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Mô hình tăng trưởng Solow

Mô hình tăng trưởng Solow
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Sơ lược
Mô hình tăng trưởng Solow là một mô hình thuyết minh về cơ chế tăng trưởng kinh tế do Robert Solow và Trevor Swan xây dựng rồi được các học giả kinh tế khác bổ sung.
Solow đã nhận được giải Nobel về kinh tế năm 1987 nhờ cống hiến này. Mô hình này còn gọi là Mô hình tăng trưởng tân cổ điển vì một số giả thiết của mô hình dựa theo lý luận của kinh tế học tân cổ điển. Mô hình này còn có cách gọi khác, đó là Mô hình tăng trưởng ngoại sinh, bởi vì không liên quan đến các nhân tố bên trong, rốt cục tăng trưởng của một nền kinh tế sẽ hội tụ về một tốc độ nhất định ở trạng thái bền vững. Chỉ các yếu tố bên ngoài, đó là công nghệ và tốc độ tăng trưởng lao động mới thay đổi được tốc độ tăng trưởng kinh tế ở trạng thái bền vững.

Ký hiệu
* Y là sản lượng thực tế (hoặc thu nhập thực tế).
* K là lượng tư bản đem đầu tư.
* L là lượng lao động.
* y là sản lượng trên đầu lao động.
* k là lượng tư bản trên đầu lao động.
* S là tiết kiệm của cả nền kinh tế.
* s là tỷ lệ tiết kiệm.
* I là đầu tư.
* i là đầu tư trên đầu lao động.
* C là tiêu dùng cá nhân trong nền kinh tế.

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Mô hình tăng trưởng Solow

* c là tiêu dùng cá nhân trên đầu lao động.
* δ là tỷ lệ khấu hao tư bản.
* Δ là lượng tư bản tăng thêm ròng.
* n là tốc độ tăng dân số, đồng thời là tốc độ tăng lực lượng lao động.

Hệ giả thiết
Giả thiết 1
Giá cả linh hoạt trong dài hạn. Đây là một quan điểm của kinh tế học tân cổ điển. Khi này, lao động L được sử dụng hoàn toàn, và nền kinh tế tăng trưởng hết mức tiềm năng và ổn định.
Đồng thời, lúc này, toàn bộ tiết kiệm S sẽ được chuyển thành đầu tư I (quy tắc Say trong kinh tế học tân cổ điển) Và do đó, sY = I.
Mặt khác, giá cả lao động (tức tiền công thực tế) và giá tư bản (tức lãi suất đi vay) lúc này cũng sẽ linh hoạt. Vì thế, có thể kết hợp hai yếu tố này để sản xuất môt cách tùy thích. Giả thiết 2
Mức sản lượng thực tế Y phụ thuộc vào lượng lao động L, lượng tư bản K vài năng suất lao động A. Từ đó, ta có một hàm sản xuất vĩ mô Y = F(A,L,K).
Giả thiết là hàm này có dạng Cobb-Douglas, tức là:
Y=AK^aL^{1-a}\,
Với hàm số dạng Cobb-Douglas, nếu ta nhân các số nhân trong vế phải với cùng một số, thì tích số bên vế trái sẽ tăng lên cùng số đó lần. Do vậy, nếu nhân 1/L với L và K, thì vế trái sẽ thành Y/L tức là sản lượng thực tế trên đầu lao động y. Còn K/L tức lượng tư bản trên đầu lao động k. Hàm sản xuất vĩ mô sẽ có dạng sau:
Y=AK^aL^{1-a}\ \leftrightarrow y=Ak^a
Giả thiết 3
Nền kinh tế đóng cửa và không có sự can thiệp của Chính phủ. Do đó, tổng sản lượng Y bằng tổng của tiêu dùng cá nhân C và đầu tư I hay Y = C + I tương đương với Y = C + sY và lại tương đương với C = (1-s)Y.
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Nếu tính trên đầu lao động L, thì sẽ có tiêu dùng cá nhân trên đầu người c bằng sản lượng thực tế trên đầu người y nhân với 1-s hay c = (1-s)y.
Lưu ý là 0 < s < 1.
Giả thiết 4
Có sự khấu hao tư bản. Với tỷ lệ khấu hao δ, mức khấu hao sẽ là δK.
Đầu tư I làm tăng lượng tư bản trong khi khấu hao δK làm giảm lượng tư bản, nên mức tư bản thực tế tăng thêm ΔK sẽ bằng I - δK.
Có thể viết quan hệ trên thành:
\Delta K=sY-\,\delta K\,
Giả thiết 5
Tư bản K và lao động L tuân theo Quy luật lợi tức biên giảm dần. Có nghĩa là khi khi tăng k thì ban đầu y tăng rất nhanh đến một lúc nào đó nó tăng chậm lại.
Giả thiết 6
Hàm y = f(k) là một hàm tăng. Đồ thị của nó có dạng đường cong. Hàm i = sf(k) = sy cũng như vậy, bởi vì đầu tư trên đầu lao động i là một bộ phận của sản lượng trên đầu lao động y.
Chú ý rằng để hàm số y = f(k) là hàm tăng thì đạo hàm bậc một y' phải lớn hơn 0, mặt khác do nó tuân theo quy luật năng suất cận biên giảm dần nên đạo hàm bậc hai y’’ phải nhỏ 0. Đồ thị của hàm số y = f(k) có hình dạng như trong hình vẽ.
Giả thiết 7
Thay đổi trong lực lượng lao động L thể hiện bằng phương trình sau:
L_{t+1}=L_t(1+gL)\,
trong đó, gL là hàm số của L.
Đồng thời giả thiết là tốc độ thay đổi lao động đúng bằng tốc độ thay đổi dân số n.

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Xác định mô hình
Khi tư bản trên đầu lao động k tăng, thì giá trị khấu hao δk tăng, hơn nữa, dẫn đến tư bản mới trên đầu lao động nk tăng. Gọi δk + nk hay (δ+n)k là đầu tư cần thiết, vì nó bù đắp phần tài sản bị hao mòn và đáp ứng vốn cho lao động mới tăng thêm.

Điểm A trên Hình 1 là giao của đường đầu tư cần thiết (δ+n)k và đường đầu tư trên đầu lao động i. Nó cho thấy đó là một sự cân bằng.
Tại trạng thái vốn trên đầu lao động k1 nhở hơn k*, thì đầu tư i = sy lớn hơn đầu tư cần thiết (δ+n)k, có nghĩa là k = sy – (δ+n)k > 0 do đó dẫn đến k tăng.
Ngược lại, tại trạng thái vốn trên đầu lao động k2 lớn hơn k*, thì đầu tư i = sy nhỏ hơn đầu tư cần thiết (δ+n)k, có nghĩa là k = sy – (δ+n)k < 0, do đó k giảm.
Ta có, k tăng lên đến mức k*, và ngược lại khi nó giảm, thì giảm đến mức k*. Cả hai trường hợp tăng và giảm đều đạt đến một trạng thái cân bằng. Và người ta gọi đó là điểm ổn định hay trạng thái ổn định.
Tại trạng thái ổn định k*, chúng ta nhận thấy rằng đầu tư và đầu tư cần thiết cân bằng nhau, hay ?k = sy – (δ+n)k* = 0, tốc độ tăng của sản lượng trên lao động bằng không
(gy = 0), và tốc độ tăng của vốn trên mỗi lao động bằng không (gk = 0).

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