...Applying Theory Lisa Hawkins Walden University Applying Theory As a mental health counselor it is important to understand more than just mental health issues. Clients seek assistance for more than symptoms of bipolar. There are clients who might need a little guidance. Career selection and guidance is an example. There are a number of theories to assist a counselor and the clients. Setting and Client Population I do not currently work in the mental health field. My preferred work setting would be outpatient or school-based therapist. My client of choice would be adolescents and young adults. Assisting the client with career choices and goals would most likely be a big part of my sessions with adolescents. There is usually a big push for them to start the process of college selection. The clients may or may not have an idea what career interests them. Name of Theory John Holland offered a theory that explained how the environment a person chooses could be directly related to the personality (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2012). He believed that there are six personality developments. Holland believes when a person selects a career, he is selecting a way of life (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2012). Second Theory Name The theory of person-environment correspondence (PEC) centers on the individual’s adjustment to...
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...The ancient theory of humor was the most commonly cited medical theory of mental illness. It was first formula of the Greek physician Hippocrates. His theory was that heat was controlled by the balance of the four humors in the body: Phlegm, black bile, red or yellow bile and blood. When one of his humors become relaxed a person would become emotionally and behaviorally disturbed, therefore the bleeding, purifying and other techniques were meant to heal the person. In France after the revolution, Philippe Pinel was a director of the larger Parish Hospital for women. He treated his patients by providing them with assistance to regain their reasoning. His program was very successful. William Tuke opened a similar institution in York at about the same time. His colleagues and he believed that mental illness was just a state of the person’s mind and so it was built to house only 30 people but only a third of that number participated in this program. This time of treatment was called the moral treatment because patients were treated with human care that would help them return to their normal life. In the United States, physicians who were treating the insane were called alienists because it was believed that this disorder was the cause of becoming alienated. By 19th...
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...“weird” ways and how to change these behaviors. There are six concepts that are used to understand abnormal psychology the best. They are; the importance of context in defining and understanding abnormality, the continuum between normal and abnormal behavior, cultural and historical relativism in defining and classifying abnormality, the advantages and limitations of diagnosis, the principle of multiple causality, and the connection between mind and body (Hansell & Damour, 2008, pg. 40). Abnormal psychology has changed over time and is still changing every time a new study is conducted. For many years people believed behavior could only be explained by spirits and demons and not science. As science technology increased so did the way that mental illness and abnormal behavior was explained. Abnormal psychology may be a newer science but the interest in how the mind works has been around forever. Origins of Abnormal Psychology Although abnormal psychology has only been around for about 100 years as field of study, people have always been interested in the concepts behind the field. Dating back all the way to prehistoric times, people have interested in understanding the mind. Archeologists have come across skulls with holes drilled in them as far back as 8,000BC, which indicates that people were interested in the brain (Northern Illinois University, n.d.). During the time of the Greek and Roman civilizations people began to think that there was more to the strange behaviors...
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...Associationism Learning Theory Psychology is a very complex idea to study. With so many different theories written by many different theorists it is almost impossible to say when and how psychology was started. One of the earliest theories is the associationism learning theory which is known as the beginnings of a cognitive theory. Associationism is a theory that explains how items combine in the mind to produce thoughts and learning. Tracing all the way back to Aristotle, this learning theory is quite easy to understand and has a great history of great minds associated with it. The basis of associationism is quite easy to understand. Items are associated in the mind through a person’s experience. These items then form a thought. For example, we know not to touch a pan coming out of the oven because the pan will be hot, and we know that touching something hot will cause pain, therefore we do not touch the pan. Typically there are four principles of associationism which were assumed to hold true for 2000 years; the law of contiguity, the law of frequency, the law of similarity, and the law of contrast. The law of contiguity states that items that are contiguous in time or space are lined by associations (Lucas, 2002). In other words, things or events that occur close to one another tend to get linked together in the mind. If you see a coffee cup you may think of drinking coffee. Psychologists Edwin Ray Guthrie is remembered for his theory of learning based on association...
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...Guideline Questions to Help You in Choosing a Therapy Orientation What are some guidelines for constructing an integrative theory of counseling and psychotherapy? First, you should be able to have a working knowledge of the particular theories from which you will draw and a basic description of why each theory is important and relevant to you as a mental health counselor or therapist. It helps to write out your own integrated approach to counseling. You should demonstrate a balance between your knowledge of the particular theories from which you select and a genuine description of why each theory is important and relevant to you as a clinician or therapist. It is important that you examine in depth your reasons for choosing each theory. The following questions are designed to help you think about the core counseling theory that you are initially adopting YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY THEORIES 1. What are four basic concepts from the theory you are adopting as your core or base theory? 2. What constitutes a problem in your core counseling theory? 3. What are the goals of counseling for the theoretical approach you have chosen? 4. Who establishes the goals in counseling? 5. What is the nature of the relationship between you and the client? 6. What competencies must you have to carry out your role as therapist/counselor? 7. What are the responsibilities of clients during counseling? What is expected of clients? 8. What can the client expect from the therapist—from...
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...As a health and social care practitioner it is important to have a clear understanding of the theories that underpin health and social care, understand the legalities and policies and be aware of the situation that you work within. This allows care staff to provide adequate care to the service users and allow them to feel safe knowing that they are being protected against any harm whilst protecting yourself. Social processes, such as poverty, unemployment, and disability, can impact users of health and social care services. When assisting service users it is important to have an understanding and a knowledge of various structures. Individuals that are born into poverty more than likely come from a lower socio-economic background or area and have a higher rate of being unemployed, lowering their chance opportunity. Unemployment may contribute to a person becoming poor as they might have lost a job that they already held. Mental and physical disabilities can also have an impact on unemployment as an individual may not have the same opportunities as someone who is more able. This may be the situation if an individual is either born with a disability or acquires one in later life. Poverty, unemployment and disabilities can have severe impacts on a person’s life, including depression, drug or alcohol addictions or abuse, homelessness or may lead to some mental health issues. In some cases a service user might have previous history or emotional poverty and/or domestic violence or...
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...THE RELATION OF THEORY TO PRACTICE IN EDUCATION»1»* John Dewey From the Middle Works It is difficult, if not impossible, to define the proper relationship of theory and practice without a preliminary discussion, respectively, (1) of the nature and aim of theory; (2) of practice. A. I shall assume without argument that adequate professional instruction of teachers is not exclusively theoretical, but involves a certain amount of practical work. The primary question as to the latter is the aim with which it shall be conducted. Two controlling purposes may be entertained so different from each other as radically to alter the amount, conditions, and method of practice work. On one hand, we may carry on the practical work with the object of giving teachers in training working command of the necessary tools of their profession; control of the technique of class instruction and management; skill and proficiency in the work of teaching. With this aim in view, practice work is, as far as it goes, of the nature of apprenticeship. On the other hand, we may propose to use practice work as an instrument in making real and vital theoretical instruction; the knowledge of subject-matter and of principles of education. This is the laboratory point of view. The contrast between the two points of view is obvious; and the two aims together give the limiting terms within which all practice work falls. From one point of view, the aim is to form and equip the actual teacher; the aim is immediately...
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...therapist based on the needs of the client(s). Developing a theoretical orientation is essential in practicing because it acts as a guide in the therapeutic process; it helps to make a decision on what theory is most useful. While working with individuals,treatment groups and families having a theoretical orientation can be very useful when decisions are being made about what treatment or intervention to use to provided services to the client(s). It also keeps things organized and on track so that there is no room for mistaken cross interventions or treatment plans. This paper will consist of strategies for developing your Theoretical...
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...doesn’t have a single definition but the term “personality” is more than the part in which individuals take place in. Personality is derived from Latin meaning persona, it is also a type of mask that was used in by roman actors in theatrical performances (Fiest & Fiest, 2009). Personality theorists have developed unique and vital theories, because personality is so different the theorist couldn’t agree to the nature of humanity. An individual’s behavior is defined by the unique and unusual characteristics and traits these consistency add character to the persons personality. Traits can be common, unique or shared by a group, therefore giving individual differences in behavior. Personality can be the quality or condition of being a person. It can also be the pattern of temperamental, emotional, or mental traits of a person, making distinctive qualities to the person. Personalities can determine friends. Personality can also be furnishings that make a room unique. A person’s personality embraces their attitudes, opines, style of thinking, there moods, motivations, speaking, acting, and of course perceiving, these make the individual distinct. Personality theories have been in most cultures throughout recorded history (Fiest & Fiest, 2009). People have to use their personalities in everyday life, from their job to the people in their lives. Some people also see personality in many ways as, the story of the secularization of the human soul. It has also been linked to what it means to be...
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...THEORIES EXPLAINING SOCIAL CRIME In the few past years criminologist have tried to explain why people commit crimes, basing their argument on biological and psychological theories that try to show why people brake laws. One of the crimes explained by these theories is social deviance like murder. There are biological theories like atavism theory by Lombroso Sassari state the reason why people commit murder is because of their biological structure while psychological theory of differential association state that crime like murder is not inherited ,but it is learned from ones environment and exposure. ATAVISM BIOLOGICL THEORY This theory suggest that genetic makeup play a big role in influencing one to commit murder, it argues that a murderous behavior runs through the family blood. it explains that someone is likely to commit murder if a member of his family has ever murdered ,this acts as a motivating factor to commit the crime .this theory was supported by the findings of a research done in Brooklyn America where of the 10 serial killers in the most wanted list in 2006 were related to people charged with murder cases .Atavism theory puts murderous as people who get their encouragement to kill from the people in their family who killed before them, further stating that the DNA of a murder affects his mental state making them inhuman when taking a life, PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION This theory by Edwin states that when one commits murder, genetics do...
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...Research, Statistics, and Psychology Psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior (Kowalski & Westen, 2007, p. 3). During the late 19th century, psychology became an actual science because of the fascination of human behavior. Psychologists use observation to measure human behavior better to understand mental and biological processes, motives, and personality traits. Human behavior may be understood through applied and academic science (Psychology Majors, 2011). Based on this, research using the scientific method is necessary for statistical psychology. Early research and use of scientific method in psychology included the works of Edward Titchener. Titchener used structuralism to explore aspects of the mind. Research through this method focused on introspection, or individual conscious experience. Titchener used a table method similar to a chemistry periodic table to study human behavior. Titchener believed experimentation was the only scientific method to use for the study psychology (Northern Illinois University, 2003). A paradigm in psychology is a set of theoretical assertions that provide a model, abstract picture, or object of study (Kowalski & Westen, 2007, p. 11). A paradigm is a set of shared metaphors that compare any object of study through investigation. Many modern psychologists use innovative approaches to study human behavior to support traditional methods of psychology through use of research using the scientific method...
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...Most experts agree that current employment rates for adults with severe and persistent mental illness (SMD) reflect neither the potential nor their desire of these individuals to work. Numerous barriers contribute to this situation (e.g., stigma, structure of benefits systems, etc.) and efforts are underway at the federal, state and local levels to reduce these cultural and system-level obstacles. While mental health system leaders address these obstacles, experts from other fields must join the effort to expand the knowledge base about work for adults with SMD so that competitive employment can become the rule rather than the exception for members of this population. This research draws on frameworks from industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology related to motivation to work. The central component of the study focuses on working adults with SMD and examines the extent to which the Job Characteristics Model (Hackman and Oldham, 1976), a widely studied model of motivational job design, explains work outcomes for these adults. In addition, principles from Expectancy Theory and personnel selection were applied to the task of explaining differences in motivation to get a job among the population of non-working adults with SMD receiving vocational services. The Ohio Department of Mental Health, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) and the Social Security Administration (SSA) funded the research. The Job Characteristics Model and Working...
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...Psychology uses experiments and observations to analyze data and statistics to form hypothesis and predictions. People can benefit from psychology because, without it, people would not understand the problems of child abuse, autism, and mental disorders, which has an impact on society. However, in an article by Alex B. Berezow, he argued that psychology is not a science because “it doesn’t meet the five basic requirements for a field to be considered scientifically rigorous: clearly defined terminology, quantifiability, highly controlled experimental conditions, reproducibility and, finally, predictability and testability” ("Why Psychology isn’t Science"). Psychology is a science because it employs the scientific method to analyze the human mind and behavior and correlates it to the function of society. The components of the scientific method are theories, hypothesizes, predictions, experiments, and results. Psychologists make observations about the function of society, which uses the scientific method to prove these observations. The theoretical framework of the scientific method is divided into theories, hypothesis, and predictions. A theory explains how and why a phenomenon occurs (Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. 65). Following the theory, the hypothesis is a set of predictions about phenomena. A prediction is the forecast of how data will come out in a...
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...very troubled, sad and insecure woman. In this paper I am going to explore the personality and background of Marilyn Monroe from the viewpoint of developmental psychology. In my exploration of Marilyn Monroes’ background and how I can point out what impacted the young stars life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology I will focus on the influences of her heredity and environment. As well as what family and social support systems influenced Marilyn Monroes’ developmental growth and adjustments. I will also address two different theories of personality I have tied with Marilyn Monroe and lastly I will explain which theoretical approach I believe best explains Marilyns’ achievements and behaviors. I believe that the early childhood development, or should I say lack of played a key role in Marilyn Monroes’ life and her unhappiness. Marilyn Monroe, who was actually born Norma Jean Baker was born into a family that had a long line of mental illness. Marilyns’ great grandfather commited suicide, her uncle went on a run for errands one day only to never be seen again and her mother who had been married and divorced twice prior to Marilyn left her two eldest children to be cared for by neighbors. When Marilyn was only two weeks old her mother left her in the care of foster parents. Marilyns’ biological father is unknown since her mother put false information on her birth certificate. In Marilyns’ early childhood she felt very lonely and unwanted. She...
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...are many developmental theories that are analyzed and compared to one another so we can grasp the different ideas that explain our development. There are five major theories that emphasize the development of mankind. These theories are the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erikson; the behaviorist theories of Pavlov and Skinner and the social learning theory of bandura; Piaget’s cognitive theory; Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory; and Bronfenbrenner’s biological context theory. Even though all of these theories are different and distinct from each other, they all provide a handout to the topic of development. When we look at development there are many theorist that stand by the discontinuous change, which means that our development occurs in distinct steps or stages. The men that fall under this category is Freud, Erikson, and Piaget. Freud’s psychosexual theory focuses on five different stages, in which pleasure, or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part. In Erickson’s psychosocial theory, he explains how society and culture both challenge and shapes us. He also breaks down development in age groups to create the different stages there is to follow when we rely and interact with society. The last stage theorist is Piaget, which brings the idea of the cognitive development. He suggests that human thinking is arranged into schemes, organized mental patterns that represent behavior actions. So these are stage theories that are represented in...
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