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1. What are the factors that likely explain the difference between Microsoft's market value of equity and its reported book value of equity?

Microsoft's market value of equity is notably different from its reported book value of equity for two aspects of reasons.

First of all, Microsoft's software capitalization policy and revenue recognition policy make it have a lower reported book value of equity. Microsoft expensed all incurred research and development costs in which some should have been capitalized. This accounting treatment resulted in lower earnings, lower retained earnings and lower book value of equity. Meanwhile, in 1996 Microsoft began recognizing 20% of revenues from Windows operating systems over the products life-cycle rather than recognizing it at the point of sale. This helped provide a 298% increase in unearned

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