...assignment there will be a comparison of literature from prior research to assess the implementation of mental skills for sport injury rehabilitation. Psychological skills are said to assist in the recovery of sport rehabilitation; however research of implementation of mental skills for sport injury rehabilitation are less popular (Athletic Trainers' and Physical Therapists' Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Psychological Skills Within Sport Injury Rehabilitation Programs J Jordan Hamson-Utley, PhD, ATC,1 Scott Martin, PhD, AASP Certified Consultant,2 and Jason Walters, MHS, PT, CSCS3). The objective is to evaluate athlete’s attitudes on the positive attribution of mental imagery, goal setting and positive self-talk to enhance their...
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...Visual Imagery Psych 640 March 17, 2014 Dr. Samantha Hickman Visual Imagery Imaginations allow individuals to use information and construct his or her own ideas. For example, individuals can imagine what his or her dream home looks like. This individual can see the home and describe what the home looks like. Anderson (2010) defined mental imagery as the processing of perceptual information without an external source. Visual imagery is the brain’s way of processing information as if the individual is actually seeing it; whereas, verbal imagery is the processing of information as if the individual is saying or describing the information. Visual and verbal imagery can use cognitive maps to make sense of his or her environment. A careful analysis of visual and verbal imagery allows an individual to draw conclusions about which form of imagery is important to them. Types of Imagery Visual Imagery Visual imagery is activated within the individual’s occipital cortex area (Fery, 2003). Motor actions require individuals to assess the size and shape of objects; thus, visual imagery provides the positions and movements associated with these tasks (Fery, 2003). Fery (2003) conducted an experiment in which individuals were shown a movement and were required to imagine the movement. The individuals were asked to draw the movement in which they had seen (Fery, 2003). The results confirmed visual imagery is appropriate when individuals are required to replicate a drawing (Fery, 2003)...
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...Psych 640 week 3 Individual VISUAL AND VERBAL IMAGERY paper Write a 500- to 700-word magazine article that discusses visual and verbal imagery. Include the following in your article: A contrast of verbal and visual imagery An argument about which of these you consider most important A justification of your argument with research Include at least three scholarly peer-reviewed articles, in addition to the course text. Imaginations allow individuals to use information and construct his or her own ideas. For example, individuals can imagine what his or her dream home looks like. This individual can see the home and describe what the home looks like. Anderson (2010) defined mental imagery as the processing of perceptual information without an external source. Visual imagery is the brain’s way of processing information as if the individual is actually seeing it; whereas, verbal imagery is the processing of information as if the individual is saying or describing the information. Visual and verbal imagery can use cognitive maps to make sense of his or her environment. A careful analysis of visual and verbal imagery allows an individual to draw conclusions about which form of imagery is important to them. Types of Imagery Visual Imagery Visual imagery is activated within the individual’s occipital cortex area (Fery, 2003). Motor actions require individuals to assess the size and shape of objects; thus, visual imagery provides the positions and movements associated with these tasks (Fery...
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...What is Collins and Loftus’ Semantic model? What are the flaws? What is the connectionist approach? How does it simulate actual learning? How are categories represented in the brain? Freedman’s cat-dog study. Lexical Decisions: Meyer: Know the hypothesis in addition to the usual. Understand how the word types can be broken into different IVs. Mental Imagery Lecture 17/ chapter 10/ Shepard and Meltzer What is mental Imagery? Visual Imagery Study of paired associate learning (dog flower) Paivio’s study of nouns that can evoke an image What are the spatial and propositional representation of visual imagery? Kossyln’s studies (2) of visual imagery, know the criticism that lead to the second study (the island study). What is mental scanning? What is an epiphenomenon? What is the tacit knowledge explanation for mental scanning time? What was Finke and Pinker’s study with dots and arrows that refuted this? What is a mental walk task? How did Kossyln use these ideas to examine detail in mental representations? (hint: animal study) Perky’s projection study. And Farah’s mental imagery priming task. What do they say about the...
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...Imagery, PEETLEP Model and Technology Michael S. Harmon Capella University Abstract The use of imagery in the realm of sport psychology is widely accepted and used to enhance skill, reduce anxiety, increase decision making skills, etc. Although several models are available to construct imagery scripts, the PEETLEP model offers seven concepts that should improve the delivery system over more traditional oriented approaches. Integrate that model with advances in technology (video capture, podcasts, virtual reality), the sport psychologist has the opportunity to help an athlete enhance their performance like no other time in history. Imagery conducted for sport performance is referred to as sport imagery, but can be used interchangeably with the broader term mental imagery (Taylor and Wilson, 2005). Several other terms including mental practice, mental rehearsal, and visualization have also been used to refer to various components of mental imagery in sport (Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005; Taylor and Wilson, 2005; Weinburg & Gould, 2007). Specifically, sport imagery can be defined as using all senses to re-create or create a sport experience in the mind with the goal of enhancing sport performance during training and competition (Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005; Vealey & Greenleaf, 2001; Weinberg & Gould, 2007). There is a large amount of empirical evidence that supports that mental imagery works (Liggett, 2000; Moran, 2002; Morris, Spittle, & Watt...
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...Mental Rotation: The Effect of Orientation towards the Reaction Time in Determining the Version of Letter UNIMKL- 012480 University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Abstract This study is the replication of Cooper and Shepard’s (1973) study on mental rotation. This experiment is mainly designed to investigate a) the relationship between the angles of rotation of the alphabetical characters and the reaction time to determine whether the letter presented is normal or reversed position and b) whether the mean of the correlation coefficient is significantly greater than zero. A group of fifty- five first year undergraduate students who are studying Psychology course were recruited in the within- subjects experiment. In this experiment, the participants were showed the alphabetical characters (capital letter G and R) in both normal and reversed position in which oriented at different angles of rotation, the participants were required to determine whether the letter presented was in normal or reversed version as accurate and quickly as they can. The results obtains showed that the reaction time increases as the angle of rotation larger and the mean of the correlation coefficient was significantly greater than zero. Thus, this study suggesting that the orientation does affect the reaction time and correlate each other. Keywords: mental rotation, mental imagery, orientation, correlation coefficient, alphabetical characters, normal, reversed The Effect of Orientation towards the...
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... The ideal mental preparation and psychological state of an athlete, both leading up to and during training and performance, will vary for individuals. It will also vary depending on the nature of the activity. Psychological strategies can play an important part in emotional and possibly spiritual recovery by assisting in recovery of concentration, lifting motivation and decreasing anxiety levels. Athletes may experience positive and negative motivation or most likely a combination of both. These will occur partly because of the normal human emotions of the athlete and partly because they will be encouraged by significant others such as coaches, parents, team mates, fellow competitors, and the media. Strategies athletes can use to enhance motivation and mange anxiety include concentration/attention skills, mental rehearsal, visualization, relaxation and goal setting. Concentration and attention skills allow the athlete to focus on the task at hand and ignore other distractions. Concentration can be improved through training that emphasizes the process rather than the outcome. When an individual focuses on the process, they give attention to technique and try to understand why. For example if a marathon runner doesn’t make the finish line as they are focusing on the outcome that places importance on the result, the success or otherwise of the win. Athletes need to know what to focus on at a particular time and be able to adapt to changing situations. For example, a runner may...
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...Critically Evaluate Theoretical Accounts Of How Knowledge Is Represented At A Cognitive Level. At birth we are known as a ‘tabula rasa’ meaning a blank slate; in which nurture influences our mental content (J. Locke, 1895). The famous empiricist Locke also theorised simple ideas gained through our senses were developed into complex mechanisms. Thinking alone, cannot supply us with the ability to interact with the environment therefore we perceive and make predictions about the world through internal cognitive representations regardless of it being a scientific fact or a self believed fact. Consequently we built up knowledge from prior events, memories, perception, culture and socialisation. These cognitions convey knowledge to be represented as a mind state. Knowledge is the familiarity one has with worldly information. The theoretical accounts of knowledge processes must be carefully analysed and critiqued. The fundamental base of this arguement relies on cognitive understanding, in which the mind plays a key role in knowledge acquisition, contemplation and retention. The arguement will be to explore the most valid line of reasoning in how knowledge of the representing world is conceptualised into abstract cognitive ideas. References made to key research with in-depth analysis will create understanding into how the cognitive paradigm views knowledge representation. Analogical and propositional representations of knowledge have been derived...
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...Defining Cognitive Psychology: Merriam Webmaster dictionary defines Cognitive Psychology as “a branch of psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception, thinking, learning, and memory) especially with respect to the internal events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of behaviour.” Simply put, cognitive psychology is the scientific study of the mind and it revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind. The need to study cognitive psychology: Cognitive psychology assumes that behaviour is the result of information processing. By describing thinking as information processing, cognitive psychologists are making a comparison between minds and computers (i.e. they are adopting a computer metaphor for the mind). This is useful because minds and computers have some attractive similarities: both have inputs, outputs, memory stores and a limited capacity for how much information they can process at any one time. Just as a computer’s behaviour is determined by what information it is given and how it has been programmed, so a person’s behaviour is determined by (1) the information available in their environment; (2) the ways they have learned to manipulate (process) information; and (3) the capacities for information processing inherent in the types of brain people have. In short, it is important to study cognitive psychology to gain an...
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...Abstract Mental rotation is a spatial task that involves the ability to mentally retain an object and rotate it in space. The purpose of this experiment was to replicate that of previously published studies like that of Shaperd and colleague to obtain the typical mental rotation effect. The independent variable in this experiment was the degree of rotation and the dependent variable was the response time. Participants were 14 male and 22 female undergraduate students who attended Douglas College, who were recruited from a 2nd year introductory cognitive psychology course. The task was to determine, as quickly as possible, whether two shapes, one of which was rotated to a certain degree relative to the orientation of the other shape, were the same or different. There was a minimum of 70 trials. For each pair of "same" and "different" stimuli, five trials were presented for each rotation angle. Only response times for which the participants were correct were used. The curve for the same shape stimuli is nearly a straight line except for the final degree of rotation. The curve for different shapes varied consistently with changes in rotation. The results of this study demonstrated the hypothesis that reaction time will increase as the angle of rotation increases. It demonstrates that people can mentally rotate images and it takes more time to react when the degrees of rotation increase. Mental Rotation Effect Mental rotation is a spatial task that involves the ability...
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...Self-regulation is the process in which a person has perceived illness cognition, a patient’s own implicit common sense beliefs about their illness. There are five cognitive dimensions of these beliefs: identity; perceived cause of illness; time line; consequences; curability and controllability (Fowler, Kirschner, Kuiken, & Baas., 2007, p. 223). This process occurs over three stages of interpretation, coping, and appraisal (Fowler et al., 2007). In the research study, “Using Mental Imagery to Deliver Self-Regulation Techniques to Improve Sleep Behaviors,” the efficacy of behavioral interventions were geared toward improving the sleep behavior for working adults with the use of mental imagery undertakings that were designed with the theory of self-regulation principles. More specifically, the main attitude is where the patient focuses their thoughts, emotions, and behavior in order to achieve their desired outcome, a sort of homeostasis, if you will. The use of imagery and implementation intention imagery are used in order to reduce arousal while preparing for sleep. The objectives of this study are to increase positive effects on sleep self-efficacy, sleep-related behavior and planning, to include positive behaviors, and ultimately increase the quality of the overall sleep experience (Loft & Cameron, 2013). | Identify two central concepts and describe the relationship between them (2 paragraphs). | In...
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...In the reading about "Mental toughness key to Carli Lloyd's success" she talked about how she applies imagery. In the article is state " getting alone in a room, finding the moment, the big moment in the game, conjuring up scenarios that include the ball on her foot". This is great example of imagery. For Carli Lloyd I think this was psychoneuromuscual theory. Because she is imagining the exact moment the ball is on her foot and what it would be like to move her leg and feel her muscles moving exactly as she wishes. In the second article about "How Lionel Messi and Wayne Rooney think on the field" they also exemplified imagery traits. Their is a passage from the article that talks about a video of Messi " The German attack peters out, with...
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...Band 6 PD Syllabus Summaries Psychological Strategies to Enhance Motivation and Manage Anxiety To manage the negative impact of anxiety on performance, an athlete can learn to manage their personal anxiety levels. A range of psychological strategies available to athletes include concentration/attention skills, mental rehearsal/visualisation, relaxation and goal setting. * concentration/attention skills (focusing) Concentration or attention skills refer to the ability of the athlete to focus their thoughts and energy into the task at hand. It allows the athlete to focus on relevant cues and ignore distractions, for example, the crowd. * mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery Mental rehearsal, visualisation and imagery involve practising the performance or skill, or the environment in which it is performed in the athlete's mind. This allows athletes to develop a visual image of the performance in a non-threatening environment. This visual image can help the performer focus on the movements required to produce an optimal performance, increase concentration and confidence. * relaxation Relaxation techniques are techniques that, with practice, reduce arousal levels and limit the impact of over-arousal. Relaxation helps the athlete lower their stress level and calm themselves before a performance. Techniques that can be used to achieve this include progressive muscular relaxation, meditation, centred breathing, and hypnosis. * goal – setting Setting...
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...King February 19, 2014 Dementia Have you ever thought about hurting someone? Maybe there were something about that person which drove you to hate them and their disfigurement, and you want to harm them. Have you ever felt like taking a life, or the guilt that follows such a horrible act? The narrator in “The Tell Tale Heart” has felt all of these feelings. The narrator in “The Tell Tale Heart” is psychotic. He shows us his insecurity because he wants to kill the old man just because of his malformed eye. He thinks it is alright to kill the old man and because he believes he is right, he thinks killing the old man is a stable and rational thing to do. In the end, his mental illnesses drive him to his confession of this awful act. In the "Tell-Tale Heart", Edgar Allan Poe uses irony, imagery, and symbolism to describe how psychotic, frighteningly, and twisted mind this narrator really is. First, irony the narrator confesses how sane he is; he is exhibiting his insanity as he describes his actions and motives for the murder (Edgar, Poe). Secondly, irony in the story is that the narrator/murderer refers to how he loves the old man and quote, “I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I kill him’’(Poe). Its irony that he loves the guy but he systematically plans to kill him. Lastly, an irony of this short story is that shortly after the narrator kills the old man and hides his heart underneath the ...
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...Bradbury’s use of literary devices Ray Bradbury uses unique literary device to help form his stories, which gives us a better understanding of what he is trying to convey in his stories.Ray Bradbury's writings all originate with an idea.After this idea has been established, he creates character to personify this idea. To better understand the close relationship between his characters, also his major ideas or a theme which appears throughout his stories is Bradbury's imagery. One example of literary devices is personification, which gives non-human things human-like qualities. An example of this is in Bradbury's story The Veldt when Bradbury writes , "Until this day, how well the house had kept its peace. How carefully it had inquired, "who goes there?...
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