to Necrotizing Fasciitis. Aeromonas Hydrophila impacts both aquatic life and humans, although the infection is not commonly known. This study examines those influences and explores medical case studies where individuals experienced illness, amputation, and even death. Aeromonas Hydrophila: The Improbable Culprit As the summer months begin to elevate the mercury level, nature’s creeks and streams provide cooling entertainment from the elements. People have long used these waterways for recreation activities, such as fishing, walking, swimming, and canoeing; unsuspecting of the dangers. Most bacteria are harmless, but certain types can cause complications and disease. The flesh eating bacteria Aeromonas Hydrophila, can create unthinkable devastation through minor cuts and scratches; causing sickness, amputation, and even death. The world has thousands of micro-living organisms called bacteria, these unicellular microorganisms have cell walls, but no structured nucleus, some of these microorganisms can cause disease (Hogan, 2005). Thousands of bacteria inhibit our environment every day, many of them unidentified but not all of them are unhealthy. Bacterial cells consist of shapes; spherical, rodlike, spiral, helical, and comm-shaped (Lerner, 2005). The...
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...Reflective report After leaving college I had an idea that I wanted to study something in the healthcare sector. I studied medical science at college and one of my modules was biomedical science, I found that module to be very interesting and decided I want to further my knowledge. I chose biomedical science at university and have no regrets. However at the beginning I did not know what I wanted to specialise in and what path I was going to take. It all changed once I begin studying the introduction to biomedical science, as it made me understand more about each profession and how everyday life working in a specific area of biology is like. Introduction to biomedical science has most definitely changed my mind on what career I want to do once I graduate. It has given me a wide outlook of the many different directions I can go with this course and explained to me what each of them contains. Overall this module has impacted my perspective of biomedical science. By doing this course I now am confident in what profession I want to specialise. It has taught me the importance of microbiology and how much of a big role it plays in healthcare and that without the study of microbes there would be no way for cures to be found of certain infections/diseases. From doing the patient case studies it has really taught me how scientists who specialize in different biology subjects come together to diagnose a patient. For example this showed me how a haematologist, microbiologist and a...
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...Task 4 A. Describe the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls. The difference is the outer casing of the bacteria. Gram positive cell wall consists of a smooth and thick wall. A gram positive bacteria will have a thick layer of peptidoglycan (a sugar-protein shell) that the stain can penetrate and teichoic acids. In this case the lactobacillus and staphylococcus are gram positive. A gram negative cell wall is wavy and much thinner and has a couple of layers of peptidoglycan. This is enclosed by an outer membrane made of phospholipids other substances. The outer membrane prevents the initial stain from penetrating. The Escherichia coli has a gram negative cell walls dye (Levinson, 2014). B. Explain what causes gram-negative bacteria to stain pink. Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet dye in the Gram stain procedure. The crystal violet dye is washed by acetone and counter stain stick on its cell wall. The cells appear pink because of the color of the counterstain (safranin) (Levinson, 2014). In this case, it applied to the Escherichia coli bacteria since the thinner peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall did not allow for the stain to retain. C. Explain what causes gram-positive bacteria to stain purple. The iodine binds the crystal violet stain in the cell wall preventing counter stain from sticking onto the wall...
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...Chapter 1 notes 1.1 ubiquitous= found everywhere, found in all natural habitats (microbes). Microbiology- is a specialized area of biology that deals with tiny life forms that are not readily observe without magnification. microscopic= small to see. microbes= small life. -Groups of Organisms that we will be studying : bacteria, viruses, funny, protozoa, algae and helminths (parasitic worm) -Microbiology consider the largest and most complex of biological sciences. Here we study the aspects of microbes- their genetics, their physiology, characteristics that may be harmful or beneficial, the ways they interact with the environment, the way they interact wit other organisms, and their uses in industry and agriculture. -Some professions of microbiology are: Geomicrobiologist (earth), marine microbiologist, medical technologist (pathogenic microbes and diseases), nurse epidemiologist and astrobiologist. 1.2 Prokaryotic- simple cells that lack a nucleus (referring it as karyon) found 3.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotes- more complex, contain a nucleus and other complex internal structures found 1.8 billion years ago. (the early eukaryotes probably similar to algae and protozoa, started lines of evolution that eventually gave rise to fungi, plants and multicellular animas such as worms and insects) organelles= are structure in cells that are bound by one or more membranes. ex. mitochondria. All prokaryotes are microorganisms and include the bacteria and archaeons...
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...results show a 4+ in bubble production from the catalase test as C. sporogenes was a 1 on the scale 1through 5 (1). With these results we prove that B. subtilis is our Unknown B. Conclusion: After aseptically transferring the two different species from the Unknown tube #16, creating smears to isolate the colonies to determining Unknown A as Gram negative and Unknown B as Gram positive. Then performing catalase, gelatinase, and sucrose fermentation test and analyzing the results, it has come to conclusion that Unknown tube #16 contains Unknown A that are S. marcescens and Unknown B that are B. subtilis. Sources Cited Page Sigmon, J. Bio 225: Microbiology Lab Manual, York Technical College, 2015-16, pp 1-55. Hejazi, A, and F R. Falkiner. Serratia Marcescens , Journal of Medical Microbiology, 1 Nov. 1997. Accessed 28 July 2017. E. Coli." Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC. Accessed 28 July 2017. ...
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...INTRODUCTION: Major changes were made in architecture, while scientists were slowly beginning to create different cures for infectious diseases. Rival styles were created and architects were well known as artists. With discovering new medical advances, science was like a trip into the future. Sculpting and carving was well used for the beautification process, which revolutionized the eighteen-hundreds. The growth of microbiology and biochemistry had been linked to ways of finding new methods of killing deadly bacteria. ARCHITECTURE: A. Nineteenth Century: The Victorian Period lasted for approximately sixty-nine years. The love of this rare form of architecture quickly spread across England. Many revived styles of the past were used, but so were new methods and materials. This idea of basing entire buildings on ancient models revived Greek and Gothic styles. B. Changes in Patronage: There were changes in patronage for the middle class that included the spread of new wealth. To celebrate this and show the world what they could do, the middle class built abundantly; and thus antiquarianism was born. C. Beautification: Many buildings were made to appear less unorthodox than they really were by facades and embellishments. Some ideas that made the eighteenth century so unique were their classical front pieces, and Georgian pediments. This was not only to show beauty but also grace and their monumental significance. GOTHIC REVIVAL PHASES: A. Romantic: In this...
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...A. Describe the difference between an obligate and facultative aerobe. Obligate aerobes are bacteria that require oxygen for growth. They will only grow at the top portion of the culture media where it meets the air and has a lot of oxygen. Facultative aerobes grow based on what is available to it. They prefer oxygen but oxygen is not necessary for growth. These aerobes mainly cluster at the top of the culture media where they have a high concentration of oxygen but will dispersed throughout because they do not require oxygen. B. Discuss the temperature requirements of the organisms in this lab. 1. Explain what type of organisms they are. Staphylococcus epidermis and Lactobacillus acidophilus are both a bacteria microbe. They grow best at normal body temperature, close to 370C. Microorganisms are classified according to their preferred temperature ranges. Because both grew at 370C, they would be classified as mesophiles. Mesophiles grow best in moderate temperatures ranging between 250C – 450C (Alonzo, n.d.). C. Discuss under what conditions you would want to control the growth of microbes. 1. Explain what type of control you would employ in each situation. To minimize the risk of contamination from unwanted organisms, aseptic technique is required. In this experiment I washed my hands with antibacterial soap. I then place on gloves to prevent contamination to the cultures from the bacteria on my skin and to protect myself from unintended exposure of unknown...
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...What is the mechanism that Bordetella pertussis uses to invade epithelial cells in the lungs? The bacteria, Bordetella pertussis causes cough which becomes serious cough as the bacteria stays in the upper respiratory track and releases toxins which lead to the inflammation. The lungs consist of the Epithelial cell lining which is invaded by this bacteria. There are two stages for this disease the first stage is the colonization of the bacteria in the upper respiratory track. And the second stage is known as toxemic stage. During the first stage fever, cough is observed and during the toxemic stage there will be prolonged cough. We need to identify in the first stage itself as the medication will be working but the medication will not be working in the second stage. Why does this Gram-negative bacteria cause the characteristic cough that it does? Dry cough and sore throat are the common symptoms which are seen with Gram- negative bacteria. Cough lasts for almost 7-10 days. The Gram negative bacteria enters in to the respiratory track and involves in production of mucous and this results in the excess mucous production due to which cough effects the patient. Respiratory track is blocked by this mucous which leads to the breathing hard and whopping sound is also observed while coughing. Why is infant mortality high? All age groups might be affected with the disease; infants are at the high risk. As vaccination is not done infant mortality rate is high. Booster vaccines...
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...Introduction: The microbiology of food and the environment are two very important fields in the large scope of microbiological research. Because microorganisms exist almost everywhere, it is important to determine the influences that they place on the food we depend on for survival, and the environment in which we humans call home. In this lab, we conducted five experiments in these two fields, and in doing so gained a better understanding of the influences and importance of microbes in food and the environment. The first exercise was the enumeration of soil microbes. This experiment showcased the immense diversity of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi found in soil. This diversity ranges from microbes that are beneficial to the environment by decomposing dead organic matter into energy sources usable by other organisms, to the pathogenic bacterial and fungal spores that can infect humans and animals alike. The techniques used are serial dilutions, which allow for quantification and a close estimation of the amount of said organisms found in a soil sample. (1) The second exercise that we conducted was the microbiology of water experiment. This is a very important standardized experiment used to determine the density of coliforms found in a 100 mL sample of water. It also can be used more specifically to determine the density of Escherichia coli, which can cause food poisoning amongst other illnesses. The techniques used are the multiple tube fermentation method, which involves...
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...1.0Introduction 1.1Background to the Problem Streptococcus Pneumoniae is the causative agent of lung disease Pneumonia. Pneumonia was described as early as two thousand five hundred years ago by the Hippocrates. DR. Williams Osler, whom has studied pneumonia throughout his career, described pneumonia as the “captain of the men of death” owing to its great effect on humanity (Pneumonia,2006).The term pneumonia refers to any infection of the lung. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the term that is used to describe pneumonia that is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal pneumonia not only affects the lungs but other parts of the body such as upper respiratory tract, middle ear, or the nervous system causing pneumococcal meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis has a high fatality rate when compared to the other infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The means of transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae is via respiratory droplet from the mouth or nose of an infected person or a carrier. Penicillin became available in the 1940’s which changed radically the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia which was based on watchful waiting. Despite this major development pneumonia still posed a major clinical problem today because of the resistance the organism developed against anti -microbial agents.Penicillin resistance is caused by a mosaic mutation of penicillin binding Protein (PBP) genes due to interspecies recombination of homologous genes. It is also recognized that a penicillin...
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...Bacillus Anthracis Jaylene Faulkner Microbiology Barbara Hayes November 6, 2015 Imagine being in the woods hunting a buck that’s grazing in the field. You pick your gun up and shoot the deer. You are ecstatic about your kill, your first plan for the meat is to make Venice stew. What you did not know was the buck had ingested a Bacillus Anthracis spore at some point in that week. Once you eat the deer meat, you will also ingest the Bacillus Anthracis and soon you will become infected with gastrointestinal anthrax. The Bacillus Anthracis is a gram positive rod shaped bacteria that will cause anthrax disease if ingested, inhaled, or subcutaneously thought a break in the skin. Anthrax is also known as wool sorter’s disease....
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...THE EARLY YEARS OF MICROBIOLOGY Anton van Leewenhoek first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed Is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of microbial life possible? Francesco Redi set out in 1668 to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. Proved flies had to lay eggs for larvae to appear (2 experiments) John Needham found that even after he heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms. Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from fluids. Lazzaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled. Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth Rudolf Virchow challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis, the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter- on solid, in liquids, and in the air. (proved that spontaneous generation was false) He demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments (aseptic techniques – techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms...
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