...appear as tiny blisters by the lips, nose, or in the eyes and herpes simplex type 2 may appear as tiny blisters on the genital area. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) This paper will be concentrating on herpes simplex type 1, the point of entry, how it interacts with normal flora of the body, how it affects the innate immune system, and how it affects the adaptive immune system. To understand how herpes simplex 1 infects a person, it is important to understand the structure of the virus itself. The herpes simplex virus have a unique structure, they are enveloped, have double strained DNA genome that is contained a large core, and have a spherical shape. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) “The herpes simplex virus type 1 has glycoproteins on its envelope and this makes it a target for external influences.” (Kennedy, n.d.) The herpesvirus needs a host, has a slow replication process and can also have long period of latency. (Kennedy, n.d.) Herpes simplex 1 can be transmitted though kissing, sharing eating utensils, or sores on the skin. The point of entry can be direct or indirect contact with infected skin, mucous membranes, or body fluids. (Kennedy, n.d.) A potential barrier that HSV-1 might encounter is the bodies’ normal flora and the immune system. “Skin and many other barrier...
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...which is caused by the exotoxin tetanospasmin. Escherichia Coli is a microbe that lives in our gut and can be very helpful to us. Both microbes are bacteria and are rod-shaped bacilli. Both of these microbes have an interesting life cycle, one can help us and both can make us sick, use different life processes and are affected by their environment. Escherichia Coli (Background of E. Coli) Life Cycle E. Coli is both an aerobic and anaerobic rod shaped bacilli which is gram _____. E Coli reproduces in two ways; binary fission and conjugation, which is the transfer of genetic material through a sex pilus. The most...
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...KOH YEN SIN/ A8/ A0094399J My hightlights of the Kent Ridge practical My perceptions of forests used to be being green, creepy and dark. Their only function I know is to act as “lungs of Earth”, to photosynthesize and make food. Before my Kent Ridge practical, I wondered why I have to step into the forest and get bitten by insects and mosquitoes, just to see plants and animals, some of which were boring and insignificant to look at. This practical has proven to me that forests are more than what they appear to be and certainly broadened up my understanding of plants as more than just a tool for photosynthesis. Before the trip to the forest, each person in my group was asked to randomly choose a plant presented on the table and explained about the main characteristics of the chosen plant to the rest of the group members. I picked the plant that was nearest to me. At first glance, the plant looked dull. Referring to the notes, I have matched the features of the plant to Sendudok (Melastoma malabathricum), which is a native shrub of about three metres tall. Its leaves are not the conventional simple, broad leaves with one primary vein. Instead, the leaves are rough and narrowly elliptic, with three prominent primary veins. The flowers are made up of five purple petals and two types of stamens, yellow and purple, are present. The purple stamens form an outer ring, while the yellow stamens form an inner ring. The fruits are oval and when split; reveal a black pulp with numerous...
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...In fact, Schwartz states that his research is one of the first to be done on this topic. A man named Paurush Praveen took great interest in his work and composed his own study— The Role of Breast-Feeding in Infant Immune System: a Systems Perspective on the Intestinal Microbiome. Understanding Praveen’s work initially is beneficial because he discusses the importance and the change in microbes of the infant gut. He states that over time, the infants’ microbiota becomes more variable and less stable (Praveen). In the first couple years of an infant’s life, their intestinal microbiome goes from being sterile (at the time they’re in the womb) to containing an immense amount of microbes—the same amount as an adult. Three factors that heavily influence the colonization process include feeding mode, probiotic treatment, and other environmental factors. Any uncommon colonization in the neonatal period can create detrimental affects, including an increase susceptibility to immunological and metabolic disease (Praveen). Therefore, this is a very critical period in which the host must develop the right kind of commensal microbiota to maintain a stable, homeostatic...
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...Re Effect of Antimicrobials | | Abstract For centuries, microbes have taken countless lives of both the young and old. Due to the lack of knowledge of microorganisms and the scarcity of equipment and tools to research them, there was little knowledge as to how these microbes had such detrimental effects on the human body. Since they are unseen to the human eye, no one knew as to where they were located, how they grew or even what they looked like. It was not until the 1600’s when Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first microscopes and discovered these small creatures. As time went by, microbiology grew with each scientist who discovered a little more about these microbes. Slowly, more and more scientist were gaining more knowledge as to how to control the pandemic outbreaks that were happening across the country. At first, diseases were controlled by vaccines; but in 1923 Alexander Flemming had discovered a natural resource that inhibited bacterial growth. Mold that had grown in a dish opened the door to antibiotics. Since then, microbes have been fought off by using natural resources. In the past, antibiotics were successful in eliminating diseases by affecting the causative agent in various different ways. Some ways that antibiotics kill bacteria is by releasing chemicals that hinder DNA synthesis, disrupting metabolic activities of the bacterium cell which in turn does not allow the bacterium to reproduce but instead kills it. However, because bacteria have been...
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...Introduction to Soil / Soil Formation LA7014 - Ecology / Technology I What is the difference between dirt and soil? Textbook Definition of Soil • Preferred Definition - “The unconsolidated material at or near the earth’s surface that has properties due to its proximity to the surface” • Long Version - “the unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that has been subjected to and shows the effects of genetic and environmental factors of: climate (including water and temperature effects) and macro- and microorganisms, conditioned by relief, acting on parent material over a period of time” Importance of Soil • "Essentially, all life depends upon the soil .... There can be no life without soil and no soil without life; they have evolved together." Charles E. Kellogg • "The nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself." Franklin D. Roosevelt • "While the farmer holds the title to the land, actually it belongs to all the people because civilization itself rests upon the soil." Thomas Jefferson Importance of Soil • Medium in which plants are grown for food and fiber. • Mechanical support for plant roots, such as trees. • Physical support for structures, roads, sidewalks, etc. • Home for millions of organisms. • Air-storage facility. • Mineral supplement for people (in some regions of the world) • Earth’s compost pile. Soil Sphere Theory • Pedo = Soil • ...
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...Kozar 1988). They excrete large quantities of honeydew that encrust the leaves, canes and clusters, resulting in further crop damage and defoliation. Sooty moulds colonize the honeydew coated grapes and leaves causing them to look dark and unsightly and this leads to reduce fruit quality and lower tree vitality through the loss of photosynthetic capacity (Godfrey et al., 2002). Moreover, P. ficus transmits Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 3 (GLRa V3) (Engelbrecht, Kasdorf 1990 and Golino et al. 2002); therefore, it is considered a dangerous pest even at low infestation levels. The control of mealybugs commonly relies on the use of insecticides. The effectiveness of some chemical controls is often reduced because the vine mealybug population is often located in protected sites, such as under the bark, where pesticide penetration is difficult (Geiger and Daane 2001). Also, mealybugs are often characterized by the presence of a white, waxy secretion covering the whole body that serves as a barrier to insecticide penetration (Copland et al,. 1985). A promising alternative for pest control is the use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as a biological pesticide. Using fungal biocontrol agents can potentially reduce the use of chemical insecticides and their subsequent residual side effects in agriculture. A number of microbes have been reported in various studies effectively as agents of biological control (BCAs) of sucking pests including the Genus Agrobacterium, Arthobotys, Ascocoryne...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Approval page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstracts Table of contents CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW CHAPTER TWO 2.1 CONCEPT OF FOOD SPOILAGE 2.2 SPOILAGE MICRORGANISMS CHAPTER THREE 3.1 SPOILAGE MICRORGANISM IN FRESH WHOLE FRUITS 3.2 UNUSUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOILAGE MICRORGANISMS 3.3 SOURCES OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF CITRUS FRUITS CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 MICROBIAL SPOILAGE OF FRESH CUT FRUITS 4.2 MICROBIOLOGICAL SPOILAGE DEFECTS OF FRESH-CUT CITRUSFRUITS 4.3 IMPACT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SPOILAGE 4.4 INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS OF SPOILAGE MICRORGANISM CHAPTER FIVE 5.1 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MICROBIAL SPOILAGE IN CITRUS FRUITS 5.2 SUMMARY AND CONCLUTION REFERENCES CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION Consumption of citrus fruits and fruit juices has substantially risen over the last few years, mostly due to the increasing demand for low-caloric food products with fresh-like characteristics. In addition, there is scientific evidence that consumption of Citrus fruits and vegetables helps prevent many degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular problems and several cancers (Rico et al., 2007). Fresh fruits have a natural protective barrier that acts effectively against most plant spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. However, as a consequence of inappropriate manipulation during the handling, cutting, shredding, and maintenance of the fruit at ambient temperature and storage conditions, both...
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...* Chapter 25 * Evolution has to work with existing forms * Heterochrony Evolutionary change in rate or timing of developmental events * Padomorphosis Mature state of an organism retains juvenile characteristics Spatial Patterns Rearranges structural features through changes in gene expression or gene duplications. Homeotic genes control 3-D patterns of multicellular organisms Hox gene family: HoxC6 expressed (no limbs), HoxC6 not expressed (limbs can form) Jellyfish to humans Exaptation Traits evolved in one context are used for an entirely different function Feathers first thought to be used as insulation. Feathers are an exaptation- evolved in context of insulation, now used for different function (flight) Adaptive Radiation: a single lineage (common ancestor) undergoes rapid speciation and ecological diversification to form multiple new species. Can occur when: Key Adaptation Adaptations that allow a lineage to exploit new habitats( or resources) and diversify rapidly If key adaptations evolve convergently in different groups: compare diversity of group with key adaptation to diversity of sister group lacking key adaptation (paired t-test) After mass extinction event (leaves many vacant niches for organism to diversify and fill Colonization of a new habitat/location Rapid diversification of “picture-winged” Drosophila on Hawaiian Islands Hypothesis of Chemical Evolution Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules Observed...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...Panchal, Namrata Srivastava Institute of Science, Nirma University *Corresponding author: vijay.kothari@nirmauni.ac.in; vijay23112004@yahoo.co.in Abstract Hydrocarbon contamination in the environment has been a notable problem since years. Particularly the major oil spills in last few decades, and resulting loss to biodiversity has brought public attention to this problem. Bioremediation is a promising approach for recovery of environmental sites contaminated with crude oil and other hydrocarbons. Many microorganisms have been identified to possess hydrocarbon degradation potential. This review covers an overview of common hydrocarbon pollutants, microbes known as hydrocarbon degraders, major pathways and enzymes involved therein, factors affecting hydrocarbon degradation, and various approaches employed to exploit degrading capacity of microbes for remedial purpose. In addition to making use of inherent catabolic ability of degrader populations, metabolic engineering can be of considerable value in dealing with the problem of hydrocarbon contamination. Keywords: Bioremediation, Oxygenase, Biomagnification, Cometabolism, Consortium, Biosurfactant. Introduction Hydrocarbon (HC) group of compounds consist of hydrogen and carbon in their structure. As petrochemical industries are flourishing worldwide, HC contamination has become one of the major environmental problems faced globally. Environment is particularly being contaminated with accidental releases of petroleum products. Some...
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...Aacknowledgement First of all I like to thank God almighty who authorise me to research on this topic. I submit my sincere thanks to my supervisor Medhat Khattar for his valuable presence, time, effort, guidance and help to complete this dissertation. My dissertation would not have been completed without the help of lab technicians Nick and Suzy, I am extremely grateful for their help, suggestions and encouragement. I might want to thank my family for impacting in me a comprehension for the significance of education and an appreciation for diligent work. I extraordinarily value the majority of the penances that were made so as to realize the open doors that I have gotten, and it is my trusts that this proposition embodies what I have realized. Much obliged to you for your dedication, bolster, and affection. I might likewise want to thank my grandparents for the numerous hours of math mentoring as a youngster. In spite of the fact that it may have appeared to be inconsequential, it was the premise for my prosperity and the establishment of my hobbies in Designing. I might want to devote this proposition to my family, without whom I would not be seeking after a profession with an instruction from my university undergraduate days. I also thank my supervisor’s effort and good work channelled towards making me a better microbiologist in the world. I sincerely extend my thanks all concerned people who together with me in this regard. Table of Contents I Declaration......
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...Traditional Home Remedies Of Guyana By Dmitri Allicock “A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings, and learn how by his thought to derive benefit from his illnesses” [Hippocrates -father of Western Medicine] If you grew up in Guyana you would certainly be acquainted with some of these common over the –counter- medicines and remedies that brought relief for various afflictions and ailments. Corner stores carried a wide array of medicines found only in the Caribbean and Guyana. These were augmented with herbal medicines and treatments before a visit to the doctor was attempted. Home remedies have been around for thousands of years. Even these days about 30 per cent of prescription drugs are still synthesised from plants. In fact, the word 'drug' comes from an old Dutch word, drogge, which means 'to dry' - which is how many plant medications were prepared. However, it is always wise to remember, just because something is "naturally" growing from a tree, doesn't mean it's safe to consume. Our grandparents and older folks would swear of the healing properties of herbs, leaves, roots and seeds that cured diseases which they contracted. The fact that our ancestors survived proved that some of the many remedies used then, did work and have increasing practical applications today. Arrowroot is a common plant of Guyana. Napoleon supposedly said the reason for the British love of arrowroot was to support the commerce of their...
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...Table of contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3 Understanding the immune system .............................................................................. 5 General recommendations for boosting your imune system .................................... 7 Simple ways of staying healthy ................................................................................... 21 Tricks for feeling good .................................................................................................. 25 The 5 easy steps plan to eliminate fatigue .................................................................. 29 Healthy life with healthy recipices .............................................................................. 36 Rewind and recap...........................................................................................................44 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 48 2 copy@eraseherpes.com 2014 Introduction You probably hear every day in the media, see in papers, at work that the secret of a happy life is that of being healthy. But most of us might get scared when hearing about living a healthy life, thinking that this means making huge changes in our lifestyle, regarding our eating habits, spending a lot of money on healthy food or exercising several hours...
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...An APIC Guide 2008 Guide to the Elimination of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) Developing and Applying Facility-Based Prevention Interventions in Acute and Long-Term Care Settings About APIC APIC’s mission is to improve health and patient safety by reducing risks of infection and other adverse outcomes. The Association’s more than 12,000 members have primary responsibility for infection prevention, control and hospital epidemiology in healthcare settings around the globe. APIC’s members are nurses, epidemiologists, physicians, microbiologists, clinical pathologists, laboratory technologists and public health professionals. APIC advances its mission through education, research, consultation, collaboration, public policy, practice guidance and credentialing. Look for other topics in APIC’s Elimination Guide Series, including: • • • • Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections Clostridium difficile Mediastinitis MRSA in Long-Term Care Copyright © 2008 by APIC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. All inquires about this document or other APIC products and services may be addressed to: APIC Headquarters 1275 K Street, NW Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20005 Phone: 202.789.1890 Email: APICinfo@apic.org Web: www.apic.org ISBN: 1-933013-39-7 ...
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