...Memory Cost By Frank Bolton Phillips NT1110 Friday 6p.m. This is to help me discover and appreciate the difference in the cost of RAM and ROM in today’s market as well as where is where it came from and where it is going. It is easy to find information on this subject as everyone seems to want in on the computer boom and profit from the ever growing demand for faster computers with huge memory. Ten years ago you would have found yourself spending over $2,000 to get just 1GB of RAM. As computer manufacturers recoup cost of R&D, the prices start to drop. Today it would only cost around $20 to purchase the same 1GB of DDR3 providing considerable savings over a decade ago. What appears to be the best deal for the money is 2GB on RAM which runs around $40 and slows enough memory to run most applications. There are other types of memory available to all of us if you’re willing to pay the price of admission. For example, some of the more exotic types of RAM can still run hundreds, even thousands of dollars. For instance, I found Super Talent 1TB STT RAID DRIVE GS RAID0 for $4,815.00 on Memory Suppliers.com. They also offer iRam 2GB (2 x 1GB) DDR2 SDRAM PC2-5300 667MHz for $119.00. I find this is a very nice web site that is easy to navigate through and find and compare the memory you’re looking for. The following table I got from Archive Builders web site. It shows the growth to cost difference for 32 years. This was determined by the increase of the density of disks...
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...Unit 6 : Memory Cost 1. Elyse Segebart NT1110 Computer Structure and Logic 02.15.2014 Unit 6 Analysis 1: Memory Cost RAM Prices throughout the years: Year | Average Cost Per Gigabyte | 2013 | $5.5 | 2010 | $12.37 | 2005 | $189 | 2000 | $1,107 | 1995 | $30,875 | 1990 | $103,880 | 1985 | $859,375 | 1980 | $6,328,125 | 2. Historic RAM Prices | Year | Manufacturer | Size (KB) | Price | Price / MB | 1957 | C.C.C. | 0.00098 | $392 | $411,041,792 | 1960 | E.E.Co. | 0.00098 | $5 | $5,242,880 | 1965 | IBM | 0.00098 | $2.52 | $2,642,412 | 1970 | IBM | 0.00098 | $0.70 | $734,003 | 1975 | MITS | 0.25 | $103 | $421,888 | 1980 | Interface Age | 64 | $405 | $6,480 | 1985 | Do Kay BYTE | 512 | $440 | $880 | 1990 | Unitex BYTE | 8,192 | $851 | $106 | 1995 | Pacific Coast Micro | 16,384 | $494 | $30.9 | 2000 | Crucial | 65,536 | $72 | $1.12 | 2005 | Corsair | 1,048,576 | $189 | $0.185 | 2010 | Kingston | 8,388,608 | $99 | $0.0122 | 2013 | Crucial | 16,777,216 | $88 | $0.0054 | In 1957, one bit of RAM cost roughly $49 dollars based on the chart above. Just last year in 2013, the price per bit for ram storage is not even pennies. 3. I would say that in theory, it would be possible to create a flash-based SSD of 100TB capacity connected via PCI-e slot, and it could theoretically be done today. The problem is, it would cost somewhere in the neighborhood of (get this) $200,000 USD. It would require 200 M2 style 480GB SSD drives connected by a custom controller...
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...NT1110 Professor: Smith Memory Cost RAM Prices throughout the years Year [Average Cost Per Gigabyte] 2013 [$5.5] 2010 [$12.37] 2005 [$189] 2000 [$1,107] 1995 [$30,875] 1990 [$103,880] 1985 [$859,375] 1980 [$6,328,125] Historic RAM Prices--] Year [-Manufacturer-] Size (KB) | Price | Price / MB | 1957 [-C.C.C.-] 0.00098 | $392 | $411,041,792 | 1960 |-E.E.Co.-] 0.00098 | $5 | $5,242,880 | 1965 [-IBM-] 0.00098 | $2.52 | $2,642,412 | 1970 [-IBM-] 0.00098 | $0.70 | $734,003 | 1975 [-MITS-] 0.25 | $103 | $421,888 | 1980 [-Interface Age-] 64 | $405 | $6,480 | 1985 [-Do Kay BYTE-] 512 | $440 | $880 | 1990 [-Unitex BYTE-] 8,192 | $851 | $106 | 1995 [-Pacific Coast Micro-] 16,384 | $494 | $30.9 | 2000 [-Crucial-] 65,536 [$72 | $1.12 | 2005 [-Corsair-] 1,048,576 [$189 | $0.185 | 2010 [-Kingston-] 8,388,608 [ $99 | $0.0122 | 2013 [-Crucial-] 16,777,216 [ $88 | $0.0054 | The cost in 1957, for one bit of RAM cost roughly $49 dollars based on the chart above. In the later years the cost has dropped considerably, it’s very affordable for the novice or more sophisticated computer user. Cost of Hard Drive Space per GB. In 1980’s, the price GB was approximately $100,000. Today, it wouldn’t cost a dollar. Based on the figures above, the space per unit cost has roughly double every 14 months. ”Several terabyte+ drives have recently broken the $0.10/gigabyte barrier, making the next milestone $0.01/gigabyte, or $10/terabyte.” (Komorowski, 2009) With Moore’s...
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...Year Ram Price HDD Price SDD Price 2010 2x4GB $99.99 2TB $159.99 240GB $500 2011 2x4GB $81.99 2TB $128.99 240GB $325.87 2012 2x4GB $69.99 2TB 109.99 240GB $229.99 2013 2x4GB $49.99 2TB 99.99 240GB 199.99 2014 2x4GB $38.99 2TB 89.99 240GB 179.99 2015 2x4GB $34.99 2TB 74.99 240GB $94.99 Ram Average Cost per Gigabyte in 2010 was $12.37 but now it’s less than $4.37 per gigabyte. At NewEgg, 7200RPM 3TB drives are as low as $135 (4.5 cents per GB). 4TB drives started off with a small price premium, but have since fallen as low as $189 (4.7 cents per GB). That’s actually slightly lower than the graph shown above, but remember — it’s a weighted graph that covers the entire HDD market, rather than focusing on a single product. After having nearly doubled during the flood, we can safely say prices are trending slightly below the 2011 level. In 2011, SSD prices are down more than 66 percent over the past three years. Computerworld notes that consumer SSDs were typically coming in at about $3 per gigabyte in 2010, whereas today it is common to find SSDs clocking in at under $1 per gigabyte. That price point, $1 per gig, seems to be the magical tipping point for most folks—at or below that mark, SSDs begin to look like much more reasonable purchases. A quick survey of several online merchants shows popular brand and sizes, like the 256GB flavor of Crucial's SATA III M4 SSD, coming in at more like 80¢ per gigabyte, while even higher-priced disks like the Intel 520 are hovering slightly...
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...The price and capacities of RAM and hard drive storage have come a long way in the past 30 years. Take for instance, in 1981 an 18MB hard drive cost $2500, today a 1TB hard drive costs $150. In 1990 RAM costs were $50 per MB and today one can purchase 2GB RAM for approximately $50. that there is a strong exponential correlation in the capacity vs cost ratio, where r=0.9916. During the last 30 years the capacity per unit cost ratio has nearly doubled approximately every 14 months. The regression equation is given by: Many TB+ drives have become available which recently broken the $0.10/GB boundary, whilst the next milestone being $0.01/GB or $10/TB. If historical trends continue, then 10 years from now the cost per GB of hard drive capacity will become $0.0000351 per GB or $0.0351 per TB. For $100, one could purchase a 2,849TB drive 10 years from now, based on the analysis of historical trends. Although 120 PB drives are currently available in the server and super computing market, consumer grade hard drives aren’t available in these sizes, as the physical size and cost per PB is too great for the marketability in the consumer market. Based on historical trends, one could forecast the availability of a consumer level 100TB hard drive in the next five years. It must be noted all figures pertain to magnetic storage, solid state storage has been omitted for the sake of...
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...NT 1110 Unit 6 Memory Cost Hard Drive Storage Prices | Year | Average cost per Gigabyte | 2014 | $0.03 | 2013 | $0.05 | 2010 | $0.09 | 2005 | $1.24 | 2000 | $11.00 | 1995 | $1,120 | 1990 | $11,200 | 1985 | $105,00 | 1980 | $437,500 | RAM prices | Year | Size (KB) | Price | Price per MB | 1957 | .00098 | $392 | $411,041,792 | 1960 | .00098 | $5 | $5,242,880 | 1965 | .00098 | $2.52 | $2,642,412 | 1970 | .00098 | $0.70 | $734,003 | 1975 | .25 | $103 | $421,888 | 1980 | 64 | $405 | $6,480 | 1985 | 512 | $440 | $880 | 1990 | 8,192 | $851 | $106 | 1995 | 16,384 | $494 | $30.9 | 2000 | 65,536 | $72 | $1.12 | 2005 | 1,048,576 | $189 | $0.185 | 2010 | 8,388,608 | $99 | $0.0122 | 2013 | 16,777,216 | $88 | $0.0054 | 2014 | 8,388,608 | $69.99 | $0.0085 | The cost of RAM in 1957 was about 49 dollars per bit, whereas today the price is not anywhere even close to that, it is a small fraction of a penny. The cost of hard drive space in 1980 was around 286 dollars per bit and today it is also just a very small fraction of a penny. According to Moore’s law the number of components in integrated circuits will double every year and a half since the invention of integrated circuits in 1958. In 2010 the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors believed that growth would slow down by the end of 2013 which would put the growth to doubling every three years instead of every year and a half. With that in mind and based on...
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...Donshay Clark 7-22-13 NT1110 Unit 6 Analysis 2: Memory Cost 1. Your OS will use the hard drive as a "swap file" or virtual memory, if your PC runs out of RAM while you are working away. Using your hard drive as memory causes a serious performance hit, as hard drives are slower than RAM. You must have enough memory, adding more does not help if you are not doing anything that needs more memory. Today, a modern PC and a modern OS need about 4 gigs to achieve this for most standard users. You want enough RAM so the OS doesn't start using the hard drive as memory. 2. The user with the three 200 GB hard disks has the advantage, because he can utilize all three disks simultaneously, while the other one can only use that single disk. The user with the three disks will probably be able to do more, faster. 3. A typical home computer user would require RAID technology if they use their computer as a home office and have data that is invaluable or irreplaceable. The option is becoming more popular because of the speed increase, and or data reliability you achieve when you set RAID up. A typical business user would use RAID to provide data redundancy, fault tolerance, increased capacity, and increased performance. Data redundancy protects the data from hard drive failures. This benefit is good for companies or individuals that have critical or important data to protect, or just anyone that's paranoid about losing data. Fault tolerance goes hand in hand with redundancy...
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...etiologies of Alzheimer’s disease are not finally found out. There is a lot of data, testifying to the hereditary nature of the disease. However, there are the cases not caused by the hereditary predisposition, especially at later onset of the disease. Alzheimer’s disease can begin after the age of 50, but more often arises after 70 and especially after 80. Alzheimer’s disease is the disease connected with the destruction of brain cells and leading to a heavy frustration of memory, intelligence, other cognitive functions, and also to serious problems in emotional and behavioral spheres. “Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. It now afflicts nearly 4 million Americans. These numbers are expected to increase dramatically as the U.S. population ages. By the year 2050 approximately 14.5 million people will suffer from Alzheimer’s disease” (Handy: 1998) Alzheimer’s disease is insidious and develops gradually. It affects not old and full of strength people. The first signs of disease are memory and attention disorders. New information is perceived worse. A person becomes forgetful, absent-minded, current events are substituted by the revival of memoirs in the past. As a rule, early stages of the disease are marked by time orientation disorders. The representation about time sequence of events is broken. In other cases illness begins with changes in character of the...
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...In this article, Anthony Pearce recounts 76-year-old Malcolm Baker’s experience of forgetting where he parked his car—a dementia-related memory mishap that cost two months of searching until Tesco representatives identified the missing vehicle. Through Baker’s experience, readers gain insight into dementia’s devastating impact on memory and cognitive functioning. Although the article notes that Baker is only in the early stages of dementia (an acquired mental impairment now formally known as neurocognitive disorder), the already evident memory decline foreshadows the severity of cognitive deterioration that has yet to manifest itself. Whereas some weakening in memory is characteristic of the aging process, the significant brain cell deterioration...
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...etiologies of Alzheimer’s disease are not finally found out. There is a lot of data, testifying to the hereditary nature of the disease. However, there are the cases not caused by the hereditary predisposition, especially at later onset of the disease. Alzheimer’s disease can begin after the age of 50, but more often arises after 70 and especially after 80. Alzheimer’s disease is the disease connected with the destruction of brain cells and leading to a heavy frustration of memory, intelligence, other cognitive functions, and also to serious problems in emotional and behavioral spheres. “Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. It now afflicts nearly 4 million Americans. These numbers are expected to increase dramatically as the U.S. population ages. By the year 2050 approximately 14.5 million people will suffer from Alzheimer’s disease” (Handy: 1998) Alzheimer’s disease is insidious and develops gradually. It affects not old and full of strength people. The first signs of disease are memory and attention disorders. New information is perceived worse. A person becomes forgetful, absent-minded, current events are substituted by the revival of memoirs in the past. As a rule, early stages of the disease are marked by time orientation disorders. The representation about time sequence of events is broken. In other cases illness begins with changes in character of the...
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...etiologies of Alzheimer’s disease are not finally found out. There is a lot of data, testifying to the hereditary nature of the disease. However, there are the cases not caused by the hereditary predisposition, especially at later onset of the disease. Alzheimer’s disease can begin after the age of 50, but more often arises after 70 and especially after 80. Alzheimer’s disease is the disease connected with the destruction of brain cells and leading to a heavy frustration of memory, intelligence, other cognitive functions, and also to serious problems in emotional and behavioral spheres. “Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. It now afflicts nearly 4 million Americans. These numbers are expected to increase dramatically as the U.S. population ages. By the year 2050 approximately 14.5 million people will suffer from Alzheimer’s disease” (Handy: 1998) Alzheimer’s disease is insidious and develops gradually. It affects not old and full of strength people. The first signs of disease are memory and attention disorders. New information is perceived worse. A person becomes forgetful, absent-minded, current events are substituted by the revival of memoirs in the past. As a rule, early stages of the disease are marked by time orientation disorders. The representation about time sequence of events is broken. In other cases illness begins with changes in character of the...
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...CONTENT Exercise 1. 2 Exercise 2. 5 Exercise 3. 8 Exercise 4. 11 Exercise 5. 15 Exercise 6. 18 Exercise 7. 21 Exercise 8. 25 Exercise 9. 28 Exercise 10. 31 Exercise 11. 34 Exercise 12. 37 Exercise 13. 40 Exercise 14. 43 Exercise 15. 46 Exercise 16. 49 Exercise 17. 53 Exercise 18. 57 Exercise 19. 61 Exercise 20. 65 Exercise 21. 68 Exercise 22. 72 Exercise 23. 76 Exercise 24. 80 说明： 题目来源： Exercise 1-24：所有题目都来自官方真题 其中： Exercise 1-14：我们将OG和PP2中的题目编排为前14个Exercise, 每个Exercise都是按照GRE考试中阅读部分的出题习惯编排，即每个Exercise 10个题目，形式为（1长+2短+1逻辑 or 4短+1逻辑）。 Exercise 15-24：我们将近年来考试中出现的文章和老GRE中极为接近现行出题风格的文章编排为后10个Exercise，每个Exercise 13个题目左右，形式为（1长+1短+2逻辑）。 练习方法： 建议大家第一遍做能够限时练习，按照考试的要求每个Exercise的大致难度和应该用的时间都标在了前面。没做完6个exercise可以做一个回顾总结，将文章反复做一遍，总结单词，长难句，文章的出题规律，句子之间的关系。 答案显示方法： 如果你打印出来练习：参考答案见P 页 如果你在电脑上练习：windows 系统：Ctrl+Shift+8；Mac系统：Command+8 Exercise 1. 20min While most scholarship on women’s employment in the United States recognizes that the Second World War (1939–1945) dramatically changed the role of women in the workforce, these studies also acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women’s employment did not end with the war. Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years...
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...Memory experiment In my research experiment, I will be finding out which gender has the better short term memory recall. I have conducted a Literature Review so that I can review the past experiments on memory. Literature Review The first experiment that I read about was conducted by Liz B, and was conducted from 2004-5. Her hypothesis was that gender had an effect on short term recall. This made it non-directional, since she wasn't sure how gender effected memory, or if it was a positive or negative effect. The Independent Variable was the quiz sheets that were given out and the Dependant Variable was the number of words the students got correct. The results of the experiment was that girls received a better score than boys, however because the difference between the results was so small - with the girls' average at 43% correct and boys at 40% - that Liz felt gender had no effect on short term memory recall. The second experiment was conducted by Danah Henriksen. Henriksen's experiment was conducted to test the memory of an individual. Henriksen’s Independent Variable is the list of words that Henriksen asked the participant to remember, and the Dependant Variable is the short term memory of the participant. Henriksen felt that the participant that he conducted the experiment on was fifty-six year old male 'who seemed motivated to score well, possibly in the hope of combating a reputation for age-related memory loss'. This means that the results are unreliable...
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...Chapter 6: Analyzing Consumer Markets GENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. ________ is the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. 1. Target marketing 2. Psychographic segmentation 3. Psychology 4. Consumer behavior 5. Product differentiation Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Easy AACSB: Analytic Skills 2. The fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior is the person’s ________. 1. psyche 2. national origin 3. culture 4. peer group 5. family tree Answer: c Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Analytic Skills 3. A child growing up in the United States is exposed to all of the following values EXCEPT ________. 1. achievement and success 2. activity 3. efficiency and practicality 4. the importance of the group in daily life 5. freedom Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Reflective Thinking 4. Which of the following would be the best illustration of a subculture? 1. A religion 2. A group of close friends 3. Your university 4. A fraternity or sorority 5. Your occupation Answer: a Page: 150 Difficulty: Hard 5. Based on information provided in the text, which of the following trends has lead to increased household consumption? 1. Growing female economic power ...
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...com/locate/neuropsychologia The neural basis of implicit learning and memory: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research Paul J. Reber n Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 6 November 2012 Received in revised form 14 June 2013 Accepted 15 June 2013 Available online 24 June 2013 Memory systems research has typically described the different types of long-term memory in the brain as either declarative versus non-declarative or implicit versus explicit. These descriptions reflect the difference between declarative, conscious, and explicit memory that is dependent on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, and all other expressions of learning and memory. The other type of memory is generally defined by an absence: either the lack of dependence on the MTL memory system (nondeclarative) or the lack of conscious awareness of the information acquired (implicit). However, definition by absence is inherently underspecified and leaves open questions of how this type of memory operates, its neural basis, and how it differs from explicit, declarative memory. Drawing on a variety of studies of implicit learning that have attempted to identify the neural correlates of implicit learning using functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology, a theory of implicit memory is presented that describes it as a form of general plasticity...
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