...about data collected on a job. Job analysis, which is also called job review or job classification, is a systematic exploration of the tasks, duties, responsibilities and accountabilities of a job. The process of job analysis involves the collection of background information, a selection of representative jobs to be analysed, collection of job analysis information,development of a job description and job specification. The formal and systematic methods of job analysis are functional job analysis, the position analysis questionnaire, and the critical incident technique.Job analysis is useful for preparing job descriptions and job specifications which are the basis for most of the HR activities like recruitment, training, performance appraisal, industrial relations and wage and salary administration. Job design determines the way in which work should be performed which, in turn, affects the degree of authority of an employee over the work; the scope of decision-making by the employee; the number of tasks an employee has to perform; and employee satisfaction. The main objectives of job design are to meet organizational requirements such as higher productivity, operational efficiency and quality; and to simultaneously satisfy the psychological and sociological needs of the employees. The Job; not the person: An important concept of Job Analysis is that the analysis is conducted of the Job, not the person. While Job Analysis data may be collected from incumbents through...
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...chapter presents an approach to BPR that is focused on achieving results from the first stages to implementation. The engineering approach presented utilizes an integrated set of methods applied incrementally. This allows BPR practitioners to more realistically approach a project; assess its impact, duration, and required budget; and mitigate the risks of failure. We present the approach as a phased BPR methodology along with methods, proven strategies, and tools To be published in a forthcoming book on Business Process Reengineering by Kluwer. 1 2 Evolving BPR from Art to Engineering we have worked with successfully at each phase. We present motivations for initiating a BPR effort that have been shown to result in successful cases for action. We present rationale for justifying change and a method for building a business case that includes the use of cost benefit analysis in formulating the justification rationale. An approach to planning for a BPR effort is presented that uses the same methods normally applied in the BPR process itself. We cover the issues associated with setting up a BPR project including: forming cross-functional teams, and selecting method and tool technology for the BPR project. A methodology is presented for base-lining the current business situation, identifying the current value delivery system and the processes that support that system along with problem-cause analysis. We describe eight general principles of business process design and conclude...
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...more heterogeneous stakeholders than the construction of traditional software. In addition, Web systems have additional requirements for the navigational and multimedia aspects as well as for the usability as no training is possible. Therefore a thoroughly requirements analysis is even more relevant. In contrast, most of the methodologies that have been proposed for the development of Web applications focus on the design paying less attention to the requirements engineering. This paper is a comparative study of the requirements handling in Web methodologies showing trends in the use of techniques for capturing, specifying and validating Web requirements. Keywords: Requirements Engineering, Web methodology, survey Communicated by: (to be filled by the JWE editorial) 1 Introduction The intensive use of Web Applications has produced, among others, a rising interest in the development of methodological approaches providing a suitable support for the construction of Web applications. Several research groups proposed methodologies with processes, models and techniques to build such applications [33, 18, 31, 9] in the last...
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...ZACHMAN FRAMEWORK The Zachman Framework was created in 1987 with a publication in the IBM Systems Journal discussing the challenge/vision of architectures that would guide the field for the next 20 years and manage complexity of distributed systems. Mr. Zachman thought success of business would depend on information systems as a disciplined approach to managing the enterprise. The idea of Zachmans’ vision was for business value to increase with use of a holistic approach to systems architecture that addresses every perspective of the enterprise. Zachman was instrumental in the Department of Defense creating enterprise architecture (Sessions, 2007). The methodology seems to be more of an architectural taxonomy that is a method of organizing and categorizing artifacts instead of a framework. The word” framework” does not adequately describe the Zachman Framework. The Zachman Framework method describes the relationships between charts and models design of a business system. “The primary strength of the Zachman Framework is that it explicitly shows the many views that need to be addressed by architecture” (Inmon, Zachman, & Geiger, 1997). The views are conceptionally designed for the users to understand. The ideas follow a concise roadmap for the enterprise to use as a guideline for business processes. John Zachman describes his framework as a logical structure for classifying descriptive representations of an Organization that contribute concepts to management of the Enterprise...
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...Inconsistency - Failure to adhere to standardised storage of data; usage of varying formats, non-confirmation to standardised/defined methods to store similar/related data. *Design of a new application for an existing database *Design of a brand new database * requirements specification and analysis Transformed to.... * conceptual design(ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL) that can be represented and manipulated using some computerized tools. Transformed to.... * logical design(RELATIONAL DATA MODEL) that can be expressed in a data model implemented in a commercial DBMS. (In this book we will emphasize a data model known as the Relational Data Model. Transformed to.... * physical design - further specifications are provided for storing and accessing the database Characteristics of the Database Approach 1. Self-describing nature of a database system 2. Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction 3. Support of multiple views of the data 4. sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing 1. Self-Describing Nature of a Database System @The fact that modern database systems contain Complete definition or description of the database structure and constraints is the Self-Describing Nature of a Database System. meta-data -Complete definition or description of the database structure and constraints. -This definition is stored in the DBMS catalog, which contains information such as the structure of each file, the type...
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...1 1.3 Types of Software developing life cycles (SDLC) 2 1. Waterfall Model 2 2. V-Shaped Model 4 3. Evolutionary Prototyping Model 5 4. Spiral Method (SDM) 7 5. Iterative and Incremental Method 8 6. Extreme programming (Agile development) 10 1.4 CASE (computer-aided software engineering) 11 1.5 Conclusion 16 Introduction System development methodology is a standard process followed in an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems. Organizations use a standard set of steps, called system development methodology to develop and support their information systems. Like many processes, the development of information systems often follows a life cycle. For example, a commercial product such as a Nike sneaker or a Honda car follows a life cycle; it is created, tested and introduced to the market. Its sales increase, peak and decline. Finally, the product is removed from the market and is replaced with something else. Many options exist for developing information systems, but the most common methodology for system development in many organizations is system development life cycle. However, it is important to know other alternative development methodology available in order to maximize the development process. there are four important terminologies in information systems, namely methodology, model, tools and techniques. Methodology Methodology in information system refers to...
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...CHAPTER 6 JOB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CHAPTER Overview JOB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE CORNERSTONE OF HRM, AND IT HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT FOR LEGAL QUESTIONS RELATED TO PROMOTION AND DISCRIMINATION. This chapter clarifies the contributions made by job analysis to an organization’s HRM program and specific activities. Furthermore, the careful planning needed and the various techniques of a job analysis program are highlighted. Finally, the importance of job analysis in the design is discussed. CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO… 1. Define the terms job analysis, job description, and job specification. 2. Illustrate the uses that job analysis information can have in an organization’s HRM. 3. Describe four methods used to collect job analysis information. 4. Interpret job codes and information found in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. 5. List the five core job dimensions used in job enrichment programs. 6. Compare the strengths and weaknesses of the mechanistic and motivational approaches to job design. 7. Describe the ways that job descriptions are changing as the nature of jobs changes. KEY TERMS |AUTONOMY |THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE JOB PROVIDES SUBSTANTIAL FREEDOM, INDEPENDENCE, AND DISCRETION| | |TO THE INDIVIDUAL IN SCHEDULING THE...
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...1 Analysis of Three Instructional Design Models 2 Abstract Instructional design models provide for a systematic approach of implementing the instructional design process for a specific educational initiative (Morrison, Ross, & Kemp, 2004). This paper will briefly describe the purpose and what instructional models are followed by process of three selected models: (a) the Dick and Carey systems approach; (b) Morrison, Ross and Kemp model (also known as the Kemp model); and (c) the Three-Phase design (3PD) model. The process description for each model will serve as the foundation and supporting points required for comparing and contrasting process of the models. 1 Dick and Carey, Kemp, and Three-Phase Design models for Instructional Design Instructional design (ID) models can provide a systematic approach of implementing the instructional design process for specific educational initiatives (Morrison, Ross, & Kemp, 2004). Gustafson & Branch (1997) states that there is a wide variety of instructional design models describing the ID process created for different situations and settings (as cited in Gustafson & Branch, 2002b; Ryder, 2006). The purpose of the instructional design models offer both educational and training organizations design steps, management guidelines and teamwork collaboration options with designers, technicians and clients (Gustafson & Branch, 2002a). Specifically by definition, a model can be defined as “a way of doing something; an explicit representation...
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...Template for IDA Project (Project Id) Template for specific development (Contract Id) Technical Design Document Issue 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 Preface 1 0.1 PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT 1 0.2 Use of this document 1 0.3 Overview 2 0.4 Basis of this Document 2 0.5 A Reference Architecture for the IDA Programme 3 0.6 Specific Design Considerations 3 1 Introduction 5 1.1 PURPOSE 5 1.2 Scope 5 1.3 Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 5 1.4 References 6 1.5 Overview 6 2 System Overview 7 2.1 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS 7 2.2 System Architecture 7 2.3 Infrastructure Services 9 3 System Context 10 4 SYSTEM DESIGN 11 4.1 DESIGN METHOD AND STANDARDS 11 4.2 Documentation Standards 12 4.3 Naming conventions 13 4.4 Programming Standards 13 4.5 Software development tools 13 4.6 Outstanding Issues 14 4.7 Decomposition Description 14 5 Component Description 15 5.1 COMPONENT IDENTIFIER 16 6 Software Requirements Traceability Matrix 19 DOCUMENT CONTROL 20 DOCUMENT SIGNOFF 20 DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD 20 0 PREFACE 0.1 PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT 1. THIS DOCUMENT IS A GENERIC TECHNICAL DESIGN DOCUMENT DOCUMENT FOR USE BY IDA PROJECTS. IT PROVIDES GUIDANCE AND TEMPLATE MATERIAL WHICH IS INTENDED TO ASSIST THE RELEVANT MANAGEMENT OR TECHNICAL STAFF, WHETHER CLIENT OR SUPPLIER, IN PRODUCING A PROJECT-SPECIFIC TECHNICAL DESIGN DOCUMENT DOCUMENT. IT IS ALSO USEFUL BACKGROUND READING FOR ANYONE INVOLVED IN DEVELOPING OR MONITORING...
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...Software Design Name: Institution: Software Design Summary Software design is to produce a plan (model) that represents a workable (implementable) solution to a given problem. Software design is not procedural, but it is empirical or opportunistic that is an exploration of the potentially very large solution space. Quality software should be developed based on the users’ requirements. A right software development methodology should be employed in order to develop a right product such as Waterfall modeling. Design process are steps that enable the software developer to describe, analyze all aspects of product to be developed. It should not suffer from the ‘tunnel vision’ that is the developer should consider alternative approaches judging each as per the user’s requirements. It should also be traceable to its analysis model since one design can be traced to many requirements, so they should be a clear means of tracking them. Design should use the backlog of existing system but not inventing the wheel. However, there should be uniformity and integration in the design and should regularly be reviewed to avoid semantic errors. The design should be developed in such a way that it can be altered when need arises. It should also be assessed to ensure software quality. Software design considerations are: compatibility in that the system is design to operate in any platform that is not limited to a specific environment. The design should be extensible; in that new elements can...
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...Guidelines for Project Proposals* A technical proposal, often called a "Statement of Work,” is a persuasive document. Its objectives are to 1. Identify what work is to be done 2. Explain why this work needs to be done 3. Persuade the reader that the proposers (you) are qualified for the work, have a plausible management plan and technical approach, and have the resources needed to complete the task within the stated time and cost constraints. What makes a good proposal? One attribute is appearance. A strong proposal has an attractive, professional, inviting appearance. In addition, the information should easy to access. A second attribute is substance. A strong proposal has a well-organized plan of attack. A strong proposal also has technical details because technical depth is needed to sell your project. Remember: A proposal is a persuasive document. Required Format Format consists of the layout and typography of a document. In formatting your proposal, use the guidelines in Table 1. A template to produce your proposal exists at the following web page: http://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/design/proposal_template.doc One aspect of layout is the incorporation of illustrations. In your proposal, each illustration should have a name and be formally introduced in the text. Illustrations consist of figures and tables. Figures include photographs, drawings, diagrams, and graphs. Each figure should have a stand-alone caption, and the key points and features should be labeled. Tables are...
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...April Baylor March 17, 2012 SED-444 Alicia Leach Design Model ADDIE Model Systems Approach Model Kemp’s Instructional Design Model Instruction Design Perspective Developmental/Cognitive Behavioral Developmental/ Cognitive Instructional Strategy Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Description The Addie Model is a five-phase instructional design that consist of the following: Analysis: identify the environment (audience), goal, objectives and strategies which can be also called the pre-planning phase. Design: write instruction for the learning unit Develop: build content, assignments, assessments which are both formative and summative and develop course materials Implement: Begin teaching and giving instruction. Evaluate: Ask questions? What was done, how was it done and how can you do better? (perform assessments) (Clark, 2000) It is a procedural system including ten major process components: Know your students’ needs so you can know your goals when teaching: Assess the student to set learning objectives and goals Conduct instructional analysis: to determine a step-by-step of what learners are doing when they are performing the goal; to determine what skills and knowledge are required Analyze learners and contexts –identify your students learning styles and setting; this will help towards classroom layout, students’ attitudes and...
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...managers are directly responsible for hiring training and overseeing these new teams. They are also responsible for the ordering receiving and control of the initial inventory. Starting a new franchise has added responsibilities including job and organizational design, staffing selection and recruiting as well as introducing and implementing a training and performance appraisal model and ensuring it is carried out. Job Design Job design aims to cut down on job dissatisfaction and employee disconnection by reducing the repetitive and mechanical tasks. Companies implement job design to attempt to increase productivity levels, satisfaction and motivation in employees. Job analysis, job description, and job specification are the three standard approaches to job design (Baack, Reilly, & Minnick, 2014). Job Analysis Job analysis is the process that follows position identification and building in an organizational chart. Job analysis is the first step in hiring an employee. The particular tasks and responsibilities of the position are stated in this process. Using the comparison model as one approach to job analysis would outline the current standards in the company that have worked well in the past and the standards set forth by similar organizations that have been...
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...Guidelines for Project Proposals* A technical proposal, often called a "Statement of Work,” is a persuasive document. Its objectives are to 1. Identify what work is to be done 2. Explain why this work needs to be done 3. Persuade the reader that the proposers (you) are qualified for the work, have a plausible management plan and technical approach, and have the resources needed to complete the task within the stated time and cost constraints. What makes a good proposal? One attribute is appearance. A strong proposal has an attractive, professional, inviting appearance. In addition, the information should easy to access. A second attribute is substance. A strong proposal has a well-organized plan of attack. A strong proposal also has technical details because technical depth is needed to sell your project. Remember: A proposal is a persuasive document. Required Format Format consists of the layout and typography of a document. In formatting your proposal, use the guidelines in Table 1. A template to produce your proposal exists at the following web page: http://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/design/proposal_template.doc One aspect of layout is the incorporation of illustrations. In your proposal, each illustration should have a name and be formally introduced in the text. Illustrations consist of figures and tables. Figures include photographs, drawings, diagrams, and graphs. Each figure should have a stand-alone caption, and the key points and features should be labeled. Tables are...
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...the right positions and that includes job analysis, job design, selection and performance review. This paper will discuss the approaches and strategies that will be utilized and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Job Analysis Approaches There are several approaches to job analysis that can be used with our organization that would be beneficial, but each analysis has its pros and cons. The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) approach was developed by McCormick, Jeanneret and Mecham in 1972 is a standardized job analysis questionnaire containing 194 questions about work behaviors, work conditions, and job characteristics that apply to a wide variety of jobs. It measures job characteristics and relates them to human characteristics. The analysis is divided into six categories: interpersonal activities, work situation and job context, miscellaneous aspects, information input, mental processes, and work output. (Noe 2014) Although tedious in its format the advantages to this approach are that it’s extremely reliable which can be replicated on a second administration; the format of this method includes both data collection and computer analysis and can yield results much faster than other methods. With pros, there are also cons and with this method the cons are that the language of the results is often difficult to read (a higher reading level than most), and the language is not job specific. Another approach is a...
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