...During the Medieval Ages, numerous religions had emerged as well as subsided. It is known to be that majority groups such as Christianity and Islam overpowered the minority groups such as Judaism. Irrespective of the diverse cultures, and religions, Jews had not been supported by numerous individuals and were looked down upon. It was up to the scarce amount of Jews left during this period of time to amplify their religion, their culture, and share it with the world. Savoring as much tradition as possible to be passed down to their children, taught day and night, the Jews struggled severely to value their religion and to remain who they are today, who they were in the past, and who they will transform into the future. According to the article the Success of the Jewish Medieval Ideal, the author goes into depth displaying to its readers the amount of profundity, which existed within their home, synagogue, customs, and traditions in the European Age. Often referred to as Master Benedict as the Rabbi, and his wife as Mistress Rachel, the couple would first wake upon reminding themselves to thank God for all he has provided for them. Furthermore, remembering to appreciate their one God “Hashem”, reciting prayers and celebrating all the goodness that God had to offer for all his children. Attending the bet haknesset, was where the Jews would reunite and travel as a unity. Disregarding “special training”, and not individualizing anyone out, this was a harmonious place where...
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...Medieval Weapons In medieval times, there were many types of weapons. Some of these included the lance, the axe, the bow, the dagger, the sword, the Morningstar, the longbow, the crossbow, and many more. Warriors in the medieval era did not use gunpowder much, as it was rare and not invented until the High Middle Ages. There were over twenty weapons in the Middle Ages. Out of these weapons the sword, the crossbow, and the longbow were the most useful. The sword, one of the most useful of the medieval weapons, was commonly used by knights. This double-edged piece of sharp, metal could pierce through chainmail, which was the common armor in the Middle Ages. Chainmail consisted of many metal rings linked together, making a flexible mesh-like garment. The sword could be extremely long, and could decapitate an unarmored victim in one clean stroke. These weapons could be up to six feet long, which was good because it gave the wielder, a long reach. Another advantage was the fact that there were many different types of sword. Some of these were a broadsword, a longsword, a falchion, a greatsword, and a scimitar. This...
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...Marriage in Medieval Times Marriage: a union of two loved ones. In medieval ages women did not have a choice about who to marry. The arrangement was done by the children’s parents, in those ages children were married at a young age girls were as young as 12 and boys were as young as 17. Medieval society’s expectation of marriage was quite different from the expectations of marriage now days. Men were sometimes able to choose their wives. Marriage back then was not based on love, but actually a political arrangement. Amt, Emilie. Life in a Medieval Village. 5 November 2013 <educators.medievaltimes.com>. There were a lot of reasons why marriage could be prohibited as opposed to today; one of the reasons was if the two were closely related it was prohibited for them to get married. If the boy and the girl had taken any vows before it was also prohibited for them to be married. Other reasons included rape, adultery and incest. Carter, Rachelle. Marriage in medieval times. 5 11 2013 <http://www.dfwx.com/medieval_cult.html>. In those times there were two types of marriages: Secular and the ecclesiastical type. Secular was meant to be a protection for the social order. Ecclesiastical marriage was to protection the divine order. Secular marriage was most common during the middle ages, because marriage was seen as a civil contract between to families. It was seen as an exchange of property and money. Women were seen as part of the property being exchanged. ...
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...Female Artists during the Medieval Ages Humanities I Spring 2009 In the extremely hierarchical medieval society the social classes differed greatly from each other in their legal rights, economic circumstances and modes of living. Feudal society consisted of three classes, the Worshipers, Warriors, and the Workers. With few exceptions, women were ranked according to their husband’s or father’s status. They rarely achieved any status outside of their relationship with men as wives, mothers, and daughters. For this reason, it is interesting to explore how and why certain women were able to live separately from men in convents and create works of artistic value that survive today. During the Pre-Romanesque (500-1000 AD) and Romanesque (1000-1200) period of the middle ages, most of the art was created in monasteries for religious purposes. This art was primarily in the form of illuminated or illustrated manuscripts. Illuminated manuscripts were hand-written books of religious texts, like a bible, or works by saints or religious leaders. Some illustrated manuscripts were also copies of Roman or Greek works of philosophy. These manuscripts were ornate and beautiful volumes that were expensive and time consuming to produce. It could take months or years to produce an illuminated manuscript. The manuscript included ornamental borders, capital letters and illustrations some in gold and silver leaf. The illustrations themselves used a very rich and vivid palette of colors like rich...
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...The Black Death was a time period in Medieval Europe that happened during most of the 14th century. This period is called the Black Death because it was one of Europe’s darkest times in history with the emergence of the Bubonic Plague, also called Black Plague, which caused horrible symptoms that killed its victims in a short amount of time (CDC). Many people at the time did not understand how exactly the disease came about and placed the blame on people. Even though this disease was horrible and brought many consequences, it began to shape Europe as we know it and brought many technological and medical advancements (History). - The Bubonic Plague was named after buboes, which means swollen lymph node, a distinguishing feature noticed in individuals...
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...inside and out not quite the same as airborne irresistible diseases, which are spread directly between people by dots: these twist in frosty atmosphere. The extent of the contagious power of the Black Death has been almost mystifying. The central explanation lies within characteristic features of medieval society in a dynamic phase of modernisation heralding the transformation from a medieval to early modern European society. Early industrial market-economic and capitalistic developments had advanced more than is often assumed, especially in northern Italy and Flanders. New, larger types of ship carried great quantities of goods over extensive trade networks that linked Venice and Genoa with Constantinople and the Crimea, Alexandria and Tunis, London and Bruges. In London and Bruges the Italian trading system was linked to the busy shipping lines of the German Hanseatic League in the Nordic countries and the Baltic area, with large broad-bellied ships called cogs. This system for long-distance trade was supplemented by a web of lively short and medium-distance trade that bound together populations all over the Old World. The strong increase in population in Europe in the High Middle Ages (1050-1300) meant that the prevailing agricultural technology was inadequate for further expansion. To accommodate the growth, forests were cleared and mountain villages settled wherever it was possible for people to eke out a living. People had to opt for a more one-sided husbandry, particularly...
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...Middle English accomptant < Middle French, Old French acuntant, present participle of acunter to account --Bill Shannon’s career began as a trainee accountant with Hutton, turner, law son, now part of earns& young ACCOUNTING—the science of prov. Meaningful information about a company’s finances as a tool for manage Pronoun.-(ac-count-ing) –sylla.-\ə-ˈkau̇n-tiŋ\ --Accounting profession is quite influential in Hong Kong. -. ANNUITY (N)—a type of life insurance contract that guarantees periodic payments to the insured at some future time, usually retirement. -(- An-nui-ty) -syllabi (\An*nu"i*ty\,). -; late Middle English < Anglo-French annuité, annualté < Medieval Latin annuitās, equivalent to Latin annu ( us ) yearly (derivative of annus year) syllabi. -itās -ity -- The term annuity is used in finance theory to refer to any terminating stream of fixed payments over a specified period of time. ASSET (N)—any item of value, often descriptive of the strong point of a person or company. The property of a person or bus available for discharge of debt. -- Anglo-French, Old French asez enough. See assai -as·set- -syllabi.\ˈa-ˌset also -sət\ -- Assets acquired by taxpayers whilst resident outside the U.k will not be included in the new charge. AFTER TAX (Adj.)—descriptive of a value adjustment for a real or anticipated tax liability, as profit after tax from company operations or an investment...
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...ASPECTS OF MIDDLE ENGLISH LITERATURE (1066-1500) Middle English, Anglo-Norman, Anglo-Latin After the Conquest: dramatic changes in language and cultural temperament Old English literature: Middle English literature realistic,matter-of-fact,unromantic, growing audience, a panorama of most serious, often melancholic, diverse folk of many social classes (castle, monochrome gray, loyalty to the lord, barnyard, town); the appearance of leasure desperate courage in defeat, class and an audience of women rigorous adherence to the tribal code; new type of secular entertainment: major theme: agony of the lordless man, code continued but became chivalric social alienation, noble and heroic deeds; agony of alienation, physical hardships for audience: almost exclusively male;lords and the sovereign lady thanes - no mention of lower classes, strong courtly flavour, …So they duly arrived The sumptuous bed on which she lay in their grim war-graith and gear at the hall, Was beautiful. The drapes and tassel, and, weary from the sea, stacked wide shields Sheets and pillows worth a castle. of the toughest hardwood against the wall, The single gown she wore was sheer … And made her shapely form appear. … And the troops themselves She’d thrown, in order to keep warm, were as good as their weapons. Then a proud warrior An ermine stole over her arm, questioned the men concerning their origins: White fur with the lining dyed ...
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...Text, Film, and Historical Fact: Soucing “The Name of the Rose” 1. Evaluate the following statement: The film “The Name of the Rose” is an accurate portrayal of the lives of medieval monks. “The Name of The Rose” is a historical murder mystery combining fiction, biblical analysis, medieval studies and literary theory. The movie is very appropriate for historical class, because it simply describes the debate on the poverty of the clergy, but not converted beyond recognition. The scenes of the life in Abbey describe challenges and promises of monastic life. Such characters as dithering abbot and fat cellarer, quirky herbalist and dedicated illuminator demonstrate the variety of occupation and different personalities within the walls of the monastery. The scenes where after the second murder even the abbey became under the apprehension that they are experiencing the last days before the coming of Antichrist, is a perfect evidence that in the fourteen century many experienced divorce from the scholarly world turned to superstition, heretic movements, or apocalyptical outbursts. Moreover, the movie accurately described some parts of daily life medieval monks. The dining sessions, scenes of prayers, psalms and hymns were showed properly. Medieval monks devoted their lives to strict routine and discipline of life. For example, the part where elderly blind monk was angry at other monks because they were laughing claiming that monks never fool themselves. In the movie there...
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...uplifting effect on the society around them. In this era, it was established as a the formal means of expressing reverence of romance and love that was entirely new in Europe. There was no tradition of passionate love literature in the European middle ages before the twelfth century with the exception of Spain and Sicily where there was exposure to Arabic love poetry, to which a lot of our modern ideas about romantic love can be traced back. But this time show or tell that they expressed more complaints about their unfaithful lovers than happiness. I’m not really surprise. Woman always find something to complain about when they don’t get what they want. There is difficulty in labeling the trobairitz as either amateurs or professionals. The distinction between these two roles was complicated in the medieval era, since professionals were generally lower class, and amateurs had as much time as professionals to devote to their craft. The poem written by the Contessa de Dia is a canso. When discussing troubadour and trobairitz poetry, it is important to realize that they were a piece of entertainment .These poems were largely of political or moral nature. The troubadour would sing or recite poetry while playing harp during the Medieval Period the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. These poems were about more than sex they were about intimacy. The poets would sing of longing, chivalry, a gentleness that we express even now when we speak of the art of love. I really like the poetry even...
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...• Characteristics of Medieval Literature Themes of Medieval Literature: • The Seven Deadly Sins • The Seven Heavenly Virtues • Physiognomy and "The Humours" • Values of "courtly love" • The Code of Chivalry(CF) The Poets and Authors: Caedmon: First English poet; author of "The Dream of the Holy Rood." Venerable Bede: wrote the Ecclesiastical History of England and the scientific treatise, De Natura Rerum. Geoffrey Chaucer: Famous Medieval author of the Canterbury Tales. Margery Kempe: Author of the first autobiography in English. John Gower: Medieval poet and friend of Geoffrey Chaucer Francesco Petrarch: Italian poet, and a humanist. Famous for his poems addressed to Laura. Dante: Medieval poet and politician. Christine de Pizan: Medieval author and feminist. William Longland: English poet who wrote the Vision of Piers Plowman. Boccaccio: Italian writer who was famous for writing the Decameron. Raphael Holinshed: Medieval author of Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. (KM) Romance: • Chivalry was the reason behind this type of literature. • The greatest English example of the romance is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. • The romance hero-who often has the help of magic-undertakes a quest to conquer an evil enemy. (KM) Chivalry: • A system of ideals and social codes governing the behavior of knights and gentlewoman. • The rules included: taking an oath of loyalty to the overlord and observing...
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...During the Middle Ages, Europe went through a period of time that could be defined as faithful, dark, feudalistic and achieving. Although these words seem conflicting, 500 to 1400 A.D. was a changing time for Europe as it accomplished many things, yet experienced some of its worst challenges. After the Roman Empire collapsed, feudalism became the new form of social classes the people followed. The Roman Catholic Church influenced followers and inspired them to follow its higher power, God. Many areas of skill were developed which led to one of the greatest breakthroughs during its time, the Golden Age. This breakthrough resulted from a harmful Dark Age which was a devastating time for medieval Europe. After invasions from outside countries and the spread of the Black Plague, an influential time resulted with advancements in architecture and education, therefore describing the Middle Ages as the “Dark Ages” and “Golden Ages.” The Dark Ages was a time of great destruction from invaders and a horrific disease that led to a population decline. Barbarians came into Europe...
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...1. INTRODUCTION Medieval theatre refers to the theatre of Europe between the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D. and the beginning of the Renaissance in approximately the 15th century A.D. Medieval theatre covers all drama produced in Europe over that thousand year period and refers to a variety of genres, including liturgical drama, mystery plays, morality plays, farces and masques. A theatrical performance in the Middle Ages was much more than just an example of a literary genre; it was often a social, religious, and commercial event affecting a whole community and involving not only the spoken word, but also spectacle, music, and even dance. 2. HIGH AND LATE MEDIEVAL THEATRE As the Viking invasions ceased in the middle of the 11th century A.D., liturgical drama had spread from Russia to Scandinavia to Italy. Only in Muslim-occupied Spain were liturgical dramas not presented at all. Despite the large number of liturgical dramas that have survived from the period, many churches would have only performed one or two per year and a larger number never performed any at all. The Feast of Fools was especially important in the development of comedy. The festival inverted the status of the lesser clergy and allowed them to ridicule their superiors and the routine of church life. Sometimes plays were staged as part of the occasion and a certain amount of burlesque and comedy crept into these performances. Although comic episodes had to truly wait until...
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...The Carpenter’s Wife During the telling of “The Miller's Tale” within The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer goes to great lengths to describe the character of Alison, the carpenter's wife. This is done not only so readers will have a detailed physical portrayal of her in their minds, but also so they can make inferences as to her character by the way she chooses to presents herself. The vivid depiction of Alison implies that she has very little value except as an object to be used for sexual gain by men. Furthermore, the lengthy, highly descriptive examination of her character when weighed against the almost nonexistent description of her husband creates such a contrast that the reader feels as if it is wrong for the two to be together. Chaucer begins by very briefly detailing the aspects of herself that she has no control over: she is 18 years old, fair, slender, and delicate. He follows this with a description of each article of clothing she wears. It quickly becomes clear to the reader that Alison is fully aware of how physically attractive she is, and she dresses to show off her finer attributes. She wears highly decorative clothing of embroidered silk rather than a more practical linen or wool. Even her purse, an object that only has to carry belongings, is decorated with silk tassels and “perled with latoun” (line 143). The apron she wears at first suggests some sense of practicality, as she does not want to dirty the clothes beneath it, but it is described as “whit...
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...troubadours. The trobairitz did the same thing the troubadours did, they composed songs, wrote verse and even performed in the court. Romantic love is a deep emotional, sexual and spiritual recognition and regard for the value of another person and relationship (About Love and Romantic Love, 2013). In troubadour poetry, it was all about forbidden love. These poets are married and madly in love with someone else but cannot be with them because they’re married. This here tells you that in medieval times, marriages were arranged even when the two people did not love each other. After reading the work of Contessa de Dia, I realized that it was all about adultery. One would think that thee poem is about a woman and her husband but it wasn’t. The poem is talking about a woman who is in love with another man who is not her husband. The poem clearly shows that she is longing for this man and wants to let her love be known but can’t. It was really hard for women back in the medieval times to marry or be with the person that they love. They had no choice or say so on marriage, it was all arranged. The reason why women ended committing adultery was because back then, they weren’t allowed to divorce their husbands. The saying, “this is a...
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