...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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...Diagnostic tests that were conducted was a chest X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultra sound to determine if there is a build up or either fluid and/or air in the pleural spaces of the lungs or a tumor that is causing the patient to have difficulty breathing. Non-imaging tests that are conducted would be a blood studies and arterial blood gas test. The blood studies would be able to dictate if the patient has a bacterial or viral infection, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, a pulmonary embolus, or lupus, and the arterial blood gas test will be able to show how well the lungs are taking in oxygen by measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide within the arterial blood that is drawn (Pagana & Pagana, 2010). After collecting the patients medical history, and the results of all the diagnostic tests that were conducted it was determined that the patient had air and fluid accumulation in the pleural spaces in the lungs and needed to have a ultrasound guided thorocentesis to collect a sample of...
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...and a promoter of health and safety for the patient. They will collect data from the patient to get an understanding of their medical history. The RN will also perform an assessment and make sure patient is stable for surgery before being transferred to the surgical unit. She will look at all lab values for the patient and make sure that the surgical checklist has been filled out and signed. The RN will check to see that the informed consent form has been signed and address any concerns the patient or family may have at this time. If the patient requires further explanation about the impending surgery, the RN will notify the surgeon at this time. If the patient is ready to have the surgery, the RN will make sure the patient is prepared for going into the OR. For this, the nurse will make sure the patient is in a hospital gown, underwear may or may not be allowed, make sure that all jewelry, money, or valuables have been given to family or locked in a safe place at this time. The RN will put the ID band on the patient and make sure that it has all correct information. She will also ask the patient if the surgeon has come by and marked the site for the procedure being done. If the patient is wearing dentures or any prosthetic devices, these items will be removed at this time. The patient will be allowed to empty bladder before being transferred to the surgical suite if needed. In the immediate preoperative period, the RN will review and update the patient’s chart, reinforce any teaching...
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...years I came to the realization that I could achieve any goal I set my mind to. Every person has the opportunity to share their unique talents, gifts, or abilities. I pride myself on my determination and will to give back to the community I live in. Throughout my education and experience I have found healthcare to be a perfect avenue through which I can share and give back. Entering into this vocational program will not only enable me to play a role in the medical profession, but also strengthen my character as a contributing, self-sustaining member of society. Through my research of the Surgical Technologist profession I have recognized a few key characteristics which match well with what I know I possess. Accountability, responsibility, promptness, assertiveness and teamwork are all vital facets that build up to an ideal Surgical Technologist. I certainly possess these traits. Paired with my experience through school as well as my various employment opportunities I know I am an ideal candidate to become a Surgical Technologist. To begin, I would like to highlight my experience as a member of student government while attending Calamba Doctors College in the Philippines. As a public relations and communications officer I acted as a liaison between students and the governing body, as well as between the different departments within the college. This extra-curricular opportunity gave me chance to advance my efficiency and efficacy as leader. Further, as a PR and Comm. Officer...
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...Absorbable Sutures versus Staples for Cesarean Sections Victoria Fath Kent State University Absorbable Sutures versus Staples for Cesarean Sections Introduction The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d.) defines a Cesarean section as, "A surgical operation for giving birth in which a cut is made in the mother's body so that the baby can be removed through the opening." "Cesarean delivery is the most common major surgical procedure performed in the United States and elsewhere. Currently, approximately a third of pregnant women in the US and 15% worldwide deliver by cesarean, and this prevalence is on the rise" (Dana Figueroa et al., 2013, p. 33). Since Cesarean sections are incredibly common and are only increasing, the risks for complications, such as infections, increase with it. To try and decrease the risks as much as possible, this study aims to look at the differences between two types of closing material used in Cesarean sections; absorbent sutures and staples. Are absorbable sutures more effective and safer than staples for Cesarean sections? The purpose of this study is to compare absorbent sutures and staples for clients undergoing a Cesarean section and to see which material has a lesser risk for infection and wound complications, which is more cost effective for the hospital, and patient satisfaction. This paper will help shed light on this subject by compiling multiple research articles and journals to create a better understanding on which...
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...Surgical scrubbing is an important factor in order to prevent infections on patients who are undergoing surgery. All hospitals should follow specific protocols on how to perform a surgical scrub in order to prevent surgical site infections. The purpose of this study was to see which circulating nurse had the least amount of bacteria on their hands after the initial scrub depending on what they used to scrub their hands. This study was conducted on 60 circulating nurses. There was one control group and two test groups. The control group used 3 ml of chlorhexidine gluconate 4% only, one group used the same product but with a nail pick, and the last group used the same product but with a nail brush. The samples from their hands were obtained at 2 different times: immediately before the scrub and 1 hour after the surgical scrub. The control group who did not use the pick or the brush were the ones that had the least amount of bacteria on their hands. To follow were the nurses that used the pick then the brush. The findings did indicate that there is no significant difference on performing the scrub alone. However, it did indicate that the scrub alone, without the pick or the brush, was the most effective in reducing bacteria for a surgical scrub. Reference Alcan, Aliye O. & Korkmaz, Fatma D. (2012). Comparison of the efficiency of nail pick and brush used for nail cleaning during surgical scrub on reducing bacterial counts. American Journal of Infection...
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...Going to the hospital is never a fun thing. If you go to a hospital today you might see something that captures your eye, a robot roaming the halls of the hospital. However this is not the only robot that is in the hospital. The start of robot creations began ~270BC by an ancient Greek engineer, Ctesibus, who made organs and water clocks with movable figures. Since then there has been major breakthrough in robotics. Working in the hospital for the first time was a very interesting experience for me. As I was walking down the hallway I was suddenly shocked at what I saw. There was a robot roaming the hall. At first I had no idea what it was and what it was doing in the hospital. I later learned that this robot played a very essential role at the hospital. The robot transferred medication to and from the pharmacy. A lot of hospitals nowadays use robots like the one I had seen which looked like to be roaming the halls. The reason that hospitals use such robots is it makes the transportation of medication safer since there is no longer a need to have to worry about anyone steeling any medication. The robot can also collect a patients sample and deliver the patients sample to a doctor or the labs for work. These robots can automatically adjust to its environment by adding new parts of the hospital to its internal map. The robot is also able to overcome any obstacle that is put in its path by using inferred sensors and cameras to tell when a person is walking anywhere...
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...After viewing the Da Vinci Surgical system, I must admit it was a very interesting way of doing surgery. It is done by having the real surgeon working the console that controls the robot’s arms. As of now there is no way to program the equipment, but in time, I believe this will become a reality, with the age of technology advancing quickly; robots will be able to work alone without the aid of an actual person. At this time there is only one company that makes this robotic surgical system. They would like to make this procedure the standard for surgeries by encouraging surgeons and hospitals to adapt this technique. The cost to the hospital will be between $1 and $2.3 million depending on the model purchased. Plus, there is a service agreement that ranges from $100,000 to $170,000 per year. This alone will be a huge expense that the hospital has to endure and the patients will also feel the cost through the rising medical costs. There are some hospitals that have approved and have endorsed the robotic surgery are being better than conventional surgery, but there are not enough clinical trials proving this statement (M.D, 2013). To understand if the hospital facility should use robotic surgery, several things have to be considered. The first one being is the size of the community and how many hospitals there are. If there are less than 25 thousand and have only 1 to 2 hospitals, it would not be a viable solution to the community, if it was to occur and the need was minimal...
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...Innovation Leadership: Intuitive Surgical Leadership Model Intuitive Surgical utilizes the transformational leadership model. Transformational leadership helps management promote motivation, morale, and job performance. Under this leadership, employees and management will be able to help each other grow, which in turn helps the company become more innovative. In comparison to other leadership styles such as applying Nayar’s Employee First, Customer Second (EFCS) culture, Intuitive Surgical falls into a different business industry that acts as a monopoly. In these types of cases, things fall into one roof meaning the company’s goals should be passed down from top to bottom. Some strategies that Intuitive Surgical practiced to ensure success in the organization was to follow strategic objectives that helped growth within the company especially when their 2016 patents expire (Hoffman, 2010). According to Hoffman, the company’s objectives were to focus on key objectives, develop industry alliances, focus on key institutions, focus on leading surgeons to drive rapid and broad adoption, maintain market leadership, and increase patient awareness. By creating industry alliances, companies can collaborate with each other to create innovative ideas together so that the best products can be produced. Under developing industry alliances, Intuitive Surgical “will continue to establish strategic alliances with leader medical device companies… in areas of product development, training, and...
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...innovation. Many inventions do not succeed due to the lack of market research. Successful innovations often disrupt an established technology, meaning that the established technology becomes obsolete, or much less used, and it us the disruptive innovation which takes over. In this paper we will see how Robotic surgery disrupts the traditional human surgery process. Robotic surgery offers small incisions, instruments that bend further than the human wrist, and an enhanced view due to its magnified 3D high-definition. It is highly beneficial due to its reduced chance of bleeding and infection, fewer post-operative complications and a faster recovery. The only commercialized robot in robotic surgery is the Da Vinci surgical robot, which is a production of Intuitive Surgical. The medical domain has already accepted a lot of innovations, it is a domain that has greatly evolved, our health being one of the most important things in life, a lot of research is made around it, and the government is often part in its funding’s. The most revolutionary innovation in the health care center is robotic surgery, which now looks to disrupt the human procedure of surgery, and replace it with robotic surgery. Robotic surgery however still demands the help of surgeons, who are needed to control the da Vinci, the surgeons operate virtually behind a computer station where they can guide the various arms of the robot, and assist the surgery through a magnified 3D high-definition screen. Thus, surgeons have to...
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...robot, will resemble the human form. They may eventually become self-aware and conscious, and be able to do anything that a human can. When we talk about robots doing the tasks of humans, we often talk about the future, but robotic surgery is already a reality. Doctors around the world are using sophisticated robots to perform surgical procedures on patients. While robotic surgery systems are still relatively uncommon, several hospitals around the world have bought robotic surgical systems. These systems have the potential to improve the safety and effectiveness of surgeries. But the systems also have some drawbacks. It's still a relatively young science and it's very expensive. Some hospitals may be holding back on adopting the technology. Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performing surgery. Three major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. 1.1 History In 1985 a robot, the PUMA 560, was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance. In 1988, the PROBOT, developed at Imperial College London, was used to perform prostatic surgery. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems was introduced in 1992 to mill out precise fittings in the femur for hip replacement. Further...
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...Intuitive Surgical, Inc Abstract / Executive Summary Intuitive Surgical continues to lead the surgical robotic market in both market penetration and revenue stream. This company continues its reach to surgeons and patients globally through its opportunity to offer minimally invasive solutions with latest technology. Faced with environmental changes and new competition on the horizon, Intuitive Surgical has some challenges to face while maintaining positive results for investors. Overview This paper is based on research performed on Intuitive Surgical Inc, (NASDAQ: ISRG) and includes details about company’s line of business, place within its industry, and overall business situation as it is perceived by its customer based. Certain company financials will be introduced, analyzed, and discussed throughout the paper to help describe the perspective of value that this company has to investors and consumers alike. An industry analysis will help explain the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges this company faces amidst policy changes and increasing competition. Line of Business and Overall Business Situation Intuitive Surgical, Inc. is a leader in minimally invasive robotic-assisted surgery and competes in the global market. This company has capitalized on the growing demand from surgeons and patients desiring minimally invasive procedures across many surgical disciplines. In January of 1999, the da Vinci System was launched and was the first robotic surgical system...
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...predominantly run by a surgical system currently known as: Da Vinci; however, the Raven II is another system that is out there and is making an impact on robotic surgery research and studies. There are obvious differences between both systems and their capabilities, but we will investigate further. Additionally, there are a significant number of surgeries that are being performed by the da Vinci surgical robots in hospitals and in regards to research. The Raven II surgical robot is opening doors of opportunity for technological advancement purposes. All this is a driving effort to better improve healthcare services in relations to minimally invasive surgical procedures and to drive the advancement of this technology through industry collaboration. The da Vinci surgical system was originally developed in the former Stanford Research Institute under contract to the U.S. Army; however, the idea of introducing a product for commercial applications was the route taken by Intuitive Surgical in an effort to find different applications for minimally invasive surgical procedures. Every aspect of the da Vinci robotic system is proprietary which includes both the production and assembly of the hardware and software. This closed model approach has allowed Intuitive Surgical to monopolize the surgical robot system market. Results of the success they have had, as of May 2013 they were listed as number eight on the Forbes list for innovative companies. According to Intuitive Surgical, Inc. (2013), 2...
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...Sociological Effects by Rebecca Pistillo…….26 9. Implications for the Environment by Michael Plesnarski………………………33 10. Moral & Ethical Implications by Karen Quaderer…………………………… 39 11. Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….47 Abstract In this research paper our team will look at the use of Robotic Technology in the medical field, more specifically in the surgical field as well as discuss the issues and implications surrounding the topic. Our discussion will include topics ranging from the history and development of robots that can be found in surgical rooms, political concerns regarding the Food and Drug Administration and their requirements to approve use of these robots, the legal aspect of robotic technology on how to determine which party is held liable in case of accidents or malfunctions that can lead to injury and a legal case that shows the difficulty to prove fault against a manufacturer. Also discussed will be the economic ramifications on our society, psychological, sociological, cultural, moral and ethical impacts on human life, in particular the patients that undergo surgery involving a robotic surgical system, and the environmental impacts of robotics in surgery. It is our hope that through this research paper that we are able to explain to and educate our readers on the impacts of Robotic Surgery as this type of surgery is becoming more popular with doctors in order to...
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...Dylan Zinkiewicz - D# 03342318 Team Members: Alisha Young - D# 01615918 Antonice Thomas - D# 01487783 Brooke White - D# 01489597 Katherine Vega - D# 01487783 Contents Alisha Young Intro to Robotic Surgery 2 Antonice Thomas Timeline 10 Overview 15 The Future 17 Dylan Zinkiewicz Economic Talk 19 Marketing & Media Influence 24 Katherine Vega Psychological considerations and Sociological effects 29 Environmental Implications 33 Brooke White Ethics and Legal Issues 37 Conclusion 45 References 46 Intro to Robotic Surgery Robotic surgery is defined in the medical dictionary as "the performance of operative procedures with the assistance of robotic technology" ("Robotic," n.d.). Robotic surgery is an emerging technology that began its experimental phase in 1985 with the introduction of the PUMA 560 robotic arm. The first use of a robot for a surgical procedure was a neurosurgical biopsy, recorded in 1985. Following this successful surgery was the first laparoscopic surgery using the same kind of robot; the robotic arm. In 1987, a successful cholecystectomy was performed. In 1988, doctors decided to use the PUMA 560 robotic arm for a transurethral resection procedure. Finally, in 1990, the Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning (AESOP) became known as the first system to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Samadi, 2015). Robotic surgery is a computer-controlled robot and it focuses on precision. It is...
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