...Lecture 1: Syllabus II. Reading Assignments for Chapter 1 A. Lecture 2: 1. Define Microbiology & Microorganisms 2. sec 1-1: pp. 1-4: Members of the microbial world B. Lecture 3: 3. Why is microbiology important? 4. Integrated content of Sec 1.4, pp. 17-19 C. Self-Learning: History of Microbiology 5. Sec1.3, pp. 11-16 please read! III. Chapter 2: All sections will be covered from this chapter but keep in mind, BIOL201 emphasizes ALL microscopes; I will focus on the bright-field light microscope, discuss staining, and then provide a brief overview of other types of microscopes. D. Order of content in lecture: 2.1, 2.2 Light Microscopes emphasizing bright-field microscopy up to p. 26, Staining: 2.3 p. 31-34; Sec 2.2; Other microscopes in sec 2-2 p. 26-31; sec 2.4-2.5. E. This will be covered 8/26, 8/28, and part of 9/2. F. Have a general idea on how all of the microscopes work that I do not cover in depth. My emphasis will be on: Brightfield, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Cell Structure- Ideal Lecture order: (Chapter 3 &4) DATE | Text Chapter | Lecture Topic | | | Prokaryotic Cell Structure & Function. Ch 3 discusses the structure of Bacteria while Ch 4 discusses Archaea. Note: Ch. 5- Eukaryotic Cell Structure was covered in Biol-201. I will not cover this information but I will hold you responsible for this material. | 9/2 (W) | Ch. 3 &...
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...The most interesting thing I observed in today’s microscope lab was that I was able to view algae from a sample of pond water. The total magnification which I made the observation was 450. Been able to see algae just with the sample of pond water is amazing because whenever I see pond water I never think about what it beholds I just thought of it as water and nothing spectacular. 2. In the plant cell I observed the chloroplast organelle. My observations for the chloroplast organelle was that the shape was a circle and very tiny. I also I learned that the function of the chloroplast organelle is to conduct photosynthesis. In the animal cell I observed the nucleus. My observations for the nucleus was that the shape was a oval. When you look through the microscope it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. I also I learned that the animal cell of the nucleus is to hold genetic code (DNA). 3. If I looked at bacterial cells with the microscope, I would expect to see neither one. Due to bacteria is a prokaryotic cell. Though, bacteria cells is a living...
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...Lab 8 This chapter give as closer look into binoculars and telescopes. Hans Lippershey invented the telescope. He tested this by looking at small object in the floor. There are two different kinds of telescopes. These two different kinds of telescopes are the refractor and reflector. As the name states it the reflecting telescope uses mirrors to reflect the image and come back into the pupil. First the light goes through the front of the telescope and goes in the concave mirror. When this is done the light and image is passed on to the flat mirror and is reflected into the eye piece and the image goes into the pupil. The refractor telescope uses lenses to magnify the image. The light first goes in the primary lens and then the light goes into the eye lens and into the pupil to magnify the image. The two types of binoculars are The Porro Prism and The Roof Prism. The Porro Prism has a zig-zag path through each barrel. The Roof Prism binoculars are more expensive, however these show a clearer or brighter image than the Porro Prism. While the Porro Prism light path goes zig-zag the Roof prism appears to go in a straight line. The Porro Prism’s design makes astronomical observing better. The aperture is usually showed in millimeters. Any binocular aperture that is less than 42 millimeters will be not good for observing the night sky. The magnification is also important because they define how closer an object will be. In conclusion the telescopes and binoculars are important...
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...was a basket-maker, while his mother's family were brewers. Antony was educated as a child in a school in the town of Warmond, then lived with his uncle at Benthuizen; in 1648 he was apprenticed in a linen-draper's shop. Around 1654 he returned to Delft, where he spent the rest of his life. He set himself up in business as a draper (a fabric merchant); he is also known to have worked as a surveyor, a wine assayer, and as a minor city official. In 1676 he served as the trustee of the estate of the deceased and bankrupt Jan Vermeer, the famous painter, who had had been born in the same year as Leeuwenhoek and is thought to have been a friend of his. And at some time before 1668, Antony van Leeuwenhoek learned to grind lenses, made simple microscopes, and began observing with them. He seems to have been inspired to take up microscopy by having seen a copy of Robert...
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...tend to move around when dissolved in a solution is because all molecules display random thermal motion and have kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is what allows the molecules to diffuse down a gradient of high concentration to regions of low concentration until the distribution of molecules become equal and achieved dynamic equilibrium. The entire solution only becomes homogeneous when one of the several factors are reached: the size of the dye molecules, temperature of the solution, density of the solvent and concentration of the dye. Heat is what causes random motion of molecules and passively moves molecules in biological systems. However, we can’t see this movement with our naked eye. In order for us to see this movement, we must use a microscope to see the small particles move after collision, this is called the Brownian movement. When talking about the cell membrane we must understand that it is selectively permeable, which means it can choose what can pass through the membrane and what can’t. Polarity and size are he two most important characteristics of molecules govern their passive movement through a lipid membrane. Dialysis tubing is what we are going to be using in our second procedure to model a selectively permeable membrane. Dialysis is the separation of dissolved substances by means of their unequal diffusion through a selectively permeable...
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...M2D1: Microscopy and Differential Staining 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of light and electron microscopes discussed in Chapter 3 that are used to study microorganisms? Focus your response in terms of the following parameters: o Range of magnification o Resolving ability o Sample preparation o Possible states of sample (e.g. whole organism, part of, living, non-living, etc Compound Light microscopes magnification is 2000X. Resolution of about 0.2μm. Can only see very small specimens and specimens are stained. Darkfield – used to study live microorganisms that cannot be stained or staining distorts the image or they are invisible using the normal light microscope. Phase-Contrast – in living microorganisms, this scope allows you to see detailed internal structures, plus you do not have to fix or stain the microbes. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) – instead of one beam of light, 2 beams are used. Image looks almost 3-dimensional and is brightly colored. Fluorescence – used mainly as a diagnostic technique. Stained with fluorochromes and viewed with an ultraviolent light. Confocal – makes 3-dimensional images using a computer. Able to see entire cells and their components. Two-Photon – living cells can be seen up to 1mm (1000um) deep in tissues. Can also track, in real time, the activity of cells. Scanning Acoustic – living cells that are attached to cancer cells, artery plaque and biofilms can be seen through...
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...Compound Microscope Parts A high power or compound microscope achieves higher levels of magnification than a stereo or low power microscope. It is used to view smaller specimens such as cell structures which cannot be seen at lower levels of magnification. Essentially, a compound microscope consists of structural and optical components. However, within these two basic systems, there are some essential components that every microscopist should know and understand. These key microscope parts are illustrated and explained below. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS The three basic, structural components of a compound microscope are the head, base and arm. •Head/Body houses the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope •Base of the microscope supports the microscope and houses the illuminator •Arm connects to the base and supports the microscope head. It is also used to carry the microscope. When carrying a compound microscope always take care to lift it by both the arm and base, simultaneously. Ocular with Pointer eyepiece which magnifies image projected by objective Body Tube maintains the correct distance between the eyepiece and the objectives (usually 25 cm) Arm supports the body tube and is used to carry the microscope Coarse Adjustment a knob that makes large adjustments to the focus Fine Adjustment a knob that makes small adjustments to the focus Nosepiece holds the objectives and can be rotated to change the magnification Objective Lenses Adjustable...
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...small opening keeps liquids from spilling * Florence flask: used more in chemistry to heat liquids, various sizes, small opening keeps liquids from spilling or boiling out * graduated cylinder: measures precise volume of liquids, various sizes Linear measurement (length, width, height, surface area) (in meters): * metric ruler/ meter stick: measures length Measurements of mass (mass is not weight) (in grams): * electronic balance: measures mass Measurement of temperature (in Celsius): * Celsius thermometer: measures temperature, only read Celsius side! Magnifying equipment (used to see things closer than the naked eye): * hand lens: simple magnifier, two magnifications * compound light microscope: magnifies up to 1000x * microscope slide: used to mount specimens for magnified viewing, two types: flat and depression (well), made of glass * cover slip: used to compress specimens for uniform depth and clearer focus, must use for wet mount slide, made of plastic Other Biology equipment: * dropper and pipette: used to transfer small amounts of liquids, use glass dropper for water, use disposable plastic pipette for dyes, stains, and organic material * test tubes and rack: hold small volume for experimentation and observation, rack holds tubes upright and inverted for drying after clean up * test tube holder: holds test tubes when heated * test tube brush: used to clean out test tubes * forceps: picks up small items, used...
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...technique helps in order to study slides with specimen under a microscope. In this skill the specimen ejected along with a drop of liquid (e.g. water) and then it is covered with a cover slip. Unlike permanent mount slides, wet slides cannot be stocked for over a long period of time as the liquid might evaporate and growth of unwanted microorganisms may lead to the contamination of the slide. In order to avoid this contamination and still be able to use the slide for...
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...TASK 1 Comparing light and electron microscope Note:- A microscope is an instrument used for viewing a tiny object that cannot be seen with our naked eyes. The microscope is an important instrument found in the laboratory. We have two types of microscope. Light Microscope and Electron Microscope. The light Microscope is one which can be illuminated by light while an electron microscope is one which can be illuminated by electron. Electron microscope is expensive and not portable compared to the light microscope. The Electron microscope is then of two types. We have the Scanning Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus...
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...Labset Two Worksheet 1. What is differential staining? How does it differ from simple staining? (2) Differential staining uses more than one chemical stain. It can help differentiate between different microorganisms, or different parts of the cell. The simple stain uses one stain and is used to see cell shape and size. 2. What are the differences between gram positive and gram negative cell walls? (2) A gram positive has a thick wall of peptidoglycan and stains purple. A gram negative has a membrane covering the peptidoglycan and doesn’t stain leaving it a pink color. 3. What is a mordant? What serves as a mordant in the gram stain protocol? (2) A mordant is a chemical that can deepen the reaction of the dye. Iodine is the mordant in the gram stain protocol. 4. Why do gram negative cells stain pink? Gram positive cells purple? (2) Gram positive cells have cell walls and can retain the dye. Gram negative cells do not have cell walls and cannot retain the dye. Cristal Violet is added to the sample and penetrates the cell walls, staining the cell in the gram positive. Gram negative will not retain color as there is no cell wall. A counterstain is added to make the cell visible and turns it a pink. 5. What is measured by the methyl red portion of the MR-VP test? (2) It measures acid in a bacterial broth. It turns red in pH under 4.4, yellow in pH over 6.2, and orange in between. 6. What is measured by the Voges-Proskauer...
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...Living or Non-living? By: Chris Millard Biology 9-10A In class we have been looking at different substances under microscopes and under one there was a very weird substance. I’ve been thinking if this substance is a living or nonliving substance. I think it looked like it was a living substance. I’ve been researching and I have found many kinds of brown bugs. There were some bugs that I found that looked like of what I saw in class. When I looked through the microscope I saw some things such as, legs on the side on it, its body was shaped like a little circle, it had one long end, one round end with a brown color. There was one that was broken and had a sort of glossy substance. That substance is likely to be cells that are inside the bug that have been broken and separated out of it. To me that seems like some sort of like a grass hopper. I looked up a few different bugs and one that I did look up grass hopper. Grass hoppers can be small, brown and they also have a long body and a long front. All this research I did, lead me to believe that this substance was indeed a living organism. For it to be a living organism it must at least have cells, use energy, develop, reproduce, or adapt to their environment. A grass hopper has at least one of these characteristics. This research helped me a lot to figure out whether it was a living or nonliving substance. By finding the characteristics, it helped me understand that it was. I discovered it was a grass hopper. I now understand...
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...on using the Microscope: The purpose for my manual topic is showing on how to use the microscope and also the assembly of a microscope when is taken out of the box. The very first and most important fact is picking a title that is clear on what it is going to explain. Also picking a readable font is really important for making the audience want to read the manual. At the beginning of my manual, I will have the table of content, which is the most basic part that a manual should have. The first part of my table content will include safety, which in my opinion is the most important fact using a product, although there is not that much peril utilizing a microscope. After safety, I will have the introduction, which will provide brief information about different types of microscopes and how they differ in terms of the purpose they are used. I also will give brief descriptions about what a microscope is and what is exactly used for; assuming part of the audience doesn’t know that much about microscopes. I will explain about parts of the microscope and what function they have; parts such as eyepiece, objective lens, focus adjustment knob, stand column, and etc. I will put a figure showing each part so the audience has a better understanding of the microscope. I will mention all the parts that are included in the box and all the extra equipment needed for the assembly of the microscope such as screwdriver. After all that, I will start with how to operate the microscope with a quick...
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...Examination of Stool Stool from patient is examined to detect: 1. Adult worms 2. Segments of tapeworms 3. Ova and Cysts of Parasites 4. Larvae 5. Trophozoites 6. WBC , RBC , Pus Cells , Macrophages etc Collection of stool sample : 1. Stool sample is to be collected in a wide mouthed leak proof container with a tight fitting lid. 2. Amount: 20 – 40 gram of solid stool or 5 – 6 tablespoonful of liquid stool .Care is to be taken to prevent contamination with urine , dirt etc . 3. Patient is to be warned not to take any medicine or medicinal substance before collection of the sample. 4. Stool sample must not be collected from bedpan containing disinfectants. 5. The container should be properly labeled with patient’s ID no., the name of the test that is desired by the clinician. 6. The stool sample is to be kept in a cool shady place but not to be frozen. 7. Stool sample is to be transported to the laboratory without any delay. Examination of stool is to be done within 30 minutes of stool sample collection (not within 30 minutes after reception of stool in the lab). Examination of stool is divided into a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination) b) Chemical examination c) Microscopic examination a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination): Consistency: whether the stool sample is formed, soft, loose or watery. Presence of blood and mucus Presence of round worm, thread worm or tapeworm proglottides Colour and smell of stool b) Chemical examination Stool is usually acidic...
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...is pinched off containing the smaller particles turning into a vesicle which is taken where it needs to go. Question 5. A scientist might choose light-microscopy over electron microscopy because you can use living cells and watch how different factors affect them. Electron microscopy might be used because it has better resolution so you can see more details and depth to determine what the sample really looks like. Question 7. Basic light microscopes require chemical staining because most of the cells are not visible under normal light conditions. The cell material doesn’t absorb visible light so they look invisible. Another way of visualizing samples is by using fluorescence. Most of the chemical stains bind to the whole molecule or group of molecules instead of a specific part or specific molecule. You can go around this problem by using fluorescent microscopy. The fluorescent marker can be attached to a specific place or molecule so that you only see the part that you want too because if you are using a fluorescent microscope you will only see the part or molecule that fluoresces. Confocal scanning and deconvolution microscopy make fluorescent microscopy better by allowing you to focus on a specific region or depth of the sample. This makes what you see sharper and you can use this type of microscopy on thicker samples because you can focus on a more specific layer. Question 9. A cell line can keep dividing in the same sample so you continue to have live samples...
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