...When most people think of Botox®, they think of skin injections that smooth out wrinkles and fine lines. But while Botox® is indeed a skin rejuvenation miracle, it has other uses as well. Anand Medical Spa in New York City utilizes nonsurgical procedures to help enhance the natural beauty and health of their clients. They understand the many benefits Botox® has to offer, and here they share three of its common applications. Skin Rejuvenation: Botox® injections are widely known as an effective, noninvasive way to combat wrinkles. From crow's feet to worry lines, from sagging brows to wrinkling necks, Botox® can give your skin the boost it needs. Contrarily to popular belief, the Botox® protein is not a poison, has been approved for use by the...
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...Botox has been used for decades to treat fine lines, facial creases and wrinkles. Made from the toxin known as Clostridium botulinum, this product helps to block signals from the nerves to the muscles. As a result, the muscles cannot contract. This makes wrinkles appear to relax and disappear. It is typically used to treat wrinkles around the eyes, forehead and eyebrows. On occasion, Botox is also used for lip lines and wrinkles around the mouth or chin. Am I a candidate for Botox? Botox is designed for individuals who have wrinkles from smiling, chewing, squinting and frowning. Applied as an injection, this treatment helps to reduce the signs of aging. It is not ideal for individuals who have a neurological disease. In addition, you should...
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...Food Science and the Ethics of Botulinum Toxin A In today’s youth obsessed culture, millions of men and women are turning to the needle to try and cheat aging—in fact, some people are even hosting Botox parties, wherein several men and women gather for cocktails and “wrinkle-banishing” injections (Neer, 2001). Despite its recent popularity, very few people know that Botox has its origins in food science and medicine. Review of Literature Botox is a trade name for botulinum toxin A, a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum (Neer, 2001). Botulinum toxin has been used for medical purposes for over fifty years, but it was not until 2002 when the FDA approved the use of Botox in cosmetic procedures that its use became widespread. Botox was initially used to treat strabismus (lazy eye), blepharospasm (involuntary and uncontrolled eye movements) and cervical dystonia (wry neck). Since its FDA approval in 2002, Botox has been used successfully in over eleven million patients (Schlessinger, n.d.) Botox treatment takes approximately ten minutes to perform and it involves injecting tiny quantities of botulinum toxin A directly into the problem muscles. Because the toxin is injected directly into a certain muscle or muscle group, there is very little risk of it spreading to other areas of the body. The procedure does not require anaesthesia, as discomfort is usually minimal and brief (Brannon, 2008; Neer, 2001). Botox works by blocking the acetylcholine receptors...
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...The Beauty of Botox Botox an injectable neurotoxin wrinkle filler hit the doctor’s office in the early nineteen ninetie’s. Though some sceptics thought it was the most obsurd thing they had ever heard of, injecting deadly toxins into your body. According to Brown, Botox has now become the “number-one most-performed nonsurgical dermatologic procedure” (240). One of the first wrinkle fillers to be introduced to the U.S., a “toxin” made from the same protein that causes botulism created quite a stir. Wunder stated “Botox injections are no longer limited to Hollywood types and the super rich” (62) anymore it has taken the stay at home moms to the working class mothers and fathers to a whole new beauty regiem. With the economy being at the lowest, women and men are still having their faces refreshed on a routine scheduled visit at their favorite dermatologist or plastic surgeons office. Picking a trained physicihian is one of the most critical parts of using the neurotoxin. Botox is not only for beauty anymore, now uses for the toxin is helping other areas of health issues in men and women. As negative issues reached the news about the use of Botox, one of the scariest was when Begley stated “one of the deadliest posions in nature and a possible bioterroism agent, this neurotoxin reached the market, in very dilute doses”. Many factors must be taken in to consideration when a person is going to try the injectable neurotoxin Botox. There is always the possibility of those “potential...
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...Botox Botulinum toxin offers relief to neuro-muscular disease patients Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces neurotoxin which can cause dead food poisoning. Yet, this poison has been used as a tool to fight wrinkles. Botulinum toxin marketed in therapeutic doses as “Botox”. Initially, it was used to treat neuro-muscular disease with involuntary muscle contraction symptopms. This problem arises from too little inhibitory input to motor neuron, as compared to excitatory input, thus leading to excessive motor neuron activation. Botulinum toxin injection blocks the release of musclecontraction-causing acetycholine at the neuromuscular junctions. The goal is to inject just enough dosage to relieve the troublesome spasmodic contraction, but not enough to eliminate the normal contractions needed for ordinary movement. Botulinum toxin clears away after 3 to 6 months, so the treatment must be repeated. From treating involuntary muscle contraction to fighting wrinkles Botulinum toxin’s potential as a treatment option for cosmetic surgeon was accidentally discovered when the physicians noted the injections used to counter abnormal eye muscle contractions also smoothed the appearance of wrinkles in the treated area! It turns out that frown lines, crow’s feet, and furrowed brows are caused by facial muscles that have become over-activated, or permanently contracted. This is the results of years of performing certain repetitive facial expression. By relaxing...
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...research paper is entitled “Electricity generation from synthetic substrates and cheese whey using a two chamber microbial fuel cell”. The authors are Georgia Antonopoulou, Katerina Stamatelatou, Symeon Bebelis, and Gerasimos Lyberatos from the Department of Chemical Engineering in the University of Patras in Greece. The research paper is taken from pages 10 to 15 of the Biochemical Engineering Journal, Volume 50. In this study, the possibility of electricity generation from diluted cheese whey in a two-chamber mediator-less microbial fuel cell (MFC) was investigated. The research aims to generate electricity using glucose, lactose, and cheese whey wastewater as substrates. It also aims to compare the performance of a MFC using synthetic sugars, such as glucose and lactose, to that of the same MFC when using raw wastewater, such as cheese whey, as substrate. The title of the article is appropriate and clear in such a way that readers can grasp an idea of the research by just reading it. The abstract is specific and is a representative of the article, although it takes a second look to realize that the research would involve electricity generation from synthetic substrates such as glucose and fructose, and from cheese whey. The research problem is attention-grabbing and timely since there is recently an emerging interest focused on the energy recovery from wastes. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is gaining promising interest in the research fraternity and represents a promising approach...
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...Introduction A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioreactor that converts chemical energy in the chemical bonds in organic compounds to electrical energy through catalytic reactions of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. (Allen and Bennetto, 1993; Gil et al., 2003; Moon et al., 2006; Choi et al., 2003). It MFC structure consist of an anaerobic sections of an anode (negative) electrode and a cathode (positive) electrode which is separated by a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM). It has been recognized for numerous years that it is possible to generate electricity directly by the use of bacteria in the breaking down of organic substrates. There has been a serious interest in MFCs among academic scientists as a method to generate electricity and hydrogen from biomass without the negative net carbon emission into the environment. Applications of MFCs can be used in the breaking down of organic matter at wastewater treatment facilities. They have also been considered in the use as biosensors for biological oxygen demand (BOD) monitoring, electricity generation and Biohydrogen. On the negative side Coulombic efficiency and Power output are considerably affected by the types of microbe in the anodic chamber of the microbial fuel cell, Configuration and operational conditions. Presently, practical applications of MFCs are limited because of its power density level being low of several thousandths mW/m2. Many efforts in improving the performance, reduced construction and operating costs...
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...use in studying the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. A selective medium is a media which has something added to it to inhibit or prevent the growth of certain bacteria, or to promote the growth of certain species of bacteria. A selective media is good for the isolation of staphylococcus. In differential (indicator) an indicator is included. A certain bacteria causes change in the indicator. Organisms with differing growth characteristics will usually show obvious differences in growth when placed on differential media. Can be used to distinguish Staphylococcus Aureus from other forms of Staphylococcus, such as Staphylococcus Epidermidis. In order to be certain to obtain a pure culture, separation of individual cells of a particular bacteria is necessary. This separation would require the use of a solid medium to provide a surface for these individual cells to be separated and isolated from the other microbial cells that may be present in the original sample. My pour plate did not show any noticeable growth. May have been user error in temperature of the medium. However my streak plate did have a few small, very scattered, clear/ opaque looking circular “colonies”. Small amount of growth noted from my S. Epidermidis experiment only on the streak plate. References Growth Medium. (2014,...
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...JURILLA, Joaquim Gerardo L. March 2016 ABSTRACT The exercise aims to enumerate the various microbial species that are present in a particular environment by collecting different substances such as pond water and soil that will be the source of microorganisms to be isolated and identified. Moreover, this exercise also aims to isolate microorganisms from the environment. This will be done by exposing half-strength Nutrient Agar plates to a specific site the experimenters chose. After which, the Agar plate will be incubated and the colonies formed were observed in the laboratory. INTRODUCTION There are approximately 10,000 named species of microorganisms. It is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 100,000 more unidentified species for every identified one (Truckee Meadows Community College, n.d.). Upon appearance, these microbes have evolved, diversified and virtually occupied every habitat possible on earth; from extreme environments to the corners of our nails, or from the deepest parts of the ocean to the tip of the high mountains. The ubiquity of these microorganisms causes them to populate in natural environments whether suspended in air, in water or associated with other organisms (ie: humans). Different surfaces whether inside or outside the laboratory can be a potential source of contamination. To contaminate is to cause accidental growth of unwanted organisms. In order to create and maintain a sterile condition to prevent contamination and accidental...
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...growing in the absence of other species or types. A. pure (or axenic) culture Q3. what is used For the purpose of gelling the microbial culture A. Agar Q4. A cheap substitute for agar used for the isolation and maintenance of thermophiles. A. guar gum, Q5. bacterial culture ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay A. liquid culture Q6. Common liquid culture nutrient medium used A. liquid broth Q7. Another normal media used in bacteriology A. nutrient agar Q8. A standard carbon source added to nutrient medium A. glucose Q9. nitrogen is often provided A. peptones Q 10. What technique must be used to reduce the likelihood of bacterial contamination? A. Aseptic techniques Q11.Procedure by which Bacteria may be introduced to the media A.innoculation Q12. Culture media is sterilised in A. an autoclave Q13. Solid culture media in a Petri dish is known as . A. agar plate Q14. What is added to culture medium to make nucleic acid and certain types of lipids A.Phosphorus Q15. inoculum is transferred using A. loop Q16. method for transferring micro-organisms onto an agar plate is A. streak plate technique. Q17. used in industrial fermentation where a commercial product is being made. A. Pure cultures Q18. Medium that contains one or more ingredients that prevent the growth of certain micro-organisms but not others. A.Selective medium Q19.example of a selective medium A.mannitol salt agar Q20...
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...Benefits of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture The production of technologies based on genetic engineering is often referred as modern biotechnology. With the improvement of genetic engineering techniques, the time for generating and evaluating new germplasm (a collection of genetic resources for an organism) can be drastically reduced. Genetic engineering may ultimately have their most significant effect on agriculture. Recent advances have raised possibility of development of new plant germplasm through introduction of any gene from any organism into plant. With respect to agriculture, modern biotechnology has been considered as the second phase of green revolution. Organisms whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called genetically modified organism (GMO). The working of GMO is due to nature of transferred genes, nature of host organism and food web formed. Some useful benefits of genetically modified plants in agricultural biotechnology are: 1. Improved nutritional quality 2. Better Nitrogen Fixation 3. Disease resistant Plant 4. Enhanced efficiency of minerals used by plants to prevent early exhaustion of fertility of soil. 5. Reduced post harvest losses The first genetically modified food was Flavr Savr Tomato which was resistant to rotting. Another genetically modified food is golden rice (Pro Vitamin A enriched). Several other genetically modified foods include, soybeans, corn, cotton, seed oil etc have been formed. But many controversies...
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...of tests are used, and which can be of one of two types: qualitative tests, which are aimed at detecting the presence or absence of the target microorganism(s), without quantifying, and quantitative tests which determine the quantity of the target microorganism(s) in the sample, generally per unit of weight or volume. Each of these tests follow differentiated procedures, which in turn depend on the target microorganism(s), but most of them utilize the same basic microbiological culturing techniques. These techniques are the detection of presence/absence (Chapter 5), the Most-Probable-Number counts (MPN) (Chapter 4) and the standard plate counts, described in this chapter. Standard plate counts are used both for quantification of large microbial groups, such as aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, aerobic psychrotrophiles, yeasts and molds, sulphite-reducing clostridia, enterococci and lactic bacteria, but also particular genera and species, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and...
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...Question 1 Most insects use external sources of heat to achieve their operative temperature range. Heinrich's research on the sphinx moth (Manduca sexta) indicates that some insects can thermoregulate by using their flight muscles and: A. using their blood as a coolant. B. decreasing their metabolic rate. C. possessing an internal respiratory system. D. using a countercurrent heat exchange mechanism. Question 2 The thermal stability of aquatic environments is a result of the: A. high specific heat of water. B. low latent heat of vaporization of water. C. low latent heat of fusion of water. D. All of the choices are correct. Question 3 Animals that rely mainly on external sources of energy for regulating body temperature are called: A. epitherms. B. endotherms. C. ectotherms. D. peritherms. Question 4 In general, reptiles are considered to be a/an: A. poikilotherm. B. homeotherm. C. endotherm. D. heterotherm. Question 5 Mammalian and avian aquatic endotherms use all of the following mechanisms to thermoregulate EXCEPT: A. fat. B. internal respiratory systems. C. fur or feathers. D. concurrent heat exchange. Question 6 The water availability for organisms is determined by: A. internal dissolved ion concentrations. B. external dissolved ion concentrations. C. movement of water down its concentration gradient. D. movement of water...
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...IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATES WITH WILT DISEASE OF TOMATO By Anam Nawaz Chapter No: 1 INTRODUCTION Occurrence of Disease in a Host due to Pathogen can only happen in the presence of conducive Environment, or in other words “ disease causal are only the combination of these three elements, Susceptible Host, Virulent Pathogen and Conducive Environment. Otherwise disease does not happen. So these three elements was taken into more consideration which are involved in the topic of research. The host tomato, and the effectiveness of casual pathogen with in conducive environment, resulting wilt disease. As a host Tomato provide a unique variety of nutrients. Such as lutein, and zeaxanthin); flavonoids (including naringenin, chalconaringenin, rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin); carotenoids (including beta-carotene, (including caffeic, ferulic, and coumaric acid); hydroxycinnamic acids, glycosides (including esculeoside A); and fatty acid derivatives (including 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid). Nutritional Significance of Tomato: Tomatoes are an excellent source of vtamin C and vitamin A as well as vitamin K which makes repairs, bone-healthy and heart-healthy, potassium keeps healthy heart , vitamin B6, folate, and dietary fiber; these are very good source of enzyme-promoting molybdenum; manganese a blood sugar-balancing factor. In addition, tomatoes are a good source of niacin, heart-healthy magnesium and vitamin E; energy-producing...
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...Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth An Approach to the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) Government of India Planning Commission Contents 1 An Overview 1-14 2 Macro-Economic Framework 15-27 3 Energy 28-38 4 Transport 39-44 5 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 45-58 6 Rural Transformation 59-66 7 Farm Sector 67-79 8 Manufacturing Sector 80-86 9 Health 87-95 10 Education & Skill Development 11 Social and Regional Equity 104-107 12 Challenge of Urbanisation 108-114 13 Science and Technology 115-118 14 Services: Tourism, Hospitality & Construction 119-125 15 Governance 126-134 16 Innovation 135-139 96-103 Tables Table 1.1: Structure of Global GDP 13 Table 2.1: Sectoral Growth Rates - Previous Plans and Target for Twelfth Plan 18 Table 2.2: Broad Macro-Economic Parameters - Previous Plans and Target for Twelfth Plan 19 Table 2.3: Projection of Centre’s Resources for the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) (Figures in Rs Crore at Current Prices) 23 Table 2.4: Projection of Centre’s Resources for the Twelfth Five Year Plan (as per cent of GDP) 24 Table 3.1: Projected Energy Demand 29 Table 14.1: Construction Sector: Contribution to GDP 122 Table 14.2: Construction Components Involved in Creation of Physical Infrastructure 122 Table 14.3: Requirement...
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