...method for collecting further evidence would be to identify three groups of people with anxiety- related problems who were alike in every way except for the anxiety treatment they received What conclusions are most reasonable?- The research evidence collected so far hasn’t yet ruled out alternative explanations for the effects of EMDR Only reasonable conclusions EMDR remains a controversial treatment It seems to have an impact on some clients Further research is needed in order to understand it Critical Thinking helps by prompting you to do some research on each of your options For psychologists: Researching means using scientific methods to gather information about behavior and mental processes Critical Thinking and Scientific Research Psychologists clarify their questions about behavior and mental...
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...THE RELIABILITY OF PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that recognizes and treats mental illness. This science follows a medical model that is considered successful in classifying abnormal behavior. Psychiatrists need medical training in order to diagnose and treat mental disorders following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. However, for more than two centuries, there has been an anti-psychiatry movement that questions the reliability and helpfulness of psychiatric treatments. Many psychiatrists such as Maurice Temerlin(1968) and David Rosenhan(1973) supported some of the objections and criticisms of the anti-psychiatry movement. Rosenhan questioned the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses and accused diagnostic labels of impairing medical judgement. David Rosenhan carried out the study “On Being Sane In Insane Places” through which he wanted to prove that psychiatric diagnoses are not reliable (Rosenhan, 1973). For the first part of the study, eight sane participants (pseudo-patients) pretended to have auditory hallucinations in order to be admitted to psychiatric hospitals in different states across the United States. Participants for the experiment included three psychologists, one psychiatrist, a graduate student, a housewife, a pediatrician, and a painter. The only false information given for admission was their name, job, and the claim of recent auditory hallucinations. All other details regarding their relationships...
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...Case Study of Jim Margie Herndon PSYCH515 September 10, 2012 Dr. Napier-Ionascu Case Study of Jim Abnormal behavior and determining whether it qualifies a person with a mental disorder is complex and incorporates many differing perceptions. No concrete definition is assigned in terming behavior to be abnormal but there are six primary elements recognized. Mental disorders are assigned by professionals according to a classification system. The debate of whether this is the most sufficient system of assignment continues as some argue against the organizational structure based on the history and detail of an individual in classifying them under a label. A case example describing a personality, behaviors, and thought processes of an individual named Jim are analyzed to determine abnormal behavior and mental disorder qualifications. Determining Abnormal Behavior The case example of Jim is a summary of background information of a male named Jim to analyze how factoring the primary elements of abnormal behavior and the definition given by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (2000) fourth edition, to separate from, and then together, prove the complexity in determining the behavior of a person as abnormal and whether or not it would qualify them for a mental disorder. The Six Elements Butcher, Monika, & Hooley (2010) outline the primary elements of abnormal behavior as suffering, maladaptiveness, deviancy, violations of standards of society,...
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...investigation of the mental process and behavior (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). The discipline includes a closer examination of thoughts, how people feel about situations and the way they interact with their environment and react to situations and other people. Problems that may arise when dealing with psychology can be conflict, general unhappiness or depression. Mental disorders/illness are not part of normal human behavior and can lead to problems in relationships as well as harm to the person with the disorder or people close to them. There are a wide range of therapies for such disorders and each situation differs from case to case. A closer examination follows with a contrast of normal and abnormal psychology, mental disorders from the view of psychology and a deeper look into two therapies used for both normal and abnormal psychology. Normal and Abnormal Psychology According to "What Is The Difference Between Normal And Abnormal Psychology" (2015), "The difference between normal and abnormal psychology tends to be one of degree of disruption. Normal psychology is the study of human behavior, with a focus on “normal” or average, socially-acceptable traits and behaviors. Abnormal psychology, by contrast, is the study of unusual human behavior, and includes the study of mental disorders.” (para. 1). The standard of normal versus abnormal psychology can be very apparent, or it can be subtle. It is frequently easy for an eccentric manifestation of behavior to be viewed as abnormal...
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...Case Study Jim Paper Case Study Jim Paper Abstract This document will take a look at a case, the case will be regarding Jim, an individual that has difficulties with being socially accepted and deals with awkwardness, being accepted into groups, and keeping relationships with family and friends. Throughout the document, we will examine six different elements related to this situation that Jim is dealing with. By taking a look at the six elements regarding Jim’s behaviors, we will delve into the DSM-IV looking at each of the six elements and we will attempt to isolate the disorder in the DSM-IV that fits Jim’s situation. In these pages, it is hoped that we can find a rational explanation to what mental disorder Jim is dealing with as stated in the DSM-IV according to the definitions available. Lastly, we will examine the benefits and disadvantages of having the DSM-IV classify disorders according to the information-contained in-between the covers of the DSM-IV. Case Study Jim Abnormal, what is it and is it something that is a simple explanation or does the word abnormal have many different facets to its definition. The word abnormal has many different elements to its portfolio; abnormal is not a one-word answer to all situations making this word complex in all the possible ways it can be used from a simple abnormal case to abnormal adding a multitude of complex issues to one case. Although abnormal is a complex explanation, many professionals will agree that abnormal...
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...psychology by completing 4 years of graduate training in abnormal functioning and its treatment and they also complete a one year internship at a mental hospital or mental health agency. Clinical Scientists: They are worker's in the field of abnormal psychology that gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study. Psychiatrists: They are Physicians who complete 3 or 4 additional years of training after medical school residency in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning. And they can prescribe psychotropic medications. Social Workers: They hold an M.S.W. Master of social work, they are not trained in psychological assessment. They are trained to perform psychotherapy, with a particular emphasis on connecting people with community and support services. Marriage and Family Therapists: They treat families as well as couples. Focusing on the ways in which these relationship's impact a variety of mental health issues. Psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers can all offer psychotherapy. 2. Often people who are labeled that have psychological disorder's, are discriminated against. I.E. they are sometimes seen essentially different from those without labels, being linked to deviant or undesirable attributes. Some of difficulties with stigma are it is almost impossible for people with mental illnesses to receive insurance coverage, some are deemed not stable enough to vote, or unite in marriage, as well as holding public office...
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...Psychology is a science; therefore, it relies on scientific research to study behaviors and mental processes. In comparison to personal observations and experiences, scientific research is systematic and usually requires collaboration among researchers. The scientific approach is characterized by four ideals: curiosity, skepticism, objectivity, and critical thinking. In the process of conceptualizing the problem, the researcher chooses the research method that better addresses the research topic. Psychologists rely on three basic types of research methods to perform their studies of behaviors and mental processes: descriptive, correlational, and experimental. Descriptive methods involve systematic observations and recording of behaviors. The four types of descriptive methods are observations, surveys and interviews, standardized tests, and case studies. Observations can take placed in natural settings or in laboratories. It is important to keep in mind the fact that nothing is manipulated. Case studies provide an in-depth examination of a single individual, from which the results may not be easily generalized to other people. Surveys or questionnaires require subjects to read questions and mark their answers. In naturalistic observation, the psychologist observes behavior in real-world settings and makes no attempt to manipulate or control the situation. Since the control of variables is prohibited, single cases may be misleading thus providing a disadvantage in this research method...
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...scientific study of behavior and mental processes. B. The Influence of Philosophy and Phsiology – the earliest origins of psychology can be traced back several centuries to the writings of the great philosophers. C. Wihelm Wundt Founder of Psychology—use scientific method to study fundamental psychological processes. Founder of pshyc. German opened the 1st building for psychology in germany. D. Edward B. Titchener: Structuralism – Astablish the 1st major school of thought called structuralism. E. William James: Functionalism – school of functionalism adapt to environment stressed how we learned. F. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis – Most concept there of pshy. Father of psychonaly is study of unconice with sex and aggression. G. John B. Watson: Behaviorism – emerged as a dominating force. Emphasis on consciousness promoted by structuralism and functionalism. (Behaviorism – school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning) H. Carl Rogers: Humanistic Psychology – good self a steam tell them they can be anything. Study concent experience develop human potential humanism (Humanistic psychology – School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction). Contemporary Psychology A. Major Perspectives in Psychology 1. Biological – Biological psychologists study the physical...
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...sensitive and understanding of clients cultural and religious beliefs. Mental illness goes often untreated which is worsened if culturally you do not believe in it. The following case study is of a 21 year old male Abdul of Arab descent who is reportedly exhibiting erratic violent behavior towards his family. While working with Abdul and his family the social worker must always be ready to educate the clients on possible issues, which will not be an easy task when working with people from different cultures, whom will have different costumes. It is vital to understand that...
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...gotten out of hand, especially in the hands of the officers behind the badge. There have been lots cases where police officers misuse their power and authority, some more extreme than others. The power given to police officers, correctional officers, and even people in authoritative positions, gives them the impression that they can do what they please because they are above the law. This happens way too often and can cause a lot of issues within the justice system. A psychology professor from Yale University, Stanley Milgram conducted a study that demonstrated the power that is given to a person and how they decide to use it (Gross, 22). The study that was conducted by Milgram involved participants placed randomly in two groups of “teachers” and “learners”. Participants were told the experiment was studying memory, but the study was actually proving that violent behavior is an ordinary occurrence in human behavior. Participants in the “teacher” group were given the power of sending an electric shock to the “learners” who were answering questions to do with memory (Gross, 22). This study was falsely given because there was actually no electric shock sent to the “learners”. The experimenters would play a recording of shouts simulating pain of receiving shocks due to answering memory questions wrong. One example in the experiment that proved the theory of having violent behavior was when a “learner” explained that they had a heart problem and they did not want to proceed...
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...TOPIC 1: MENTAL DISORDERS AND CRIME 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO MENTAL DISORDER A mental disorder is depicted as a significant behavioral or psychological pattern, which leads to distress or impairment in important areas of functioning or a higher risk of suffering from pain, disability, loss of freedom and death (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Mental disorder affects a person’s mood, thinking and also behavior. The general types of mental disorders include mood disorder, anxiety disorders, personality disorders and psychotic disorders. 2.0 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF MENTAL DISORDERS These signs may include the feelings of excessive anxiety, intense fear, odd speech or thinking patterns, marked changes in behavior and mood, withdrawal from social interaction and the lost of interest in activities that are normally enjoyed. 3.0 THE LINK BETWEEN MENTAL DISORDERS AND CRIME Personally, I think that there is a positive correlation between mental disorders and crime. However, not all individuals with mental disorders are certain to commit crime. The possibility of crime being committed by these individuals may depend on external factors which trigger their biological predisposition to violate the rights of others. In the following discussion, I have included several studies which stated that mental disorders may lead to crime. 3.1 SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION & AGGRESSION Results from a study have shown that individuals with psychotic disorders were...
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...schizophrenia, have their own perspective of reality. Schizophrenics live in a world that is distorted and often is filled with hallucinations, delusions and disordered thinking. People with schizophrenia often seem distant, or preoccupied, when engaged in conversation. However, schizophrenics also exhibit very different kinds of behavior at odd times (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999).NIMH, 1999 Researchers at the Mayo Clinic (1998) claim that, "Schizophrenia affects approximately 1 percent of the population worldwide, including more that 2 million Americans," In any given year, this surprising amount of people are affected. Women are usually affected with symptoms of the psychotic state in the twenties to early thirties. Some only have one psychotic episode, while others may have episodes throughout their lifetimes, but lead normal lives during the periods between episodes. However, people with "chronic" schizophrenia have a continuous or recurring pattern of the illness. They often do not fully recover their normal functioning and they usually require long-term treatment to control the symptoms (NIMH,1999). There are five different cases of schizophrenia. These five types are Schizoaffective Disorder, Residual Schizophrenia, Paranoid Schizophrenia, Disorganized Schizophrenia, and Catatonic Schizophrenia (ZYPREXA, 2004). People with Schizoaffective disorder have not only symptoms of schizophrenia but also mood...
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...CH.1 DEFINITIONS 1. Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. 2. Industrial/organizational psychology is often referred to as I/O psychology and is the focus of the work staffs mental and physical wellbeing to increase productivity. 3. Conscious processes are processes a person makes and is conscious of it. 4. Clinical psychology is the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. 5. Psychiatry is the assessment and treatment of mental disorders by the use of medical drugs. 6. Distinction between psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis psychology is a science of human behavior and mental processes, psychiatry is a medical professional concerned with the treatment of mental disorders with prescription drugs, and psychoanalysis is the study of a person’s unconscious mind. 7. Empirical investigation the factual recording of information that is observed. 8. Hypothesis is a predicted outcome based on information that is most likely to happen and is part of the scientific method. 9. Independent variable is when a researcher gives one group a stimulus and the other a placebo the stimulus group is the independent variable and the placebo group is the dependent because the participants are measured by their responsiveness. 10. Experimental group and control groups are different in the way that the experimental...
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...John Article: “Diagnosis and Behaviors They Denote” Stigmatization is a big issue then psychology profession faces every day. The theory of labeling can cause an effect on the individual and the society together. The author of this article, John Ruscio is a psychologist who examined a few cases to show how labeling is a challenge for others. Do the mentally ill suffer from social rejection from stigmatization? These case studies give a few examples on the few from both perspectives. He makes good points from his examples, and then in the end shows his perceptions and his advice on how to change this social problem. Pseudo patients and Pseudoscience There were eight mentally stable patients that pretended to act insane and fake their symptoms to be checked into a mental hospital. After diagnosed with schizophrenia, the patients stopped faking their symptoms. When the hospital staff could see the patients “sanity”, they were discharged after a 19 day stay from the mental hospital. The observations from inside of the hospital showed that the labels from the psychologist will remain with the patient for the rest of their life. The “insane are not always insane”, and occasional behavior, will still receive a label of illness in mental hospitals. Patients, Job Applications, and Psychological Disturbance A group of psychologists were asked to watch a muted video tape of an interview occurring. One group was told that the interviewee was a mental illness patient, as the other...
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...been studied since ancient time under the faculty of philosophy. The word psychology was derived from Greek word 'psyche' and 'logos' literal meaning of which was 'soul' and 'study' respectively. The definition of psychology had ever been in the process of change since then. The development of psychology can broadly be traced into four periods: Ancient Greek period, per-modern period, modern period and current status 1. Greek period: Greek philosophers had contributed much for the development of psychology. Some of the key contributors were Socrates was interested in studying the reincarnation of soul. Soul or mind was considered as the representation of individuals. Plato, a bright student of Socrates expanded Socrates concepts in philosophy about life and soul. It was Aristotle who wrote first book in psychology called Para Psyche; about the mind or soul. In the book, he introduced the basic ideas in psychology today, like law of association. However, the notion of psychology was primarily related to study of soul or mind at that stage. Later on it was found that physical existence of soul was doubtful. Also, there was controversy in defining soul and mind among the philosopher. The contributors of the period never focused on the behavior of individual. That is why the attention was diverted from the study of soul or mind 2. Pre-modern period it was during 1800's that psychology was established as an independent discipline. It was the work of Wilhelm Wundt and William James...
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