...MANAGING CULTURAL INTEGRATION IN CROSS-BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Daniel R. Denison, Bryan Adkins and Ashley M. Guidroz ABSTRACT Cross-border M&A has become one of the leading approaches for firms to gain access to global markets. Yet there has been little progress in the research literature exploring the role that culture may play in the success of these ventures. Poor culture-fit has often been cited as one reason why M&A has not produced the outcomes organizations hoped for (Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). Cross-border M&A has the added challenges of having to deal with both national and organizational culture differences. In this chapter we review the literature on cultural integration in cross-border M&A and provide a framework designed to help manage the integration process throughout the M&A lifecycle. This framework presents culture assessment and integration as a crucial component to reducing poor culture-fit as a barrier to M&A success. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become a central part of most corporate growth strategies, and an increasing portion of that M&A activity now spans national borders. Indeed, beyond a certain scale, one might say that all M&A is now cross-border M&A. For example, even a merger Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 6, 95–115 Copyright r 2011 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISSN: 1535-1203/doi:10.1108/S1535-1203(2011)0000006008 95 96 DANIEL R. DENISON ET AL. between two large...
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...MANAGING CULTURAL INTEGRATION IN CROSS-BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Daniel R. Denison, Bryan Adkins and Ashley M. Guidroz ABSTRACT Cross-border M&A has become one of the leading approaches for firms to gain access to global markets. Yet there has been little progress in the research literature exploring the role that culture may play in the success of these ventures. Poor culture-fit has often been cited as one reason why M&A has not produced the outcomes organizations hoped for (Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). Cross-border M&A has the added challenges of having to deal with both national and organizational culture differences. In this chapter we review the literature on cultural integration in cross-border M&A and provide a framework designed to help manage the integration process throughout the M&A lifecycle. This framework presents culture assessment and integration as a crucial component to reducing poor culture-fit as a barrier to M&A success. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become a central part of most corporate growth strategies, and an increasing portion of that M&A activity now spans national borders. Indeed, beyond a certain scale, one might say that all M&A is now cross-border M&A. For example, even a merger Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 6, 95–115 Copyright r 2011 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISSN: 1535-1203/doi:10.1108/S1535-1203(2011)0000006008 95 96 DANIEL R. DENISON ET AL. between...
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...RSM M.Sc. in Strategic Management Master thesis Learning from M&A: the impact of the different types of distance Dr. Yang Fan (Supervisor) Dr. Jatinder Sidhu (Co-reader) Alexandre Favre ID 402770 Completed the 14th of June 2014 1 Preface: The copyright of the Master thesis rests with the author. The author is responsible for its contents. RSM is only responsible for the educational coaching and cannot be held liable for the content 2 Contenu 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Literature review ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 International mergers and acquisitions ................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Mergers and acquisitions’ experience and performance implications .......................................... 10 2.3 The impact of the type of distance on the merger and acquisition’s learning process ............................. 12 2.3.1 Cultural distance............................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Administrative distance ................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Geographic...
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...FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MNEs, JVs, and M&As Osho Aquila Adeolu Student number: 2302887 Mergers and Acquisitions, Case Study: JP Morgan Chase &Co Oulu Business School 2013 1 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 2 2 HISTORY AND THE M&A PROCESS ............................................................................................. 3 2.1 History .......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 The M&A process ......................................................................................................................... 3 3 MOTIVES OF M&A ........................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Challenges and human side during the merger process ................................................................ 6 3.2 Strategy used by JP Morgan Chase in solving some challenges ................................................... 7 3.3 The success factor of JP Morgan Chase Merger ........................................................................... 8 4 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................ 10 References ................................
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...E The Institution-Based View as a Third Leg for a Strategy Tripod by Mike W. Peng, Sunny Li Sun, Brian Pinkham, and Hao Chen Executive Overview This article identifies the emergence of the institution-based view as a third leading perspective in strategic management (the first two being the industry-based and resource-based views). We (a) review the roots of the institution-based view, (b) articulate its two core propositions, and (c) outline how this view contributes to the four fundamental questions in strategy. Overall, we suggest that the institution-based view represents the third leg of a strategy tripod, overcomes the long-standing criticisms of the industrybased and resource-based views’ lack of attention to contexts, and contributes significant new insights as part of the broader intellectual movement centered on new institutionalism. A s part of a broader intellectual movement centered on new institutionalism throughout the social sciences in recent decades (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983, 1991; North, 1990, 2005; Scott, 1987, 1995, 2008b; Williamson, 1975, 1985), strategic management researchers have increasingly realized that institutions are more than background conditions (Oliver, 1997; Peng & Heath, 1996). Instead, “institutions directly determine what arrows a firm has in its quiver as it struggles to formulate and implement strategy” (Ingram & Silverman, 2002, p. 20, emphasis added). Consequently, an institution-based view of strategic management...
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...Non-financial risk assessment in mergers, acquisitions and investments Identifying sources of business risk in the ICT industry Bachelors thesis Erik Allenstr¨m, 1984-11-26 o Fredrik Njurell, 1984-01-30 ¨ Tutor: Osten Ohlsson January 14, 2010 Abstract The number of company mergers and acquisition activities has increased dramatically the last two decades. The reasons for conducting these activities are many and the uncertainties of their results are high. To reduce the uncertainties when making an investment, merger or acquisition it is vital to do a thorough assessment of the risks involved with the activity. This thesis focuses on a specific part of this risk assessment, namely the non-financial risks. Mergers and acquisitions are done in almost all industries around the world and the reasons for and benefits of these activities can vary between industries. We have chosen to investigate the risk assessment of non-financial risks in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry. The thesis aims at investigating what business characteristics, for companies in the ICT industry, that give rise to non-financial risks that must be assessed when doing investments, mergers or acquisitions. Further on we present a risk pattern that points out what business characteristics that are the most important when conducting a risk assessment of non-financial risks on companies in the ICT industry. From a literature study we find evidence that ten different business characteristics are of...
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...Literature review of strategy implementation and strategy process frameworks Introduction Great strategies are worth nothing if they cannot be implemented (Okumus and Roper 1999). It can be extended to say that better to implement effectively a second grade strategy than to ruin a first class strategy by ineffective implementation. Less than 50% of formulated strategies get implemented (Mintzberg 1994; Miller 2002; Hambrick and Canella 1989). Every failure of implementation is a failure of formulation. The utility of any tool lies in its effective usage and so is the case with strategy. Strategy is the instrument through which a firm attempts to exploit opportunities available in the business environment. The performance of a firm is a function of how effective it is in converting a plan into action and executing it. Thus implementation is the key to performance, given an appropriate strategy. In literature, implementation has been defined as “the process by which strategies and policies are put into action through the development of programs, budgets and procedures” (Wheelan and Hunger pp15). This involves the design or adjustment of the organisation through which the administration of the enterprise occurs. This includes changes to existing roles of people, their reporting relationships, their evaluation and control mechanisms and the actual flow of data and information through the communication channels which support the enterprise (Chandler 1962; Hrebiniak and Joyce...
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...topic of new technological developments has been of interest to strategy scholars (Ansoff and Stewart, 1967; Cooper and Schendel, 1976; Rosenbloom and Cusamano, 1987; Rothaermel, 2001a, 2001b; Tushman and Anderson, 1986). Scholars have repeatedly focused on this topic as innovation and new product development are critical for a firm’s survival and growth (Penrose, 1995) and have stated that one of the core competencies needed to develop new technologies is the ability to assimilate and recombine knowledge in unique combinations (Rosenkopf and Nerkar, 2001). Simply put, successful innovation and new product development require the ability to create and use new knowledge to offer novel products or services to customers. Research indicates that firms who possess prior experience are in a better position to innovate (Carroll et al., 1996; Henderson and Cockburn, 1994; Klepper and Simons 2000; Nerkar and Roberts, 2004). Prior studies have also highlighted the importance of knowledge and experience in enabling firms to successfully adapt to changes in technology (Bartel and Lichtenberg, 1987, 1991; Siegel, 1999; Siegel et al., 1997). This stream of literature specifically states that a firm’s technological and product-market experience enables it to “combine knowledge elements into valuable new products” (Nerkar and Roberts, 2004). Although this research stream makes valuable contributions to the innovation literature, it...
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...and maintain their position in the market place . Although often seen as a relatively fast and efficient way to expand into new markets and incorporate new technologies, the success of cross-border alliances is by no means assured . To the contrary, such alliances often fall short of their stated goals and objectives . While some failures can be explained by financial and market factors, the failure of others can be traced to neglected human resource issues and activities associated with managing the cultural diversity present in these organizations . This chapter describes the special challenges that cultural diversity creates for effectively managing human resources within cross-border alliances . Drawing upon the extensive literature regarding the management of domestic alliances and domestic diversity, we offer suggestions for how human resource management practices might be used to improve the success of cross-border alliances . Regardless of industry, it appears that it has become all but impossible in our global environment for firms to successfully compete without growing and expanding through deals that result in cross-border alliances (CBAs) (Lucenko, 2000) . In some industries, e .g., insurance, cross-border alliances provide a means for moving into new markets . In other industries, e .g., pharmaceuticals and software technology, small enterprises that are developing new products may enter into alliances with larger firms that can more efficiently...
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...Table of Contents Abstract iii Introduction 1 1.1 HR strategies for an organisation 1 1.2 Assessment of HR strategies and its application 1 British Airways HR strategies 2 2.1 Contemporary issues affecting SHRM 4 2.2 Analysis of contemporary issues affecting SHRM 5 Impact of the merger on SHRM at British Airways 5 Conclusion 6 References 7 Abstract This report is based on the employee relations at British Airways (BA). It includes four main HR strategies which are applicable to British Airways for resolving employee relation issue. Moreover, other HR strategies are also highlighted which are used in the organization. Moreover, merger of BA with Iberia is also discussed and its impact on strategic HRM. Introduction Employee relations with employer have been remained a biggest challenge to British Airways. Due to outsourcing and cost cutting business strategy, BA experienced industrial disputes. Employees go on strikes. It hits the passengers during the peak seasons of New Year or Christmas. Employee relation is a biggest issue. BA employs a diversified workforce, therefore, disputes between employees and employer occurs frequently. There are some HR strategies that are applicable to BA for strengthening relation between employees and employer. 1.1 HR strategies for an organisation There are various HR strategies designed for organization to attract and retain the employees. These strategies are rewarding, learning and development, engaging employees...
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...FNCE90012 Mergers & Value Enhancing Strategies Semester 1, 2015 Lecture 1: Fundamentals Lecture 1: Fundamentals Overview of Lecture 1. Fundamentals – Takeovers, acquisitions, and mergers – Three examples – Types of mergers 2. Ownership and Control 3. Merger Statistics 4. Why Do Mergers Occur? Readings • Brealy, Myers, Allen, 2011, Principles of Corporate Finance, 10th edition, Chapter 31. 1 1. Fundamentals 2 Takeovers, Acquisitions, Mergers and Schemes • Takeover – One firm (the bidder) acquires control of another firm (the target) by purchasing the voting shares of the target from the shareholders of the target – The consideration paid by the bidder may be cash and or shares (in the bidder) – Usually conducted on a hostile basis whereby the managers of the bidder do not consult with the managers of the target firm prior to launching the bid – A full takeover involves the bidder acquiring 100% control of the target. A partial takeover involves the bidder acquiring less than 100% control. Takeovers, Acquisitions, Mergers and Schemes • Acquisitions – In general, the purchase of an asset by a firm – Includes purchases of single assets from a supplier or the purchase of the business undertaking and assets of another firm or the purchase of the voting shares of another firm Takeovers, Acquisitions, Mergers and Schemes • Merger – A negotiated deal between the managers of the bidder and the managers of the target which effectively results in...
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...Anatomy of a merger: behavior of organizational factors and processes throughout the pre- duringpost-stages (part 1) Steven H. Appelbaum Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Joy Gandell Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Harry Yortis Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Shay Proper Montreal Stock Exchange, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Francois Jobin Kruger, Inc., Trois-Rivie Âres, Quebec, Canada Keywords Mergers and acquisitions, Organizational behaviour, Process efficiency, Managers Introduction Since the late 1980s, the total number of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has far surpassed the number that occurred throughout the 1960s. Whereas the M&As throughout the 1960s were mainly due to unions between conglomerates, the 1980s and 1990s has witnessed an increase in M&As between firms of different sizes and different industry types (Tetenbaum, 1999). The trend to engage in this type of vertical integration or diversification does not seem to show signs of diminishing in the near future. Yet, at best, the firm that initiates the merger usually only achieves normal economic profits while the value created rests almost solely with the firm that was approached (Barney, 1997). The primary purpose of merging and acquiring new firms is usually to improve overall performance (Lubatkin, 1983) by achieving synergy, or the more commonly described as the ``2 + 2 = 5'' effect (Cartwright and Cooper, 1993a; Hovers, 1971) between two business units that will increase...
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...Anatomy of a merger: behavior of organizational factors and processes throughout the pre- duringpost-stages (part 1) Steven H. Appelbaum Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Joy Gandell Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Harry Yortis Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Shay Proper Montreal Stock Exchange, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Francois Jobin Kruger, Inc., Trois-Rivie Âres, Quebec, Canada Keywords Mergers and acquisitions, Organizational behaviour, Process efficiency, Managers Introduction Since the late 1980s, the total number of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has far surpassed the number that occurred throughout the 1960s. Whereas the M&As throughout the 1960s were mainly due to unions between conglomerates, the 1980s and 1990s has witnessed an increase in M&As between firms of different sizes and different industry types (Tetenbaum, 1999). The trend to engage in this type of vertical integration or diversification does not seem to show signs of diminishing in the near future. Yet, at best, the firm that initiates the merger usually only achieves normal economic profits while the value created rests almost solely with the firm that was approached (Barney, 1997). The primary purpose of merging and acquiring new firms is usually to improve overall performance (Lubatkin, 1983) by achieving synergy, or the more commonly described as the ``2 + 2 = 5'' effect (Cartwright and Cooper, 1993a; Hovers, 1971) between two business units that will increase...
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...MSc International Business and Management The Dynamics of Market Entry and Expansion Strategy in Emerging Markets: The Case of Wal-Mart in Latin America Dino Ovcina Author: Dino Ovcina Supervisor: Dr. Jeremy A Head Institution: Sheffield Business School at Sheffield Hallam University Program: MSc International Business and Management Module: Dissertation Date of Submission: 21 April, 2010 Abstract This research investigates the internationalization process and potential issues related to market entry and expansion strategies. It focuses on Wal-Mart's entry and expansion strategies into the Emerging Markets of Latin America, and discusses the different entry and expansion decisions being made by the company. Furthermore, the research critically evaluates the dynamic challenges facing developed country firms in their market entry and expansion strategies in emerging markets. Its contribution to the existing literature is its focus on the dynamics of entry modes in emerging markets. The research, based on an inductive approach, has been conducted as a case study by the use of secondary data. Wal-Mart began its internationalization by entering the two geographically nearest markets, namely Mexico and Canada. The entry into Mexico, which occurred 1991, was the first strategic move aiming at reaching the company’s overall goal of becoming the leading player in Latin America. Mexico together with Brazil are the two main emerging markets of Latin America characterized...
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...Economics for Everyone: Going Global–FDI Fables–FDI in Multibrand Retail......................................................... 2 Special report - Business in India: Inbound and outbound deals: Their oyste ....................................................... 12 Growing confidence dented by politicians .............................................................................................................. 16 BEST CROSS - BORDER M&A DEAL .................................................................................................................. 18 The Literature on Chinese Outward FDI ................................................................................................................ 19 Page 1 of 36 © 2012 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Economics for Everyone: Going Global–FDI Fables–FDI in Multibrand Retail Economics for Everyone: Going Global–FDI Fables–FDI in Multibrand Retail India Infoline News Service 5,801 words 2 May 2012 Indiainfoline News Service INFOIN English Copyright © 2012. Indiainfoline Ltd. FDI- Foreign Direct Investment Context: NEWS FDI in multi-brand retail to go ahead,TNN (TIMES OF INDIA) Govt says committed to multi-brand retail FDI FE BUREAU Aviation FDI: Cautious, Centre set to take allies on board, BUSINESS STANDARD India has been ranked at the third place in global foreign direct investments in 2009 and will continue to remain among the top five attractive destinations for international investors during 2010-11...
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