...depression - describes what it is, the different forms of depression, its symptoms, possible causes, and currently available treatments. At the end of some sections you may find updates from MNT news articles. What is depression? Feeling sad, or what we may call "depressed", happens to all of us. The sensation usually passes after a while. However, people with a depressive disorder - clinical depression - find that their state interferes with daily life. Abraham Lincoln O-60 by Brady, 1862 Abraham Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", known today as clinical depression. For people with clinical depression, their normal functioning is undermined to such an extent that both they and those who care about them are affected by it. Melancholia - clinical depression is a fairly...
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...Depression disproportionately strikes women and older persons. Hence, older women constitute one of the populations most strongly affected by depression. The psychology of depression has historically received considerable attention, particularly as a disorder with an impact on women. A number of factors identify the depression phenomenon as arising as much from social influences as from the structure of individual emotional lives. At the same time, the results of medical research and medical treatment suggest a physiological basis for many, if not most, of the symptoms of depression. Treatments for depression try, in some instances, to address those physiological factors. In other instances, treatments attempt to address the complex of cognitive, behavioral and social factors that may underlie depression. It may be that depression as a recognizable disorder reflects the interaction of several elements in ways that at least partially explain its prevalance among older women. The incidence of depression is markedly higher among females than among males. Studies vary in the actual numbers they yield, but women across age groups are apparently about two times more likely than males to suffer from depression (Brown & Harris, 1978). Because almost every study of depression conducted in industrialized nations reveals a substantial sex difference in depression, researchers believe that there actually is a difference in the population and not some widespread flaw in depression...
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...So, what is meant by the explanation in the humoral, anatomical, and germ theory. Explanation of each the three theories will be explained in this paper. Further, throughout the paper is explaining how each theory differs from one another and the significance historically in each, and how each of the theories today with the understanding of health and wellness. With the humoral concept of disease actually originated with Hippocrates in the early years of about 460 to 370 B.C. (Holtz, 2008). In the concept of the humoral theory balance had to be maintained and among the four different substances and humors within the human body. So, with this concept if the balance became out of line or undistributed then the first thought coming to mind people became sick or ill. Within those four humors were phlegm, red, yellow bile, and blood. Early ancient people believed that those substances actually ruled the personalities in the bodies when they are divided to the possible types of choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and sanguine, which depended of the substance in, which it actually dominated that person. Then with the theory that was known as the anatomical theory of disease actually lie within those organs internally of the skeletal and muscular body systems. Finally, the theory of the germ was thought that many of the diseases were caused in the presence and specific actions of microorganisms were found inside the body. With the germ theory was actually developed and gained acceptance...
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...Psychological Causes of Depression The actual causes of depression are still unknown today but there are a few theories that could help explain them. It is widely believed by psychologists and scientists that all mental disorders are brought about by a complex correlation of psychological, biological, and social factors. A serious loss, chronic illness, relationship problem, work stress, family crisis, financial setback, or any unwelcome life change can ignite a depressive disorder (Psychologyinfo.com). Depression is a serious disorder in the United States and has only become more prevalent among individuals as their lives become more stressful and overwhelming. One theory for the cause of depression is the bio-psycho-social model of causation and is the most commonly recognized theory for the cause of disorders such as depression by professionals. As stated earlier, it consists of a complicated correlation of psychological, biological, and social factors. This can be caused by fluctuated levels of hormones, which would explain why many people first experience depression during puberty. (Grohol, 2006). The exact causes of depression are vast and unknown. Some types of depression have been found in families from generation to generation, which may possibly suggest that it can be inherited (Grohol, 2006). With that said, major depression seems to be present generation after generation, in some families, but not with a frequency that suggests clear biological causes. Furthermore...
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...tone = speaker’s attitude POSITIVE TONE WORDS NEUTRAL (+, -, or neutral) NEGATIVE TONE WORDS admiring adoring affectionate appreciative approving bemused benevolent blithe calm casual celebratory cheerful comforting comic compassionate complimentary conciliatory confident contented delightful earnest ebullient ecstatic effusive elated empathetic encouraging euphoric excited exhilarated expectant facetious fervent flippant forthright friendly funny gleeful gushy happy hilarious hopeful humorous interested introspective jovial joyful laudatory light lively mirthful modest nostalgic optimistic passionate placid playful poignant proud reassuring reflective relaxed respectful reverent romantic sanguine scholarly self-assured sentimental serene silly sprightly straightforward sympathetic tender tranquil whimsical wistful worshipful zealous commanding direct impartial indirect meditative objective questioning speculative unambiguous unconcerned understated abhorring acerbic ambiguous ambivalent angry annoyed antagonistic anxious apathetic apprehensive belligerent bewildered biting bitter blunt bossy cold conceited condescending confused contemptuous curt cynical demanding depressed derisive derogatory desolate despairing desperate detached diabolic disappointed disliking disrespectful doubtful embarrassed enraged evasive fatalistic fearful forceful ...
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...Andrew Fahmy Ms. Sarkovski ENG4U1 January 15, 2014 Hamlet as a Tragic Hero In Shakespeare’s plays, many factors create a tragic hero. According to Aristotle, a tragic hero must be a person of high character who faces his destiny with courage and nobility of spirit, hence the pity felt by the audience. In Shakespeare’s play “Hamlet”, the character Hamlet is depicted as a tragic hero because of his noble intentions, the pity he evolves and his sincere, yet, self-destructive over analysis of his predicament. In the play “Hamlet”, the death of Hamlet’s father and the suspicious remarriage of his mother bring the audience to feel pity for him. For instance, Hamlet says: “Oh, that this too, too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew.” (Act I, Sc. ii, Ln.129, 130) Although, he is saddened by his father’s death, the larger cause of Prince Hamlet’s misery is Queen Gertrude’s disloyal remarriage. By viewing Hamlet’s state of depression in the Elizabethan perspective, Elizabethans believed that the human body is made up of four basic elements, called humors: phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. Hamlet’s seems to be suffering from what Elizabethans referred to as “Melancholy”. This was associated with too much “black bile” in the body. It is similar to what medicine calls “clinical depression” today, in which it is the state led to lethargy, irritability and distorted imagination. Since this is the 17th rather than the 21st century, Hamlet can’t just...
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...Don John is the evil bastard brother in the play. He is only recently reconciled with Don Pedro and he plays the role of a schemer, a discontent and a Machiavelli. In reality, Don John is merely the excluded character, a man who cannot fit into the society he is unwillingly a part of. When Conrad tries to tell him he should act happy around Don Pedro, he states, "I had rather be a canker in a hedge than a rose in his grace" (1.3.21-22). Don John thus ignores the family network, fails to observe the proper code of conduct, misses the dinner party thrown by Leonato, and rebels against the compulsory set of social rules. Though Don John ostensibly influences all of the action of the play, he has very few speaking lines for a main character. Don John operates as a plot-device more than a fully fleshed out character. He does give us a little speech about how he’s a bad guy – and likes being a bad guy – but there’s not much that we say about him because we never really know his motivations, or even his reaction to all of the chaos he’s caused. In the end, he has run off before he can even be punished or have a warm, fuzzy change of heart scene. He’s definitely not Shakespeare’s most compelling and complex villain. Ultimately, though, it isn’t a failing of Shakespeare’s that this villain is so thin. It’s actually a reminder to the reader that the play isn’t supposed to be a tragedy, and isn’t even supposed to really analyze evil at all. The more important take-home points of the play...
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...Tone Vocabulary List Positive Tone/Attitude Words Amiable Amused Appreciative Authoritative Benevolent Brave Calm Cheerful Cheery Compassionate Complimentary Confident Consoling Content Dreamy Ecstatic Elated Elevated Encouraging Energetic Enthusiastic Excited Exuberant Fanciful Friendly Happy Hopeful Impassioned Jovial Joyful Jubilant Lighthearted Loving Optimistic Passionate Peaceful Playful Pleasant Proud Relaxed Reverent Romantic Soothing Surprised Sweet Sympathetic Vibrant Whimsical Furious Harsh Haughty Hateful Hurtful Indignant Inflammatory Insulting Irritated Manipulative Obnoxious Outraged Passive Quarrelsome Shameful Smooth Snooty Superficial Surly Testy Threatening Tired Uninterested Wrathful Negative Tone/Attitude Words Accusing Aggravated Agitated Angry Apathetic Arrogant Artificial Audacious Belligerent Bitter Boring Brash Childish Choleric Coarse Cold Condemnatory Condescending Contradictory Critical Desperate Disappointed Disgruntled Disgusted Disinterested Facetious Humor-Irony-Sarcasm Tone/Attitude Words Amused Bantering Bitter Caustic Comical Condescending Contemptuous Critical Cynical Disdainful Droll Facetious Flippant Giddy Humorous Insolent Ironic Irreverent Joking Malicious Mock-heroic Mocking Mock-serious Patronizing Pompous Quizzical Ribald Ridiculing Sad Sarcastic Sardonic Satiric Scornful Sharp ...
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...“Melancholia” by Kat Strange The poem “Melancholia” by Kat Strange is a perfect depiction of a girl who views all of her positive and negative moments in her life. At first, it mentions how her youth was a playful time, but then the poem continues with little positivity and a lot of melancholy. When she views her life she is overwhelmed by the amount anguish and grief that she becomes depressed. The author doesn't know whether to feel happy or sad so she's initially in a type of limbo that throughout the poem ends up in sadness. She suffers from multiple incidents like moving houses, losing friends, and many insults. Overall Kat Strange uses personification, repetition, and asyndeton to portray that through all the positivity there will be moments of depression. The first type of figurative language Kat Strange uses is a personification, personification helps the reader understand her heartbreak and gives an idea to how she feels. In”Melancholia” Kat Strange says “Friendship shaken in an earthquake of disappointment” (“Melancholia” 14). The author personifies her friendship to show how...
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...Depression is like being buried alive with barely a square inch in front of your face in which it’s hard to breath. Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by sadness, loss of interest. Symptoms of depression may include difficulty concentrating, thoughts of suicide, lack of interest in or pleasure from activities that were enjoyed once, persistently sad etc. Depression was previously known as Melancholia. Physicians in the Persian and then the Muslim world developed ideas about Melancholia during the Islamic golden age. In the 19th century Persian physician Avicenna described Melancholia as a depressive type of mood disorder. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, an estimated 10 million adults aged eighteen or older in the U.S. had at least one major depressive in the past one year. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, major depressive disorder is characterized by a combination of symptoms that interfere with a person's ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy once-pleasurable activities. There are times you may feel sad, lonely, or hopeless for a few days. But major depression, clinical depression lasts longer and is disabling. It can prevent you from functioning normally. An episode of clinical depression may occur only once in a person's lifetime. More often, though, it recurs throughout a person's life. In addition, with major depression, one of the symptoms must be either a persistent depressed mood or...
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...Modern Technology and Depression: Traditional Chinese Medicine Alternatives Sabura Abstract The 20th century brings with it a plethora of the useful and convenient inventions including a continuous introduction of the latest digital gadgets and services including cell phones, computers, televisions, and cable and internet services. With all of these conveniences, studies show that there is a steady increase of depression, mania, and suicides over recent years. As technological advances increase, the need to preserve and strengthen our ability to make bonds with each other through interpersonal intimacy. Since advancements are inevitable, there still remain some simply and ancient healing methods to counteract some of the devastating effects of modern technology. Traditional Chinese Medicine and simple lifestyle changes have been a highly effective and inexpensive natural alternative, breaking down many of the barriers to living a healthy and happy life. Modern Technology and Depression: Traditional Chinese Medicine Alternatives In 2013, modern technologies of internet, cell phones, laptops, and tablets have given us access to a larger capacity and quality of information, and productivity. The internet has also been noted for giving us the convenience of connecting to more people from different cultures of places around the country and the world than we would be able to have access to every day. In contrast, all of these modern technologies have also...
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... MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, FMedSci Historical background This paper reviews concepts of depression, including history and classification. The original broad concept of melancholia included all forms of quiet insanity. The term depression began to appear in the nineteenth century, as did the modern concept of affective disorders, with the core disturbance now viewed as one of mood. The 1980s saw the introduction of defined criteria into official diagnostic schemes. The modern separation into unipolar and bipolar disorder was introduced following empirical research by Angst and Perris in the 1960s. The partially overlapping distinctions between psychotic and neurotic depression, and between endogenous and reactive depression, started to generate debate in the 1920s, with considerable multivariate research in the 1960s. The symptom element in endogenous depression currently survives in melancholia or somatic syndrome. Life stress is common in various depressive pictures. Dysthymia, a valuable diagnosis, represents a form of what was regarded earlier as neurotic depression. Other subtypes are also discussed. © 2008, LLS SAS rior to the late 19th century, although detailed systems of classification abounded, the main problem for psychiatric nosology was the establishment of the broad major disorders. Melancholia was recognized as early as the time of Hippocrates, and continued through Galenic medicine and medieval times. The earlier connotation of the term was very wide, and included...
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...Depressive Disorders ------------------------------------------------- Abnormal Psychology 440C “Depression, second leading cause of disability worldwide”-MNT The Anxiety and Depression Association of America states that major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability in the US. A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts. It interferes with daily life, normal functioning, and causes pain for both the person with the disorder and those who care about him or her. According to Nemade, Depression was initially called "melancholia". The earliest accounts of melancholia appeared in ancient Mesopotamian texts in the second millennium B.C. At this time, all mental illnesses were attributed to demonic possession, and were attended to by priests. In contrast, a separate class of "physicians" treated physical injuries (but not conditions like depression). The first historical understanding of depression was thus that depression was a spiritual (or mental) illness rather than a physical one (GBC 2013). Depressive disorder was first formally introduced in the fourth version of DSM and was included in Appendix B among omer diagnostic in need of further study (Orstavik 2007). It also addresses other disorders (2-7) such as premenstrual dysphonic disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and bipolar disorder also called manic-depressive illness...
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...adolescence. It must be understood that bipolar disorder is not just a sign of weakness; it is a serious medical condition that requires treatment. History The current term “bipolar disorder” is of a recent origin and refers to the cycling between high and low episodes or poles. A relationship between mania and melancholia has been observed and although the basis of the current conceptualization can be traced back to a French psychiatrist in the 1850’s the term “manic depressive illness” was coined by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in the late nineteenth century. Originally, the term referred to all kinds of mood disorders. German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard finally split the classification again in 1957 using the terms unipolar disorder and bipolar disorder (Dziegielewski, 2002). Bipolar disorder is one of the oldest known illnesses. Bipolar symptoms have been mentioned in the earliest medical records as far back as the second century. In fact, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Turkey, first recognized the symptoms of mania and depression and discovered the link between them. His findings were unnoticed and unsubstantiated until discussed in “The Anatomy of Melancholia” by Richard Burton in 1650. Burton focused specifically on depression and his findings...
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...Adam ENG 2110 April 18th, 2013 Hedda Gabler and “The Trapped Woman” in the 19th Century Appearances can be deceiving. Hedda Gabler, the great story of an aristocratic woman, smart, and somewhat off her rocker, takes us into the personal life of a woman by the married name of Hedda Tesmen. Through analysis and research of the story though, we can see the author is trying to show us something further from what it seems. Henrik Ibsen, the writer of Hedda Gabler, seems to not be telling us the personal story of the woman Hedda Tesman, but showing us the faults of society for that time period in terms of the roles of women. “The Trapped Woman”, is a term I will use to describe the role of “The Woman” in the late 19th Century. Henrik Ibsen appears to be showing us through Hedda’s life that no matter the apparent strength or background of a woman during the 19th century, they are still trapped in a way which forbids them to be who they truly are. Hedda Tesman, as described early on in the play, due to her background and personality, should in no way be anything but in complete control over her life. As stated by Aunt Julle, “General Gabler’s daughter. What a life she had in the general’s day!” (Ibsen). This statement in the beginning of the play almost immediately foreshadows her unhappy life in her current state. Due to the roles of women for that time period, she is just the representation of all women in her situation at the time. Women in the 19th century had very minimal...
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