...Criminological Perspectives on Probation This assignment will critically discuss whether victims are at the heart of criminal justice (CJ) considerations for policy reform. It will consider a number of theoretical perspectives, including victimology and critically discuss how the needs of victims of crime, including the services available, are tackled through a criminal justice response and the demands of the victim movement. The essay will demonstrate the impact of politics upon policy and practice initiatives on both a national and local level. Furthermore, there will be a discussion predominately about how probation policy and practice can appropriately respond to the needs and diversity of different victim groups, whilst touching briefly on other criminal justice agencies. To allow this assignment to be focused it will also concentrate largely on issues surrounding women as victims of domestic violence and examples within Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities. The 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power broadly defined the term ‘victims’ as: Persons who individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts…that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States. (cited in Goodey, 2005:10) While Goodey suggests that victims are ‘now at the heart...
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...Appeal, which upheld Ms Clarke’s right to dispose of Mr Takamore’s body. The Supreme Court (“The Court”) granted Ms Takamore leave to appeal from the Court of Appeal. Ms Takamore claimed that Mr Takamore should be buried according to Māori burial custom, which provides for the return of whānau to tribal burial grounds. Ms Clarke contended that she had the right as executor to dispose of his body. The first issue concerns whether the executor has exclusive right to determine the disposal of the deceased. The second issue addresses the role of tikanga Māori in common law. The Court unanimously dismissed the appeal and granted Ms Clarke the right to have Mr Takamore reburied. The majority, Tipping, McGrath and Blanchard JJ and minority, Elias CJ, concluded with different reasoning. I Executor Rule A Decision The Court agreed that no statute specified who had authority to dispose of the deceased. The majority, in line with the lower court judgments, concluded that executors have exclusive right to dispose of the deceased (“the executor rule”). They considered other common law jurisdictions and concluded that, Williams v Williams, an English case adopted by New Zealand in Murdoch v Rhind, provided authority that the executor’s decision is determinative. The majority...
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...A2 Sociology ASSESSMENT PACK 2015-16 A2 Level Sociology Student Tracking Sheet | |Current Grade |Target Grade |Lates |Attendance | |September | | | | | |November | | | | | |January | | | | | |March | | | | | |May | | | | | | |Families |Education | |UMS | | | |Grade | | | | |Handed in on |Mark |Grade |What is the target for my next piece of work? |Above/ On/ Under Target | |Assessment/Homework |time...
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...Disparity in the jury selection process CJS/221 September 7 2015 Christopher Manning In the United states of America talking about racism is something uncommon as a lot of if people know that they are laws that go against discrimination and racism, however this does not mean that thoughts and emotional racism feelings are involve in the daily life of a lot of people in the United States, therefore this discriminatory thoughts or ideas are always involve in all the system that are meant to serve and protect society, this would also include the same system that is meant to provide equality and justice in America, the court justice system. In this paper there will be some key points to study, such key points includes: An explanation of the process and cases that have helped to control the systemic discrimination of the courts in this process, a discussion of how jury nullification is used in relation to diversity, and a discussion of the use of peremptory challenges to jury selection and the impact on the jury composition. Firs let’s start with how some processes have helped to control the systematic discrimination of courts in this process. One of the most common process to fight discrimination is the selection of a jury pool. There are different facts about the jury pool selection, this one’s includes “that all white jury has been a staple of the America criminal justice system for most of our history, The second fact is that the...
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...Functionalism, strain and Subcultural theories Durkheim’s functionalist theory Functionalism – society based on value consensus. Members of society sharing common culture. In order to achieve this, two things needed: - Socialisation – helps ensure individuals share the same norms and values. Shows the way to act. - Social control – rewards for conformity and punishment for deviance. Controls behaviour. Inevitability of crime – functionalists see crime as inevitable and universal. Every society has crime. Two reasons why crime and deviance are in all societies: - No everyone is equally socialized into norms and values. Some are likely to be deviant. - Diversity of lifestyle and values. Different groups have their own subcultures with distinctive norms and values. Some may see deviant acts as normal. > Durkheim says in modern societies there is tendency towards anomie. The rules for behaviour become weaker and less clear-cut. This is because modern societies have a complex division of labour meaning individuals become more different from each other. Crime is more likely. Positive functions of crime – it also performs two positive functions Boundary maintenance - produces a reaction from society, uniting members in disapproval of criminals and reinforcing their commitment to shared norms and values. Adaptation and change – all change starts with an act of deviance. There must be scope to challenge existing norms and values and this will seem deviant in the...
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...Discrimination This assignment will compare and contrast the terms disparity and discrimination. Sufficient background and examples of disparity and discrimination from the criminal justice system will be used to support persuasively the development of each term. First, the term disparity will be defined, developed, and supported with examples from the criminal justice system. Second, the term discrimination will be brought into focus, defined, and supported accordingly. Third, the similarities, and differences between the terms will be brought into discussion. The assignment will conclude by defining the applicability of the problem as it relates to these terms and will attempt to suggest a solution in curbing or even eliminating discrimination and disparity within the system. It is often said that the American Criminal Justice System directly discriminates against minorities based on race, gender, ethnicity, religion, and economic status. To clarify the credibility of such statement, one must be able to understand that deeply weaved within such claim stands the issue of disparity. Disparity and discrimination are two important social factors affecting the American socio-cultural aspects, especially those aspects related to the criminal justice system. Often, these similar terms are used interchangeably, however, they differ in many ways. Primarily, according to Webster’s dictionary disparity is defined as the "lack of similarity or equality;...
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...|Department of Law and Criminal Justice Studies |[pic] | | | | |ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET | | |STUDENT NAME |Nkiruka-Rebecca Elliott |STUDENT No |ELL11053447 | | | |PROGRAMME | |(highlight correct subjects) | |MODULE NAME: | | | |Victims and Victimology | |MARKER’S NAME: |Rashid Aziz...
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...MAGAYA v MAGAYA 1999 (1) ZLR 100 (S) Division: Supreme Court, Harare Judges: Gubbay CJ, McNally JA, Ebrahim JA, Muchechetere JA Subject Area: Civil Appeal Date: 2 November 1998 & 16 February 1999 Judgment Number: S-210-98 Constitutional law — Constitution of Zimbabwe 1980 — Declaration of Rights — s 23 — protection against discrimination — discrimination on grounds of sex — exemption of customary law from prohibition of discrimination Customary law — succession — heir at customary law — whether female able to inherit late father’s estate Human rights — women’s rights — discrimination on the grounds of sex — whether Legal Age of Majority Act had created positive rights or had only removed legal disabilities The deceased died intestate. His estate consisted of a house and some cattle. He had entered into marriages with two wives, both marriages being according to African law and custom. The appellant, a female, had been born 1941 and was the child of the deceased’s first wife. The respondent, a male, had been born in 1946 and was the child of the deceased’s second wife. The appellant was thus the eldest child of the deceased. The respondent was not the eldest male child of the deceased, but the eldest male child had declined the heirship. A community court had originally appointed the appellant as heir to the estate, but on application from the respondent to the community court, the appointment of the appellant had been set aside and, after a hearing at which all...
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...1 Disparity and Discrimination By Jennifer Cruz CJS/221 8/7/15 Alan Hazen 2 Disparity and Discrimination In a prejudice world, it’s important to note the differences between disparity and discrimination, but especially when serving justice in the courts. Everyone regardless of color, sex, sexual orientation, race, and religion are entitled to fair treatment, but it doesn’t always happen that way. In this paper examples will be given of the unfair treatment towards certain race of people, and what the consequences of that treatment is. It will also explain a situation of which disparity exists, why, and how it all relates to the criminal justice field. Disparity Disparity is a situation which a particular group of people are involved. A good example would be the incarceration rate of black men, compared to any other race. Would is the cause of this? When looking at the statistics of disparity in crime, we learn many things. Who is effected the most, which race, class, or sex is most likely to be arrested, and then the next question is why? Why are black men more likely than men of other races to be incarcerated despite blacks making up only 13% of the population? And what can we do to make it fairer towards everyone regardless of what they are? These are important questions to ask when regarding race in the criminal justice field. Discrimination Discrimination is treatment that is different between different groups of people, such as religious groups, groups of...
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...Patterns of Discrimination in Police Agencies Lauren Raven CJS/221 Alan Hazel 3-15-2015 Patterns of Discrimination in Police Agencies Experiences with social institutions and law enforcement agencies shape the worldview by influencing community-police relations through individual and group perception. The patterns and existence of institutionalized discrimination, contextual discrimination, and individual discriminatory behaviors within the criminal justice system carry considerable influence on public perception of police departments. The effects of social class, race, and ethnicity on citizen opinions of how law enforcement agencies operate include instances of corruption, systematic discrimination, and general misunderstandings of cultural diversities. Institutionalized discrimination describes a wider pattern of events regarding discriminatory practices incorporated into processes, procedures, and organizational structure (Walker, Spone, Delone, 2012). An example may include policies that permit judges to consider employment or domestic history in their decision making process.Whether these occurrences are due to prejudice or racism, or are the result of a general lack of consideration for the needs of various social identities, they essentially indicate a problematic system. Pure justice provides restorative justice for victims and their rights, yet attains an unbiased, unprejudiced...
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...Juvenile offenders Robin spiller CJS/221 December 8th, 2014 Alan Hazen Juvenile offenders For some youth , adolescence presents challenges beyond acne and high school crushes. Youth who become involved in the court system, either by spending time in the court system, either by spending time in juvenile detention facilities or by participating in risky behavior, require services unique to their situation. According to "Juvenile Defense Lawyer" (2014), "If your child is arrested, there is no right to bond in juvenile law cases in the State of Texas. Technically, your child temporarily becomes a ward of the state and is not considered to be in custody. After your child is detained initially, he or she does have a right to a 72-hour detainer hearing where we can fight to get your child out and put into your custody. (para. 2). The common perception of the public is that juvenile offenders are of color. One would wonder why this is the perception, it is said that based off of the geographical area of most young blacks and their social class that they are more likely than whites to end up in the system, This is not the case. Although it is a stereo-type that due to most of the African American teens being raised in a single parent home that it would be more likely for them to end up in the system. Inner city teens tend to find themselves tied in to gangs and selling drugs. It is said that teens seek this type of affection to feel the void in their lives. When taking...
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...Week 2 Assignment: Law as a “Living Body” CJS/220 The U.S. Constitution provided the structure and framework for the American rule of law that was based from the structure of England. The U.S. Constitution, which was written and accepted in 1787, has influenced the American legal system giving the American people a structure to live by, law and order. Although all American laws are constitutional, when the Constitution was written in 1787 the American culture was very new and it only catered to the majority and nobody else that was brought to the United States. As time passed the comprehension of the Constitution was changed to integrate minorities like African Americans, women, Asian Americans and others to have the same rights as White Americans. The world has changed dramatically and the U.S. has made history since the creation of the U.S. Constitution having added to it in order for the land of the free actually be the land of the free. The term “laws on the books” refers to the actual written laws passed through legislation being by state or federal and recorded in the codified law books. “Law in action” refers to how the law is actually interpreted, carried out, and applied in the courts. As far as it being fair in the justice system, well it has its pros and cons. It’s not fair when a person is singled out by police because he looks different or out of place. It’s not fair when a person gets a ticket when going to speed of traffic. It is fair that we do...
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...1980’'s, bass culture has undergone significant transformation in terms of style and incorporating dance elements from different music genres such as dancehall, hip hop, funk, and electro music among other music genres. Some of the pioneers considered having brought the bass to the UK between the years 1980-1990 include Joey Beltram, CJ Bolland, L.A. Style, and Richie Hawtin. However, historical analysis shows the period 1898 to 1992 as the period of “cross pollination” of the bass culture. This period saw the incorporation of the UK hard-core sound into the bass culture. The process included incorporating hard-core sounds from different countries such as the Belgium, Germany, and the Holland. Therefore, this essay discusses the ways in which the bass culture had developed in the UK and period when it witnessed greatest significant influence on the culture. How the Bass Culture occurred in the United Kingdom over the Last 6 Decades The bass culture was introduced in the UK by the influx of the Jamaican reggae musicians in the early ages of the 1950’s. However, it did not emerge as expected due to constraints such as violence against minorities. In the year 1980, a larger population of the UK was exposed to the reggae with core intentions of spreading the message of rebel against the state. Introduction of the industrial techno and the hard house or the happy hardcore brought new scenes into the bass culture in the years 1985 and 1990. The breakbeat hardcore of the United Kingdom...
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...Running Head: COUNSELING AND SOCIAL JUSTICE Stepping up Counseling Responsibilities in a Socially Unjust Society Abstract Social Justice has been an emerging issue over the last century in today’s service environment of helping professionals. I reviewed several articles where the main theme is; we live in a world of systems that allow for injustice and oppression. The Professional Counselor’s work deals with many of the symptoms that permit for this injustice and oppression. The articles had similar recurring traits that are stressed as important practices that need to be adopted by Professionals in the helping field to increase awareness of social justice and implement actions for change in a socially unjust society. I will explain the four main attributes: knowledge, awareness, research and advocacy and explain how education and focus in each area will contribute to the social justice inequities in the communities we practice. If professional counselors want to promote social justice, to be effective, there has to be a movement to take action on the burdensome stigmatisms and unfortunate inequities that human beings bring to professionals about the communities they live in. Social justice and the counseling profession have roots that goes back to the 1900’s. It has always been understood from a social work point of view that problems such as depression, anxiety, and abuse often derive from economic...
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...Joshua Steven Duarte CJS/221 June 20, 11:59 PM Ben Harm (Instructor) Patterns of Discrimination in Police Agencies Paper Introduction: Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different groups of people or things because of their race, gender, ethnicity, or belief. Sense the founding of the United States and even well before it, discrimination has been the source or strife and conflict in society. Whether this is because of one side’s belief of racial superiority or because of cultural diversity, the fact remains that it is a problem that continues to exist even today. One area I think that bares special mention to how discrimination has continued to exist to this extent is the criminal justice system. Sense the day the Emancipation proclamation was first declared in 1863 to the era civil rights movement (1954-1968), we’ve made many strives in accepting numerous cultures, but where does that leave today? There are three areas of discrimination that bare special intention, institutionalized discrimination, contextual discrimination, and individual acts of discrimination, what they mean and how they compare with the concept “pure justice”. Pure justice is the conceptual belief that there is no discrimination at any place or time in the criminal justice system. But does such a principle exist in the world of criminal justice...
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