...Formation Embedded Design 构型的嵌入式设计 1. 简介： 这篇论文主要讨论一种通过定制编写的方法来制造结构设计的限制范围内整合的方法。该方法将三维几何形状或者算法自动生成的数据转变成经过适当格式化的机器代码以便在单一的CAD建模环境下直接进行数控。这个过程是传统的单向进程，它通过专用机器编程软件将部分文件编译成可数控的文件。在一个开放框架中，将路径创建集成放入设计封装，就可以实现部分机器代码的自动化翻译，而其中的参数可以通过生成算法产生或者由用户明确建模。这种集成方法使得制作约束和设计意图之间的即时反馈成为可能。这个研究的价值在于它加强了构型设计流程和材料建构核心之间的关系网络。 关键字： 开源代码制造 参数化建模 计算设计 多轴 设计实现： 这里提出的方法的目标是从根本上去除设计过程和最终制作操作间的鸿沟。在此方法中设计和生产的流程必须重新构思，自顶向下的流程存在着诸多瑕疵，相比之下将这流程当做一个双向的连续统一体可能会更好，在此统一体中我们可以引入多个反馈回路以加强设计意图和其它影响设计或生产的因素例如制作约束，材料性能和环境压力。要实现适当的反馈，则需要搭建一个恰当的软件开发平台，使得设计人员能够在软件开发平台上进行设计和制作间的无缝迁移，以此来缩减单项翻译的阀值。而要搭建这个平台，必须明白它的“施工图”仅仅就是一套指令的图像画构建。鉴于此，如果指令集可以被不同的媒介精确定义，传达和理解，那么这个所谓的施工图本身就不再需要了。“你是一个组织者，而不是一个图板艺术家”（勒·柯布西耶）。 为了实现这个目标，我们需要建立一个算法驱动的核心，使得制造过程能够结合开放式集合的过程特定变量和与之相应的计算。 在此我们可以通过研究麦克尼尔犀牛3D 案例来分析这一搭建过程，麦克尼尔犀牛3D是一个经典3D环境建模，它的嵌入式脚本语言是Rhino Visual Basic，但是概念框架却有着软件或语言的不确定性，该平台的2.0版本正在利用Python语言开发中。在上文中我们提到将路径创建集成放入设计封装，就可以实现部分机器代码的自动化翻译，而其中的参数可以通过生成算法产生或者由用户明确建模。这种集成方法使得制造约束和设计意图之间的反馈可以更加直接迅捷。 [pic] 图.1 多轴（机器人）水刀系统 事实上大多数的CAM软件包中都包含有这项功能，所以区分这种特定方法的途径是判断它是否能够将特定的属性嵌入到参数模型中。值得一提的是，制造产业一直在寻求这种类似的功能。“基于特征的加工”代表了这项工作的主要目标，几乎所有机型都嵌入了设计意图，可更换的CAM软件包，和必要的能自动生成刀具路径的信息。因为它主要是在处理实体建模程序并且适用于机械设计，所以在构建生产方法中几乎不会出现转线的情况。特别是在算法生成几何的情况下，具有高度可变性的部分之间因为有着嵌入的自动转换的机器代码，它们能够减少编程时间并且显著提高效率。以功能或以知识为基础的加工代表了一种类型的集成化设计和制造技术，不过我们不能肯定这种加工是否适合那些有限变化的零件，而且其纳入设计层面的部分也是有局限性的。 Delmia和Catia程序则体现了另外一种方法。Catia的核心是参数化建模系统，包含着类似BIM（实体建模和基于特征建模）的特性。一个完善的Catia程序在一定范围内能实现垂直一体化设计和制造，而它的零件则用基于约束的技术建模，这些模型被参链接到内置的CAM工作台从而能够输出实际的数控代码到几乎任何标准的标准的数控机床。在扩展的Delmia产品生命...
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...int(raw_input('Enter z: ')) if x < y: if x < z: print 'x is least' else: print 'z is least' else: print 'y is least' if x < y: if x < z: print 'x is least' else: print 'z is least' elif y < z: print 'y is least' else: print 'z is least' if x < y and print 'x elif y < z: print 'y else: print 'z x < z: is least' is least' is least' if x < y and print 'x elif y < z: print 'y else: print 'z x < z: is least' is least' is least' -------------------#Find the cube root of a perfect cube x = int(raw_input('Enter an integer: ')) ans = 0 while ans*ans*ans < abs(x): ans = ans + 1 #print 'current guess =', ans if ans*ans*ans != abs(x): print x, 'is not a perfect cube' else: if x < 0: ans = -ans print 'Cube root of ' + str(x) + ' is ' + str(ans) MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 6.00SC Introduction to Computer Science and Programming Spring 2011 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms....
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...researchers as key ethical players in the equitable design and distribution of technology. With corporations seeking new consumers to distribute technology and bridge the rapidly shrinking digital divide, it’s valuable to ask these questions while there is still time for researchers to contribute their leadership, vision, historical perspective, and critical thinking to ethically inform and guide this process. This paper will review Negroponte’s contributions to HCI and explore linkages to historical figures of the field. In addition, this paper aims to critically review Negroponte’s influence as an advocate for universal usability and the OLPC project. Architecture Machine Group In 1967 Negroponte founded the Architecture Machine Group at MIT. Researchers in the group invented new concepts and developed new approaches to human-computer interaction. Inspired, in part, by Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad design interface, The Architecture Machine Group’s original focus was to create an architecture machine to help users design buildings without architects. Computer aided design programs, such as AutoCAD, that became widely utilized in the 1980s were influenced by the early work of Negroponte’s Architecture Machine Group and Charles Eastman’s work at Carnigie Melon. (2) Though the...
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...MSR New England Social Media Research Amelia Abreu, Andres Monroy Hernandez, and Omar Wasow 7 September 2010 Each speaker will give a 12 minute presentation of their work and then there will be an open discussion. #1: Amelia Abreu, University of Washington 'Tag!: How games and memes create social infrastructure online' This paper examines 'tag' games played on YouTube. We employ case study methodology to track and compare games across several user communities, analyzing content and discourse in structure, representation of identity, use of the system, and genre development. Examining individual and group dynamics in play, we extract models for their transmission and formation. Framing tag games as contemporary folklore, we examine how video sharing technology has become subject of folklore as well as an a vehicle for it. As the research suggests, games studied exhibit not only play in sharing and showing details, but in organizing and structuring ideas and identities, thus revealing a complex informal information infrastructure. In conclusion, we consider how this infrastructural model compares to formal systems of indexing. #2: Andres Monroy-Hernandez, MIT Media Lab 'Copyrights and copycats: understanding young people's remixing practices' Digital technologies have made it easier for people, youth in particular, to copy and reuse other people's songs, pictures, code and other forms of digital creations. Through the analysis of remixing, or content reuse, we present...
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...problems nearly impossible for students since they are unable to connect all of the small random bits of information. So, what should we do as educators to insure that students are getting the right balance? Do students love their phones? I believe probably. Should students be allowed to engage in such dependence on their phones that they do not rely on their own brains and expand their own abilities? I believe students should expand their own learning and not depend simply on the research of others! I believe students should put technology down at times, use technology at times, and rely solely upon technology at no time! References Johnson, G. J. (2008). Preservice Elementary-School Teachers' Beliefs Related to Technology Use in Mathematics Classes. Online Submission. Kolb, Liz. "Adventures with cell phones." Educational Leadership 68.5 (2011): 39-43. Papert, S. (1990). A critique of technocentrism in thinking about the school of the future. Epistemology and Learning Group, MIT Media Laboratory. Papert, S. (1998)....
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...Clocky Case Case facts / situational context * Nanda, a young and innovative M.I.T. graduate student is the founder of Clocky. * Clocky is an innovative alarm clock designed for people who have difficulty getting out of bed in the morning. Clocky could jump off and roll around the room, forcing people to get out of bed to turn off the alarm. * Why has Nanda introduced the Clocky? It is a new solution to ‘just’ snoozing. * The Clocky has already got overwhelming attention on diverse media. * It is a hype while it still in prototype fase this is not a great timing for Nanda, because she wanted to wait for another year to have the capacity to debut Clocky properly on the market. The case problem * Nanda faces many challenges as she is working towards the debut of Clocky. The main issue is how to position the Clocky on the market, while the Clocky already has so much media attention but still over a year away from production. She faces a number of difficult decisions conforming the 4 P’s. Marketing mix * Product: manufacture it at home or overseas? * Place: which distribution channels and which retail stores? * Promotion: how to direct the media attention? * Price: for what price to sell the Clocky? Competitions Two main competitors working on a wakeup-related product * “SleepSmart” = high price ($200-300) and high innovative/quality (device wakes up owners in the lightest stage of their sleep cycle). * Puzzle Alarm Clock = low...
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...designed Clocky as a graduate student in MIT's Media Lab. The daughter of entrepreneurs--her parents recently sold their small weekly newspaper in Detroit--she aspired to become a designer at a large technology company. "I was opposed to the idea of starting a company," says Nanda. "I saw the hours my parents worked." After presenting Clocky to her class in the fall of 2004, she threw it in the back of her closet. She'd almost forgotten about it until the next spring, when several tech bloggers stumbled upon a photo of her invention online. Suddenly, Nanda was getting contacted by reporters and TV producers. Good Morning America called. She scrambled to fix the buggy prototype in time for its debut on network TV. Nanda, now 27, left MIT with a master's degree that fall and began considering her options. Licensing the clock seemed like the easiest move, but she couldn't bring herself to give up control. "I had all these ideas about how it should look and behave," she says. After finding a manufacturer on AliBaba.com, a Chinese business-to-business website, she...
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..."The Beauty and Joy of Computing: Computer Science for Everyone", Constructionism 2012, Athens. About the development of CS 10, Berkeley's new CS breadth course for non-majors. Why Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs matters In 2011, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of MIT, the Boston Globe made a list of the most important MIT innovations, and they asked me to explain the importance of SICP. This is what I sent them. "Bringing 'No Ceiling' to Scratch: Can One Language Serve Kids and Computer Scientists?" (with Jens Mönig, a talk at the Constructionism 2010 conference in Paris). Scratch is the brilliant grandchild of Logo, from the MIT Media Lab, that uses drag-and-drop visual programming to achieve, truly at last, the "no threshold" half of Logo's famous promise, combined with a half-million-strong social network of kid programmers sharing projects and working collaboratively. But Scratch deliberately drops the "no ceiling" part. How hard would it be to do both at once? Not hard at all, we think, if we remember Lisp's core idea of procedure as data. BYOB (Build Your Own Blocks) is an experimental implementation of this goal. "Speech at UCB CS Graduation, 2005"At Berkeley every department has its own graduation ceremony. At the one for the Computer Science majors in the College of Letters and Science, there are a bunch of student speakers, then a faculty speaker, and then a famous-outsider speaker. This year I gave the faculty speech, about the sorry state...
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...Some years ago, I (GLS) was snooping around in the cabinets that housed the MIT AI Lab's PDP-10, and noticed a little switch glued to the frame of one cabinet. It was obviously a homebrew job, added by one of the lab's hardware hackers (no one knows who). You don't touch an unknown switch on a computer without knowing what it does, because you might crash the computer. The switch was labeled in a most unhelpful way. It had two positions, and scrawled in pencil on the metal switch body were the words ‘magic' and ‘more magic'. The switch was in the ‘more magic' position. I called another hacker over to look at it. He had never seen the switch before either. Closer examination revealed that the switch had only one wire running to it! The other end of the wire did disappear into the maze of wires inside the computer, but it's a basic fact of electricity that a switch can't do anything unless there are two wires connected to it. This switch had a wire connected on one side and no wire on its other side. It was clear that this switch was someone's idea of a silly joke. Convinced by our reasoning that the switch was inoperative, we flipped it. The computer instantly crashed. Imagine our utter astonishment. We wrote it off as coincidence, but nevertheless restored the switch to the ‘more magic’ position before reviving the computer. A year later, I told this story to yet another hacker, David Moon as I recall. He clearly doubted my sanity, or suspected me of a supernatural belief...
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...Introduction Although miniaturized versions of computers help us to connect to the digital world even while we are travelling there aren’t any device as of now which gives a direct link between the digital world and our physical interaction with the real world. Usually the information is stored traditionally on a paper or a digital storage device. Sixth sense technology helps to bridge this gap between tangible and non-tangible world. Sixth sense device is basically a wearable gestural interface that connects the physical world around us with digital information and lets us use natural hand gestures to interact with this information. The sixth sense technology was developed by Pranav Mistry, a PhD student in the Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab. The sixth sense technology has a Web 4.0 view of human and machine interactions. Sixth Sense integrates digital information into the physical world and its objects, making the entire world your computer. It can turn any surface into a touch-screen for computing, controlled by simple hand gestures. It is not a technology, which is aimed at changing human habits but causing computers and other machines to adapt to human needs. It also supports multi user and multi touch provisions....
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...V DOI:10.1145/1629175.1629189 viewpoints Michael Cusumano technology strategy and Management the evolution of platform thinking How platform adoption can be an important determinant of product and technological success. n s e VeRA L o F I my prior publications, including my Communications columns on Microsoft, Apple, and Google, I have argued that companies in the information technology business are often most successful when their products become industrywide platforms. The term “platform,” though, is used in many different contexts and can be difficult to understand. I am currently finishing a book on best-practice ideas in strategy and innovation, and include a chapter on how platform thinking has evolved.1 This column summarizes some of my findings. Most readers have probably heard the term platform used with reference to a foundation or base of common components around which a company might build a series of related products. This kind of in-house “product platform” became a popular topic in the 1990s for researchers exploring the costs and benefits of modular product architectures and component reuse.2 32 communicATio ns o f TH e Acm I was among this group, having studied reusable components and design frameworks in Japanese software factories, reusable objects at Microsoft, and reusable underbody platforms at automobile manufacturers.3 Product versus industry Platforms In the mid- and late 1990s, various researchers and industry observers, including...
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... in what the CIO described as a “land rush,” line managers submitted requests for IT investments that totaled almost three times what Delta could allocate. Each request presented a business case that promised significant positive returns on investment. But combined, they far exceeded the ability of the IT unit to deliver.2 Such experiences are not unusual. In the last 15 years, a tidal wave of ITenabled initiatives, from business-process reengineering to enterpriseresource planning, has elevated the importance of investing strategically in IT. Jeanne W. Ross is principal research scientist at the Center for Information Systems Research at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Cynthia M. Beath is a professor of management systems and information systems at the University of Texas at Austin. Contact the authors at jross@mit.edu and cbeath@mail.utexas.edu. Illustration: ©Shakirov/SIS WINTER 2002 MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW 51 The Internet alone has created...
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...WINTER 2011 V O L . 5 2 N O. 2 By Francesco Zirpoli and Markus C. Becker What Happens When You Outsource Too Much? REPRINT NUMBER 52208 O R G A N I Z AT I O N S T R AT E G Y THE ANATOMY OF AN AUTO: A complex product such as a car can be decomposed at different levels of granularity, from large chunks (e.g., the front end, including bumpers, lights, radiator, etc.) to small components (e.g., a brake disc) up to little metal parts. What HappensWhenYou OutsourceT Much? oo With complex products such as automobiles, integration is a key element of performance. That means managers must understand which activities and competencies they can safely outsource and which they need to keep. BY FRANCESCO ZIRPOLI AND MARKUS C. BECKER THE LEADING QUESTION How can companies make the right decisions about outsourcing? FINDINGS !Keep activities WE LIVE IN AN ERA in which business disaggregation is the norm. In industry after industry, managers have taken deliberate steps to separate their value chains and shift important activities and functions to outside suppliers. The outsourcing trend became increasingly visible during the 1990s, when companies such as IBM began to outsource not just manufacturing but also design activities. The trend reached its peak within the past decade, when even companies such as Boeing started outsourcing innovation activities. But what happens when companies become too dependent on outside suppliers and cede them too much control if they lack the same degree...
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...anger. This is no good for customers or employees. But the psychological impact of waits can be managed, and studies in design show us how to do it. My introduction to design started with my studies of fundamental principles of interaction to enhance the use of technology.1 Now, as I teach and consult on the applications of these principles to business, I apply them to many aspects of customer experience. In places where waits are required, these principles can not only make waiting more pleasant but can also make it feel like not waiting at all. Sometimes inducing a wait can improve the customer experience. When waits are inevitable, the research shows, the goal should be to optimize the experience for both customers and employees, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and reducing employee stress and turnover. What this research has revealed can help managers in many situations, even those not involving lines. SLOANREVIEW.MIT.EDU What can managers...
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...FA L L 2 0 0 6 V O L . 4 8 N O. 1 Christopher G. Worley and Edward E. Lawler III Designing Organizations That Are Built to Change Please note that gray areas reflect artwork that has been intentionally removed. The substantive content of the article appears as originally published. REPRINT NUMBER 48107 IN CONTEXT Designing Organizations That Are Built to Change As the pace of globalization and social change quickens, executives are correctly calling for greater agilit y, flexibilit y and innovation from their companies. Largely ignored in these pleas, however, is the simple fact that organizations have been designed to seek sustainable competitive advantages and stability. Indeed, buried deep in the managerial psyche, and bolstered by decades of theory and practice, is the assumption that stability is not only desirable and effective but also attainable. In their classic book The Social Psychology of Organizations, Daniel Katz and Robert L. Kahn note, “One can define the core problem of any social system as reducing the variability and instability of human actions to uniform and dependable patterns.” The popularity of process improvement efforts, from total quality management to Six Sigma programs, provides ample evidence of the consuming desire for stability and predictability in today’s organizations. In fact, those are the very qualities rewarded by the financial markets. It is not surprising, then, that most large-scale change efforts fail to meet their...
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