...1) Which of the six colors of the rainbow is refracted the greatest? Out of the 7 colors of the rainbow, Violet is refracted the greatest. 2) What is a mirage and why does it always disappear as the observer gets closer? A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. Mirages appear at very low viewing angles, when you are far away. As you approach, the viewing angle increases and the mirage disappears, or moves farther away. The reflection of heat dissipates in the human eye causing the mirage or blur to vanish. 3) If you were looking for a rainbow in the morning, which direction (N, S, E, W) would you face and why? It is best to look towards the west. Rainbows always appear in the opposite side of the sky away from the sun. 4) What is a halo? A Halo is a burst of light produced by ice crystals creating colored or white arcs and spots in the sky. Many are near the sun or moon but others are elsewhere and even in the opposite part of the sky. They can also form around artificial lights in very cold weather when ice crystals called diamond dust are floating in the nearby air. 5) Why is the sky blue? The sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light on a cloudless day. When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colors because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line...
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...In the following I will discuss the atmosphere of the late Cretaceous (end of the dinosaur era) and how it may have contributed to the extinction events that occurred at the end of this era. I will also discuss how scientists determine the composition of ancient atmospheres. The Cretaceous period was from 145 to 65.5 million years ago. You had the early cretaceous epoch and the late cretaceous epoch. Mass extinction happened and comprised of 80-90% of marine species and 85% of land species, including the dinosaurs. About half of all life-forms died out, including the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ammonites, and many families of fish, snails, sponges, sea urchins (Benton, 2003). The meteor impact inhibited photosynthesis. The atmosphere was filled with dust cloud which blocked the sunlight for at least a year. Sulfuric acid was injected into the stratosphere. This also created a reduction in sunlight to the Earth by 20%. Because the atmosphere was filled with this acid and dust clouds the plant life and small creatures would die off. It takes at least 10 years for the atmosphere to clear itself of these pollutants. An impact such as this can also produce acid rain. There are many animals that can not handle acid rain. Therefore, this would also play a part in extinction of species. (www.tulane.edu). When it comes to how scientists determine the composition of ancient atmospheres, I found the following; “Ages of ice samples found on the Earth cover a span approaching...
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...TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) UNDERTAKEN AT THE NIGERIAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY (NIMET), ZARIA, KADUNA STATE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA BY SOLOMON IFETAYO ONASANYA U09GS1052 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BSC GEOGRAPHY JUNE – NOVEMEBER, 2012 CERTIFICATION I, Solomon Ifetayo Onasanya with Reg. No: U09GS1052 hereby certify that this report was written by me as part of the experience acquired during my SIWES at the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Zaria, Kaduna State, under the supervision of: ______________________ ________________________ Mrs. Maria Abubakar Date Department SIWES Supervisor (First visit) _________________________ ________________________ Mr. S. Abubakar Date Department SIWES Supervisor (Second visit) __________________________ ________________________ Dr. I.J. Musa Date Head of department ___________________________ ________________________ A. U. Kibbon Date Departmental SIWES Coordinator DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty who has given me the strength, grace and wisdom required for this SIWES programme and the successful completion of it. This work is also dedicated to my parent Mr. Onasanya Solomon whom God has being using to sponsor my academic programme. Finally, this work...
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...contributors to modern-day meteorology. It was through his extensive research in the general circulations, that modern day weather forecasting has emerged to what it has become today. Rossby had a well-established career in the geosciences, with a broad educational background. It wasn’t until later in his life did he come to publish his greatest works. Rossby published three works in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s that involve potential vorticity, which would help establish the ground work for his most famous work on Rossby waves. The 1936 paper shows the conservation of potential vorticity in a hydrostatic, shallow fluid state, while the 1938 paper is an extension to the highly stratified hydrostatic flow, this time using isentropic coordinates. The term potential vorticity is actually never used until the 1940 paper where it is introduced. The 1939 work by Rossby is considered by some the most famous work contributed by Rossby, as he explains the semipermanent centers of action which would become the well-known Rossby waves. INTRODUCTION When people think of meteorology, the first names to appear are John Dalton, Gabriel Fahrenheit, William Ferrel, and Anders Celsius. These men are the founders of modern meteorology and made tremendous contributions to the field. These names appear in many text books and are known throughout the world. However one such name that is only known in the science of Meteorology and not so much outside is...
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...responsibilities, school, and decisions to make about our lives. Unfortunately, that meant we had to go our separate ways. Since we last spoke, I graduated from Eastern Illinois University where I received my master’s degree in Meteorology and a minor in Broadcasting. After graduating from EIU I had an amazing opportunity to study climatology in Australia for a year. When I came back to the States, WSMU in Nashville, Tennessee offered me a job in the Weather department, delivering weather on weekends and early news programs. Being a meteorologist is a challenging and sometime frustrating job that I must admit I love. I analyze data daily to determine what the weather will bring to the lives of thousands of people. No two days are alike in the world of meteorology. I remember a blizzard in January 2022 that the computer models failed to predict. The entire region was at a standstill for days under 14 inches of snow. I heard about that for months. I tucked my tail in and studied the storm, to help me foresee similar weather patterns in the future. In high school, if you remember, I always thought I wanted to become a pediatric nurse to help save lives. After my first year at college, I became interested in meteorology and how important the job was for everyday life. So, I decided to save lives in a different way. My family thought I had lost my mind, because I was always scared of storms. As a meteorologist, I am able to use my...
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...location. The forensic meteorologist is responsible for investigating the overall role of weather and how it affects forest fires, traffic accidents, and other unusual events. Forensic meteorologists utilize scientific, factual data; therefore, their expertise can be used within a courtroom setting. A research meteorologist is responsible for developing new techniques and methods for observation, data collection, and forecasting of weather changes. Research meteorologists may utilize their expertise and knowledge to predict severe weather patterns and why or how the patterns may occur. When you decide to pursue any of the aforementioned fields, you will need to obtain a Bachelor’s degree in meteorology, atmospheric science, or earth science. Furthermore, if you wish to pursue a research meteorology position, you...
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...Improvements in Weather Detection in Aviation Anfernee Emerenciana Florida Institute of Technology Abstract When it comes to flying, planning is everything; one of the biggest things that pilots need to take in to account is namely the weather. There are two key components when it comes to weather planning: forecasting and detection. The FAA and other meteorological organizations are continuously coming up with improvements and new ways to give pilots the necessary weather information needed in order successfully and safely do the flight. This paper will discuss how weather detection and forecasting have improved over the years, what the current developments are, and also what is still left to be done in order to ensure proper planning and overall safety for the flight The Federal Aviation Administration is a federal branch that focuses on the overall safety and regulations in regards to aviation in the United States. A pilot is required to get a weather briefing before each flight. These weather briefings are offered by the FAA in conjunction with Lockheed Martin. The weather briefings provide weather information products that give important information in regards to winds, cloud ceilings, icing hazards and turbulence. According to Gloria J Kulesa (2004), the weather phenomena’s that have the greatest impacts are: in-flight icing, turbulence, convective weather, cloud ceilings and visibilities. While traveling, one of the greatest annoyances is flight delays. Most flight delays...
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...What is the difference between weather and climate? WEATHER -is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term variation in minutes to weeks. People generally think of weather as the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind. We talk about changes in weather in terms of the near future: "How hot is it right now?" "What will it be like today?" and "Will we get a snowstorm this week?" * Weather includes sunshine, rain, cloud cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet, freezing rain, flooding, blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms, steady rains from a cold front or warm front, excessive heat, heat waves and more. * The study of weather is called as Meteorology. * Weather is for a current period. * It prevails over a short area. * It has only limited predictability * It depends primarily on density (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. CLIMATE-is the weather of a place averaged over a period of time, often 30 years. Climate information includes the statistical weather information that tells us about the normal weather, as well as the range of weather extremes for a location. * Climate may include precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, and wind velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms over a long period of time. * The study of climate is called as Climatology. * Climate is the area's average weather over a certain amount of years. * It prevails...
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...generations. A stand-alone view of various phenomena will not serve any purpose as any independent model is unable to sustain the variability of the complexities involved in the earth and ocean sciences, which are gradually converging. It has therefore become imperative to understand the interdependence and coupling of geological sciences and oceanography. The combined approach to earth and ocean sciences is also the key to predicting and managing natural disasters or hazards like earthquakes, cyclones, floods, tsunami, etc. In this context, in a significant development in India, a Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) was formed in July 2006 by restructuring the former Ministry of Ocean Development. The MoES deals with matters relating to meteorology, seismology, climate and environmental science and related earth sciences including ocean science and technology. It facilitates an integrated view of earth systems viz., ocean, atmosphere and land to provide best possible services in respect of ocean resources, ocean state, monsoon, cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, climate change, etc. The MoES oversees research in earth system sciences, forecast monsoons and other climate parameters, ocean state, earthquakes, tsunamis and earth science phenomena. The ministry also supports industry in science, aviation, water resources, aquaculture, agriculture, etc., by disseminating weather information. It also develops and coordinates science and technology related to oceans, Polar Regions besides...
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...Mitigation potential of climate-optimal trajectory planning in the North Atlantic Flight corridor Sigrun Matthes1 , Volker Grewe2, Christine Frömming2, Sabine Brinkop2, DLR German Aerospace Center, 82334 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Thierry Champougny3 EUROCONTROL, 1130 Brussels, Belgium Amund O. Sovde4 CICERO, 0349 Oslo, Norway and Emma Irvine5 University of Reading, UK Mitigation of aviation climate impact is one strategic goal spelled out for a durable development of air traffic. Operational measures to identify climate-optimal aircraft trajectories by air traffic management (ATM) are one option to reduce climate impact. We present results from a comprehensive approach for climate-optimized flight planning applied for a case study the North Atlantic Flight corridor (NAFC) performed within the collaborative project REACT4C (Reducing Emissions from Aviation by Changing Trajectories for the benefit of Climate) funded under the European FP7 programme. Ultimate goal was to identify maximum mitigation gain (in climate impact) for a specific investment, hence minimal marginal mitigation costs. For this purpose consecutively those flights trajectories options are selected which offer the highest mitigation potential taking into account five archetypical weather patterns in NAFC, and traffic samples in eastbound and westbound both direction. Using a concept of 4-dimensional climate cost functions integrated into a simulation system for operational planning...
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...Advancement of Weather Forecasting Weather forecasting began with the first humans realizing that they could determine what conditions might be, based on what they saw in the sky. Although some "folk" sayings about weather have been validated, we have come a long way from those early days and understand weather better now than we ever have. Over two thousand years there have been many advancements in weather forecasting but there have been certain advancements deemed more major to weather forecasting than others, such as the invention of the hygrometer, radar, and barometer. “In the fifteenth century, Italian artist and scientists Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) invented the hygrometer (pronounced hi-GROM-e-ter), an instrument that measures atmospheric humidity (moisture in the air).” Leonardo gave us an instrument that has been further refined and today’s hygrometers are also used in some incubators, saunas, humidors and museums. They are also used in the care of wooden musical instruments such as guitars and violins which can be damaged by improper humidity conditions. In residential settings, hygrometers are used to aid humidity control (too low humidity damages human skin and body, while too high humidity favours growth of mildew and dust mite). While modern electronic devices use temperature of condensation (the dew point), or changes in electrical capacitance or resistance to measure humidity differences the hygrometer will always be the isntrument that paved...
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...“Rain, rain go away, come again some other day.” On September 9, 2012 as I sat on the beach with my family for their annual so long to summer picnic, dark clouds rolled in and it started to rain lightly. We were at first amused at the situation, but then had to decide whether to pack up and leave or stay and make the most of the day. Some sheltered under the beach umbrellas, while others shredded their clothes and went out into the rain in their bathing suits. The situation was amusing but frustrating. We laughed and wondered how it was that they could be so wrong sometimes and then hit it on the head at other times. In a matter of one hour the dark clouds and rain moved northward and the sun was shining brilliantly. . While I watched the skies and ocean, and felt the windswept sand hit my body, it came to mind that the weather and how it affects us would be a great career choice. Since I was young, I had an interest in the weather. Every morning I would look at the weather predictions to determine how to dress, and what outdoor activities I would be able to do. I am a skateboarder, and in the summer I go to the beach frequently, so the weather does affect the planning of my day. The weather is interesting, dangerous, and can be life altering for some people. Used as an event planner for many day to day activities, for agriculture, flight planning, fishing excursions and even planning military maneuvers, the weather is an important factor in our lives. In addition...
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...ON-THE-JOB TRAINING at DOST-PAGASA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Submitted by: Jo Mari P. Quitain Submitted to: Rubinato Lubian III February 2014 I. Table of Contents Background of the Agency…………………………………………………………... 1 Mission and Vision…………………………………………………………………... 1 Functions…………………………………………………………………………...... 1 Divisions…………………………………………………………………………….. 2 About the Logo……………………………………………………………………… 3 II. Background of the Agency PAGASA means Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration which is one of the attached agencies of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) under its Scientific and Technical Services Institutes and it is mandated to “provide protection against natural calamities and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress”. The government agency was created on December 8, 1972 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 78 reorganizing the Philippine Weather Bureau into PAGASA. * Mission and Vision Protecting lives and properties through timely, accurate and reliable weather-related information and services. Center of excellence for weather related information and services. * Functions * Maintains...
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...Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Seventh edition 2008 WMO-No. 8 © World Meteorological Organization, 2008 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix P.O. Box No. 2300 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 E-mail: publications@wmo...
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...Disaster in Galveston: The Hurricane of 1900 At the turn of the 20th Century Galveston, Texas was a prospering city that many considered to be ahead in the race for economic dominance in the state. It had a population of 37,000, a thriving business district, and an extremely active port which made it the center of trade in Texas. However on September 8, 1900 a hurricane swept the island, devastating its population, destroying many homes and businesses, and cutting it off from the rest of the world. Galveston is an island 30 miles long and at many points no more than one mile from north to south. Located off the south-eastern coast of Texas, it lies in between the Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Its location, while making it conducive to the sort of economic and social growth that came at the end of the 19th Century, also makes it dangerously prone to hurricanes. Warm waters, like those in the Gulf of Mexico, are a source of energy for storm systems. On top of sitting in warm ocean water, Galveston has a max elevation of only 8.7 feet (and an average much lower than that), making it susceptible to the dangers of storm surges and flooding. Since most of Galveston is at or only slightly above sea level, high waters pushed ashore by heavy winds were able to flood over the entire island, washing people and property away with it. Galveston’s societal conditions further exacerbated the destruction. In the late 19th and early 20th Century, the island was a thriving port and...
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