...Running head: METHADONE AND DEPENDENCY The Effects of Methadone Treatment on Opiate and Heroin Dependency Since the early times, opiates, heroin, and other drugs have been used in providing analgesia as well as substitutes to reach a place of euphoria. Originally, as Yurgelum-Todd et al (2009) has noted, derived from the opium poppy, heroin has been used as an alternative to morphine in dealing with addiction (Yurgelum-Todd, p. 175, 2009). Unfortunately, over the years it has consistently become prevalent that heroin has more negative aspects than anything; heroin is highly addictive, resulting in consequences such as overdoses, infections, violence and crime, deficits in memory, learning, and attention. The need to relieve pain by use of heroin and other drugs, though, results in opioid dependence, estimated to affect more than one million persons in North America alone (Oviedo-Joekes, p. 778, 2009). To relieve opiate dependence, researchers experimented with an opiate-agonist called methadone; the standard opioid-susbstitution treatment, to help reduce withdrawals and other negative consequences surrounding the use of drugs like heroin by producing a phenomenon called the “blocking-dose”, which blocks opiate receptors (Oviedo-Joekes, p. 778, 2009). Methadone was, in fact, the “first opiate agonist used in the pharmacotherapy of heroin addiction. Methadone is the best studied drug, but also the most controversial”(Maremmani, p. 7, 2008)....
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...Comparison of Methadone and Suboxone in Opioid Treatment Program Julien Nougarou Upper Iowa University Abstract Addiction to opioids is a common problem throughout the world. Maintenance treatments such as Methadone and Suboxone are effective in lessening the desire to consume illicit drugs, but they are not perfect options for drug treatment as each has negative effects, too. In this paper, both the positive and negative effects of the drugs Methadone and Suboxone will be determined and evaluated in order to better ascertain the better treatment. It was concluded that the effectiveness of each treatment can only be determined on a case-by-case basis, as the factors of success are often dependent on the patient receiving the treatment. There are various criticisms for both modes of treatment, but no other means of treating opioid addiction have yet to be found. There are improvements that could be made for both treatments, but regardless of improvements each mode of treatment is risky as there is no miracle cure for opioid addiction. Introduction In 1864, The New York State Inebriate Asylum, the first in the country, opened in Binghamton, NY. It was the first of a growing network of inebriate asylums that treated alcoholism and addiction to drugs such as opium, morphine, cocaine, chloral, ether, and chloroform. Today, when talking about opioid addiction and dependency treatments, two controversial but efficient treatments stand out from the lot: Methadone and Suboxone...
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...Bup Equivalent Dose | Subutex | Suboxone Film | Buprenorphine/naloxone tabs | Zubsolv | Bunavail | 2 mg | 2 mg | 2 mg / 0.5 mg | 2 mg / 0.5 mg | 1.4 mg / 0.36 mg | ½ of 2.1 mg / 0.3 mg | 4 mg | ½ of 8 mg | 4 mg / 1 mg | ½ of 8 mg / 2 mg | ½ of 5.7 mg / 1.4 mg | 2.1 mg / 0.3 mg | 8 mg | 8 mg | 8 mg / 2 mg | 8 mg / 2 mg | 5.7 mg / 1.4 mg | 4.2 mg / 0.7 mg | 12 mg | 1 ½ of 8 mg | 12 mg / 3 mg | 1 ½ of 8 mg / 2 mg | 5.7 mg / 1.4 mg+2 of 1.4 mg / 0.36 mg | 6.3 mg / 1 mg | 16 mg | 8 mg BID | 8 mg / 2 mg BID | 8 mg / 2 mg BID | 5.7 mg / 1.4 mg BID | 4.2 mg / 0.7 mg BID | Available buprenorphine formulation strengths: * Subutex sublingual tablet – 2 mg; 8 mg * Suboxone Film – 2 mg / 0.5 mg; 4 mg / 1 mg; 8 mg / 2 mg; 12 mg / 3 mg * Buprenorphine / naloxone sublingual tablet – 2 mg / 0.5 mg; 8 mg / 2 mg * Zubsolv sublingual tablet– 1.4 mg / 0.36 mg; 5.7 mg / 1.4 mg * Bunavail buccal film– 2.1 mg / 0.3 mg; 4.2 mg / 0.7 mg; 6.3 mg / 1 mg * Available buprenorphine formulation strengths: * Subutex sublingual tablet – 2 mg; 8 mg * Suboxone Film – 2 mg / 0.5 mg; 4 mg / 1 mg; 8 mg / 2 mg; 12 mg / 3 mg * Buprenorphine / naloxone sublingual tablet – 2 mg / 0.5 mg; 8 mg / 2 mg * Zubsolv sublingual tablet– 1.4 mg / 0.36 mg; 5.7 mg / 1.4 mg * Bunavail buccal film– 2.1 mg / 0.3 mg; 4.2 mg / 0.7 mg; 6.3 mg / 1 mg * Buprenorphine Equivalency Table Buprenorphine Equivalency...
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...2-Ethylhexyl Trans-4-Methoxycinnate Information Retrieval Matthew Pratley i) Molecular Structure Drawing: Image 1: A molecular structure drawing of 2-Ethylhexyl Trans-4-Methoxycinnate as drawn on structure search on the Sigma Aldrich website (1) ii) Search: Iupac Name: 2-Ethylhexyl Trans-4-methoxycinnate (2) Other Names: Octinoxate (3), 4-methoxycinnimanic acid -2- ethylhexyl ester (3) (4) (5), OMC (3) (4) (5), Octyl Methoxycinnamate (3) (4) (5), These other names are found throughout the five products that have the molecular structure as image 1 above. The five products are: Product 1: 2-Ethylhexyl Trans-4-methoxycinnamate 98%, Contains 500-1000ppm BHT as Stabiliser (2) Purity: 98% (2) Cost: £27 per 50ml (2) £106.50 per 250ml (2) Product 2: Octinoxate Pharmacy secondary standard traceable to USP (3) Purity: Certified reference material (3) Cost: £ 50.40 per 1g (3) £ 255.70 per 10g (3) Product 3: 2-Ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate 98% (4) Purity: 98% (4) Cost: £48.90 per 50g (4) Product 4: 2-Ethylhexyl-4-Methoxycinnamate Analytical standard (5) Purity: >98% (5) Cost: £38.90 per 100mg(5) Product 5: Octinoxate United States Pharmacopeia Reference Standard (6) Purity: Unavailable on website (6) Cost: £212.50 per 50mg (6) iii) Technical Data: For the Technical Data we will focus on Product 1 from ii) Search due to it having the most information readily available from the source. CAS Number: 83834-59-7 (2) Molecular Formula/Molecular...
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...Running head: Knocking on Death’s Door Knocking on Death’s Door: Methadone for Palliative Care Wendy M. Walker NURS 407 February 23, 2015 Abstract “Terminally ill.” “Six months to live.” “Hospice and Palliative Care.” These are just a few of the phrases that will completely turn a person’s life upside down. Effective and appropriate symptom management at the end of a hospice patient’s journey is vital. Health care professionals have a duty to provide ethical and compassionate care to patients. Ensuring that they spend their last days on earth comfortable and free of symptoms is not only the decent thing to do, but it also is very rewarding to a health care professional. With the correct combination of appropriate medications, a hospice patient can pass away peacefully, in the privacy of their own home, surrounded by loved ones. Knocking on Death’s Door: Methadone for Palliative Care Patients on hospice care often experience pain from their terminal diagnosis, as well as a plethora of other symptoms limiting the peace and comfort they deserve during their final months, weeks, days, or hours. Hospice diagnoses include but aren’t limited to; cancer, end stage cardiac disease, COPD, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, ALS, end stage renal disease, and cirrhosis of the liver. Passing away at home can be a beautiful, peaceful, and spiritual experience for the patient and family as long as symptoms are under control and the patient is comfortable. ...
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...Assemblies of God University School of Distance Education Methadone Treatment Programs are Effective in Stopping Heroin Use A Paper Presented to Professor Loyd Uglow, Ph.D In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Course THE 5113 Research Literature and Technology Sharon Pete November 28, 2012 THESIS STATEMENT: To investigate Methadone maintenance is found to be more effective in treating heroin addiction than 180 day detoxification. The objective is how methadone maintenance, a widely used but controversial method of weaning heroin addicts off the drug—with counseling has psychosocially enriched 180 day methadone assisted detoxification. OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION A. History of Heroin B. History of withdrawals II. How Methadone is used to treat Heroin? III. Research Findings IV. CONCLUSION V. Work Cited Methadone Treatment Programs are Effective in Stopping Heroin Use Substitution treatment or maintenance pharmacotherapy programs using methadone are today the most sought after and effective form of treatment for opiate addiction and dependence. Because methadone is a long-acting opiate whose dosage can be stabilized, it is well suited for daily administration and has proven effective in the elimination of narcotic craving, a driving force behind continued heroin use. And, because it can be administered orally, methadone dramatically reduces heroin injecting frequency and, with it...
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...The methadone and buprenorphine is to minimize withdrawals and symptoms for individuals that may be on other narcotics as well as the heroine. The purpose of methadone plus buprenorphine is to treat individuals with a semi-mutual drug that has dissimilar effects in contrast to their substance dependencies. Reversing the body metabolizes to react differently from heroine or morphine drugs. The body is being retrained to detour from craving or symptoms which continuously offers pleasures effects. Buprenorphine and Methadone operate as an extension or diminutive tenure stabilizer in the body. Meanwhile, reducing the urge, emotional state and withdrawals that the body would generally endure. These prescriptions were used as a method of detoxification...
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...DOI: 11/28/1984. The patient is a 65 -year-old male pump installer/laborer who sustained a work-related injury to his low back after repetitive jumping off his 4-feet high truck bed. The patient is diagnosed with postlaminectomy syndrome. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with postlaminectomy syndrome, not elsewhere classified. As per office notes dated 6/1/16, the patient presents with chief complaints of low back and neck pain. The patient continues with chronic intractable low back pain as well as chronic intractable neck pain. The patient states that he has paying for methadone as an out-of-pocket expense. He notes that, “the pain would be intolerable without the medication.” The patient exhibits no aberrant behavior toward the pain medication today and denies adverse...
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...Does methadone maintenance help clients or simply prolong their addiction. Research Methods I Kaplan University Helen Farel The disease of addiction may never be fully understood, but further studies in methadone maintenance with opioid dependence will prove that methadone maintenance prevents cravings and withdrawal symptoms and helps an addict to maintain their sobriety while trying to overcome their addiction. In this paper the author will discuss the scientific method and several studies that have been conducted on the use of methadone in the treatment of substance abuse. The scientific method is a set of principles and procedures that researchers use to develop questions, collect data and reach conclusions. (Cherry, 2013). In Psychology the goals of the scientific method is to seek and describe behaviors and explain why the behaviors occur. (Cherry, 2013). Researchers also strive to create research that can be used to predict and change human behavior. (Cherry, 2013). The four steps of the scientific method are, (1) forming a testable hypothesis, (2) devising a study and collecting data, (3) examining the data and reaching conclusions and (4) reporting the findings of the study. (Cherry, 2013). All the research articles discussed in this...
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...Critique of the Research Article: Methadone/Buprenorphine and Better Maternal/ Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis Winston-Salem State University A Critique of the Research Article: Methadone/Buprenorphine and Better Maternal/ Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis Abstract The purpose of this research article is to discuss lower risk drugs such as Methadone and Buprenorphine given to Heroin addicted pregnant patients to create better neonatal and maternal outcomes. This research articles discusses the gold standard of treatment for better neonatal and maternal outcomes. Keywords: heroin, neonatal, maternal, outcomes, methadone, buprenorphine, gold standard treatment A Critique of the Research Article: Methadone/Buprenorphine and Better Maternal/ Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis Methadone is a synthetic opioid. It is used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937. Methadone was introduced into the United States in 1947 by Eli Lilly and Company. The principal effects of methadone maintenance are to relieve narcotic craving, suppress the abstinence syndrome, and block the euphoric effects associated with opiates. When used correctly, Methadone maintenance has been found to be medically safe and non-sedating. It is also indicated for pregnant women addicted to opiates. (doi:http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/methadone) The theoretical study was...
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...Currently the research that Rawson et al. (2002) notes that methadone treatment is deemed the best treatment for cocaine addiction. Methadone is a synthetic agent that occupies the receptors that have been occupied by cocaine in the brain to relieve euphoria, intoxication and withdrawal symptoms. The real issues arise from the length of methadone treatment. Even though researches show that, no ill effects arise from continual use. However, the Center for Disease Control (2002) shows that most patients under methadone abandon the treatment before a year is complete; the clinic sometimes encourages the patients to leave or the patients fail to comply with the program. Amore obvious reason is that taking methadone becomes difficult and unpleasant for most patients. In effect, most methadone patients relapse and start using cocaine again. In this light, the question of which treatment approach is best for treating cocaine addicts still remain. Considerably, other drug addiction treatments, such as CBT- cognitive-behavioral therapy and CM –contingency management show promise in helping patient dissuade from taking drug, even after the initial drug treatment is stopped. In this light, hypothesis for creating an effective cocaine treatment is draw from the use of CBT and CM after the initial treatment of methadone. Research Question What is the best approach to treating cocaine addiction? Hypothesis People taken off methadone treatment who continue their other treatments (CBT- cognitive-behavioral...
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...Pharmacology of Methadone Unknown BIO-275 Pharmacology and Medical Treatment August 19, 2013 METHADONE Pharmacology and Medical Treatment states that there are two types of pain medication prescription and nonprescription. Most nonprescription drugs are over the counter drugs: such as acetaminophen, this drug relieves fever and headaches, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs treat muscles and bone. There are some drugs that are nonprescription and prescription medication such as Celecoxib (Celebrex). Celebrex (Celebrex) are in the Cox-2 inhibitor drugs. Many over the counter drugs come in both nonprescription and prescription. Drugs also come in many forms: capsules before the capsules were tampered with in the early 1980. Now these drugs are in caplet or tablet form. Drugs come in the form of ointments, creams, powder and liquid form. The most powerful prescription drugs come in the opiate category. One such drug is Methadone a class 2 drug used as a pain medication to reduce severe pain and it also helps recovering drug addicts from addition to heroin. This drug is prescribed for patients who need pain medication around the clock and it also comes in different forms: such as a tablet or a dispersible that is dissolved in water, and last in liquid form. Methadone as a high potential to be abused and patients may use this drug for recreational use. Methadone preforms by changing the brain and nervous system to pain. This drug is for the treatment of severe neuropathic...
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...more than motor vehicle accidents. With these statistics I do feel that the government should subsidize methadone clinics. All though it may seem costly to people in the long run it is more beneficial because it keeps the crime rate down since addicts are not stealing to get there next fix. There our pro’s and con’s when it comes to using methadone treatment for addicts. The pro’s our that and addict has more of a chance to keep his or hers sobriety, they are given the tools to help them succeed. It gives them the chance to get a job, home and to be a positive role model. When they are using methadone the come down is nothing compared to going cold turkey. The pain is so intense if they are doing it on their own this is why they go back to using. Methadone gives them somewhat of a normal life. One of the biggest cons of using methadone is when addicts are not serious about their sobriety and they continue to use they are more apt to having an overdose and dying. When they manage to get take homes and they accidentally leave there methadone out and a child gets ahold of it one sip and the child is dead. This in turn cost the tax payers money because of the hospital stay or the funeral. It also puts a red flag out for that methadone clinic because the government wants to make sure that they are doing what they are supposed to be doing. I do think that methadone is more useful that hurtful because it cuts down on the criminal...
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...Before you read my story, I would like to say some things about the drugs that are involved in my story so that you should be aware of them, and know how they affect the human body. I am presenting you the drugs for another reason too, because they are deeply involved in the story. The story is based on a real life situation and it represents the story of two brothers, told by one of them, seen from my point of view. During the whole time of doing my personal project I was always curious and ambitious about the things that I was working on, in my case that was drugs. I am really glad that I was a part of another human life and one of the brother’s (who is the main character in the story) told me really personal things about him, and I hope that with my personal project I could help other people in the way how they should live their life. Heroin The first drug that I will talk about is heroin. The most known drug of all and major part of my story. The most known way of getting heroin is by injection in the veins. It has been demonstrated that most opioid-dependent patients suffer from at least one severe psychiatric comorbidity. Since opioids used in pain therapy rarely cause any of these conditions, they are assumed to have existed prior to the development of dependence. Opioids are known to have strong antidepressant anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects and thus opioid dependence often develops as a result of self-medication. Opioids are excellent acute pain medication...
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...Nicole Carter Placement Agency: Methadone Clinic Assessment(identify a need for the client(s) or population you are working with, growth and development, characteristics, etc.). The individuals at the Methadone clinic are between ages 18-60. This age group is considered to be young and middle adulthood. Kozier &Erb(2010). Through my clinical experience and observations I did identify that mothers of all ages did not have a good knowledge base of what methadone is and what it can do for themselves and their babies. | Briefly discuss the importance of the chosen topic/issue. (Why is the topic important for your client(s)/population?) According to the Centre for Addiction &Mental Health, pregnant women who are still using opioids must contact their doctor right away as it is very important that they be assessed. Throught my clinical rotation, the staff and myself identifed that there was a need for teaching about the importance of Methadone for both mom and baby. They indicated that a lot of these mothers came into the clinic not knowing what methadone does to them or there unborn child. It is very important that these mothers of ALL ages to have a good knowledge of the effects of methadone and what it can do for both mom and baby. | Objectives for the session/activity. (Between 3 and 5 objectives). By the end of my presentation the clients of the methadone clinic will have: 1. An increased knowledge of methadone and how it affects both mom and baby...
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