...Applications Reference Books Sr No R-1 R-2 R-3 Other Reading Sr No OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 Journals articles as Compulsary reading (specific articles, complete reference) Kwang Ng,Yew,Why Is a Financial Crisis Important? The Significance of the Relaxation of the Assumption of Perfect Competition,International Journal of Business and Economics,2009,Vol.8,No.2,91-114 , Roman Indrest and Tommasso Valletti,Price Discrimination in input markets,The Rand Journal of Economics,Vol. 40,No.1,Spring 2009,1-19 , Cordtz,Dan,Car wars: A global report on Auto Industry,FInancial World,August 22,1989;158,17;ABI/INFORM Global , S.k.Mishra,A Brief History of Production Functions,The IUP Journal of Managerial Economics,November,2010,Vol. VIII,No. 4,pp.6-34 , Monika Jain,Paradox of Plenty,with Special Reference to Inelastic Demand for Apples,The IUP Journal of Managerial Economics,May,2011,Vol. IX,No. 2,pp.4455 , Cathy Locke Bee Staff Writer. The Sacramento Bee ,"EID report reveals household water use on rise An analysis of supply, demand recommends holding off on meters" http://search.proquest.com/docview/246565304?accountid=80692 , Yeung; Vincent Mok,Regional monopoly and interregional and intraregional competition :The parallel trade in coca cola between shanghai and Hangzhou in China,Economic Geography; Jan 2006; 82, 1; ABI/INFORM Global,pp.89-109 , Title Managerial Economics Author Damodaran, Suma Edition 1st 1st 1st Year 2010 2009 2011 Publisher Name Oxford University Press Cengage Learning...
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...article analyzes the four main market structures, which are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. It provides a detail description of the market, as well as explains the pricing strategy a firm would pursue in that particular market. The article also concludes with a real world example of Visa pricing strategy by examining it oligopoly market structure. Visa has few competitors; however, it must continuously monitor its competitor’s actions in order to remain competitive in today’s market. While, Visa is currently out performing it competitors, they are constantly trying to expand their market. Keywords: market structure, pricing strategy, Potomac Edison Market Structures and Pricing Strategies Introduction Economist can divide today’s market into four different market structures, which are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and pure monopoly. The market structure will help the firm select their pricing strategy. Each market structure has a different pricing strategy the organization can use to achieve profit maximization. Perfect Competition What is perfect competition? Perfect competition is sometimes referred to as pure competition (Officer, 1966). According to Robinson (1934), perfect competition is “a state of affairs in which the demand for the output of an individual seller is perfectly elastic” (p. 104). In order for perfect competition to exist four conditions must be true, which are as follow: 1....
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...article analyzes the four main market structures, which are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. It provides a detail description of the market, as well as explains the pricing strategy a firm would pursue in that particular market. The article also concludes with a real world example of Visa pricing strategy by examining it oligopoly market structure. Visa has few competitors; however, it must continuously monitor its competitor’s actions in order to remain competitive in today’s market. While, Visa is currently out performing it competitors, they are constantly trying to expand their market. Keywords: market structure, pricing strategy, Potomac Edison Market Structures and Pricing Strategies Introduction Economist can divide today’s market into four different market structures, which are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and pure monopoly. The market structure will help the firm select their pricing strategy. Each market structure has a different pricing strategy the organization can use to achieve profit maximization. Perfect Competition What is perfect competition? Perfect competition is sometimes referred to as pure competition (Officer, 1966). According to Robinson (1934), perfect competition is “a state of affairs in which the demand for the output of an individual seller is perfectly elastic” (p. 104). In order for perfect competition to exist four conditions must be true, which are as follow: 1....
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...Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly 13 Monopolistic Competition W e have now examined two “pure” market structures. At one extreme is perfect competition, a market structure in which many firms, each small relative to the size of the market, produce undifferentiated products and have no market power at all. Each competitive firm takes price as given and faces a perfectly elastic demand for its product. At the other extreme is pure monopoly, a market structure in which only one firm is the industry. The monopoly holds the power to set price and is protected against competition by barriers to entry. Its market power would be complete if it did not face the discipline of the market demand curve. Even a monopoly, however, must produce a product that people want and are willing to pay for. Most industries in the United States fall somewhere between these two extremes. In this chapter, we focus on two types of industries in which firms exercise some market power but at the same time face competition. One type, monopolistic competition, differs from perfect competition only in that firms can differentiate their products. Entry to a monopolistically competitive industry is easy, and each industry is made up of many firms. The other type, oligopoly, is a broad category that covers many kinds of firm behavior and industry structure. An oligopoly is an industry comprising a small number of competitors; each firm in an oligopoly is large enough to have some control over market price...
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...have been granted governmental franchise monopolies in recent years. Holding such a dominant position in a market, this legal right, Monopoly - as distinguished from sellers in a competitive market - arbitrarily decides the price of their commodity unlikely being a price taker as it dose as a seller in such a competitive industry. Alternatively, these monopolists are inclined to determine the quantity of goods and services sold at a profit-maximized price, leaving it to consumers to consider how many products are needed to purchase. Due to these monopolistic phenomena around the world, many arguments about the merits and harms to society have been caused. This critical review examines two sources which aim to introduce the concept of monopoly and the measurement of monopoly power. The first source is the chapter 12 of “Foundations of Economics” by Andrew Gillespie (24 Mar 2011); the second source is “SparkNote on Monopolies &Oligopolies” (http://www.sparknotes.com/economics/micro/monopolies/) by Sparknotes Editors. Whereas the book...
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...Course: - Edexcel HND in Business Module: - Business Environment Assignment Prepared by: Lecturer: Mr Term: Sepember-December2012 Course Start date: September2012 (Birmingham Central Campus) Introduction: This Assignment is about Business Environment and I have to complete the flowing tasks for the purpose of the assignment: Task 1 1. Types of Business Organisations, their purposes: There are three main types of Organisation in UK A) Private sector organisations. B) Public sector organisations. C) Voluntary sector organisations. The main types of Business organisation in the Private Sector is: The Sole trader: A sole trader is a business that is owned by one person. It may have one or more employees. It is the most common form of ownership in the UK. (e.g. Window cleaning, and Plumbing, etc.). Nowadays lots of people are setting up their own businesses by creating small web-based companies working from home. The Partnership: In a partnership, partners are personally liable for the debts of the business, although partners in a limited partnership (not to be confused with a limited liability partnership) who play no part in the management of the business, may have a limit on their liability set out in the Partnership Deed.. Companies: are owned by shareholders that each contributes a stock of money into a central pool. This pool of...
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...Tutorials ] Course No. ECO111 Course Title: MICRO ECONOMICS L: 4 T: 1 P: 0 Cr: 5 Course Planner :- 13612 :: Chander Shekhar Dogra TextBook 1. Geetika, Ghosh Piyali, Purba Roy Choudhury, Managerial Economics, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2008 Other Specific Books 2. 3. 4. Other Readings Ahuja, H.L,”Modern Microeconomics Theory and Applications,” Sultan Chand, 2008 Misra and Puri, Economic Environment of Business, 4th Edition, 2007. Samuelson, P.A. and W.D. Nordhaus (1998), Economics, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 2008 Dominick Salvatore, Managerial Economics, Oxford University Press, Sixth Edition Sr. No. Jouranls atricles as compulsary readings (specific articles, Complete reference) 5 6 7 8 Competition and the cartel crusade, Alan Moran. Review - Institute of Public Affairs. Melbourne:Jan 2008. Vol. 59, Iss. 4, p. 57-59 Supply and Demand Irena Asmundson. Finance & Development. Washington:Jun 2010. Vol. 47, Iss. 2, p. 48-49 Impact of Anti dumping measures on Indian Industry by Swati Jain, Sudhir K. Jain, Decision, Vol 35, No 1, January-June, 2008, p 3. The New Global Opportunity by Michael Elliot, Fortune, July 5, 2010, Vol 162, No 1, Relevant Websites Sr. No. Web adress (only if relevant to the courses) Salient Features 9 10 11 www.ecommerce-guide.com www.bloomberg.co.uk www.mit.edu Excellent source of reference for market research Excellent data on crrent market, economic, industrial and financial trends as a...
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...Managerial Decision Making: Market Structures Basis for the case study Each of the four cycles in this simulation relates specifically to the four market structures — monopoly, oligopoly, imperfect competition, and perfect competition. The learner plays the role of the newly appointed Chief Executive Officer of Quasar. As the CEO, the learner will approve decisions on the pricing of Neutron based on the cost and revenue structures for each market structure that Quasar transitions through. Cycle 1 – 2003 - Monopoly In this cycle, Quasar Computers introduces Neutron, the world's first all-optical portable notebook computer. This cycle is divided into three steps, each of which requires the learner to take a decision that will increase the profits for the firm. Decision points Step 1 - The price at which Neutron should be introduced to the market is ___2550_____? Step 2 - The advertising budget to be allocated and the price for Neutron is ____2,450___? Step 3 - The amount to be invested on internal processes improvements and the price for Neutron is _2200_____? Discussion question In spite of being a price-setter (a company that can set its own price), why would a monopoly player choose to pursue cost reduction and demand stimulation strategies? They would pursue a cost reduction and demand stimulation strategy by increasing profit because the ATC would be reduced. Cycle 2 – 2006 - Oligopoly In this cycle, the learner is faced with another entrant in the...
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...Deborah J Ross Auto Edge & Oligopoly Colorado Technical University Online Abstract: At noon, I share an elevator ride with Auto Edge’s Executive VP, George Wirtz. Ingrid stated that I gave her some good data about relocation. The President could use my help with a presentation that he is making to a crucial group of shareholders. I will discuss the 4 various kinds of market structures. I understand that each market structure is different as related to the number of firms that compete in each one, competition levels, coming into and exiting the economy, the price range of goods, and product variety. I will relate Auto Edge’s market structure to pricing concepts. The demand for goods is related to price sensitivity. This differs. I will align market structures with elasticity of demand structures. A monopoly involves no pressures as related to competition. This can well be related to government regulation. Consumers have no freedom as related to choices. Monopoly is an example of perfect inelasticity. Government regulations are hard to keep without legal restrictions. The post office is a great example of a monopoly. They only deliver envelopes (Hagen, 2014). De Beers is a great example of a monopoly. They offered diamonds very openly. They put a complete lockdown on the whole chain of supply. De Beers put quite a bit of pressure on retailers to just sell their diamonds. The company would buy up all diamonds; so that the diamond supply was limited...
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...is simply the area of the shaded rectangle. An oligopoly is a market dominated by a few producers. The market can be international, national, or local. The main characteristic of an oligopoly is that they have pricing power. However, unlike a monopoly that consists of a single firm dominating the market, an oligopolistic firm must take into consideration how the other producers will react to any changes in price. It is this mutual interdependence of the few firms producing the product that make an oligopoly different from a monopoly. Sometimes, an oligopoly will try to increase its market power by forming a cartel, which is a group of firms acting in unison. An oligopolistic firm is generally a large firm that had to invest a lot of capital to produce the product, such as aircraft, cars, and household appliances. This large initial investment of capital is often a major barrier to entry to oligopolistic markets. Other barriers to entry include patents, control of strategic resources, and the ability to engage in retaliatory pricing to prevent firms from entering the market. An oligopoly produces products that exhibit large economies of scale, where the cost of producing each unit declines with large quantities. Such economies of scale prevent other firms from entering the market, since there would be little market share that could be gained, and what could be gained would not be enough to be profitable. An oligopoly can produce either...
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...CHAPTER 10 PERFECT COMPETITION Assumptions of Perfect Competition The most competitive market structure is pure or perfect competition, which is as competitive as possible. As previously mentioned, market structures are models that summarize how certain markets are organized and behave. For each market structure we have a set of assumptions or characteristics that tell us what kind of industries the model will explain. Only industries that meet the assumptions will behave in the way the model predicts. The assumptions of perfect competition are: Many buyers and sellers: There are so many buyers and sellers in perfect competition that no one of them has any influence whatsoever on the market. The number of consumers and producers is so great that any one of them is like a cup of water in the ocean – their presence or absence makes no difference at all to the market. Identical or homogenous product: Every producer in the market makes exactly the same product – consumers are not able to distinguish between the output of one firm and the output of another. There are no labels, brands or any other distinguishing features used to make a product look distinct. Excellent information: Both buyers and sellers in this market have good information about the product, especially the fact that there are many other producers all making the same product. Relatively free entry and exit: Firms are able to move resources in and...
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...and macroeconomics issues such as price determination, supply and demand, consumer behavior, costs of production and market structures growth, inflation, unemployment, interest rates, exchange rates, technological progress, budget and trade deficits. The course will provide a unified framework to address these issues and to study the impact of different policies, such as monetary and fiscal policies, on the aggregate behavior of individuals. Evaluation of Student Performance: | Weightage in grade | Hourlies | 30% (15% of each hourly) | Final exam | 30% | Assignments/presentations/quizzes | 25% | Class Participation | 15% | Total | 100 | Description of each component: * The term exams (hourlies) and final exam will be conducted as per the rules set by IBA. There will be no makeup exams, unless instructed. All IBA rules of examination apply to undertaking the exam * Assignments will be split in class assignments and home assignments. Class assignments must be handed over to the instructor at the end of the class (unless otherwise). Home assignments must be submitted on the LMS before the start of the class. No late submissions in the case of home assignment is allowed, under any circumstances. * At the start of the 3rd class, all students must have formed groups of 3. They must inform the TA about their group. The students will submit all group assignments in the group formed. If you change your group under any...
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...Abstract There are four basic model markets, perfect competition, monopoly monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. This paper analyzes the monopolistic competition model through a case study which is the toothpaste market. This industry represents a clear example of monopolistic competition, and its analysis is used to explain the key characteristics of this market as well as the two main firms that compete in this market in the United Stated. These firms are Procter and Gamble and Colgate Palmolive which represent the majority of the market share in the United States. Finally, it is found that innovation is a key factor in monopolistic competition because it represents the ability to differentiate products and attract more consumers. The main conclusion drawn from this paper is that the monopolistic competition is the most common model in the United States and the technology and innovation advances have allowed organizations to reach these types of markets and maximize profits. Venezuela vs. United States Economy Have you ever though why some countries are richer than others? Or what there is inequality among countries? All those answers are related to the economy of a country and their macroeconomic indicators. Today, macroeconomic is a crucial concept that we can see every day in the news; employment, inflation, and growth are some of those economy indicators. (1) But it is not so easy to say why a country is richer than other; or why the economy of a country...
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...SAMPLE Answers Business Economics Answer ALL the questions in Section A (which carries 60% of the total marks), and ONE question from Section B. Section A. Answer all ten questions. Each question is equally weighted. 1. Economists analyse markets in terms of models which correspond to certain ideal types - perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly and imperfect competition. Which of these models would you choose to analyse the following markets in the UK? minicabs in London – monopolistic competition potatoes – perfect competition water and sewerage services in London - monopoly package holidays - oligopoly fish 'n chip shops – monopolistic competition universities - oligopoly 2. The following table shows the output of an agricultural commodity over a ten year period together with the price output price (£/tonne) 2000 100 8 2010 200 12 Based on this data work out the coefficient for the elasticity of supply. Answer %∆Q= (200-100)/100x100=100 %∆P=(12-8)/8x100=50 PES = %∆Q/%∆P PES = 100/50 PES=2 When the coefficient is greater than one, the supply can be described as elastic. State whether the following statements are true or false and briefly explain why:- a) The supply of this commodity seems to be inelastic. False b) The percentage increase in output is more than the percentage increase in price. Therefore supply is said to be elastic. True c) We would expect supply to be elastic since it is easier for farmers...
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...above the equilibrium price is approximately $22.50 c) Economically speaking, the goal of a company is to maximize profit, and maximizing profit is not usually the same thing as maximizing revenue. Therefore, while it may be appealing to think about the relationship between price and revenue, especially since the concept of elasticity makes it easy to do so, it's only a starting point for examining whether a price increase or decrease is a good idea. If a decrease in price is justified from a revenue perspective, one must think about the costs of producing the extra output in order to determine whether the price decrease is profit maximizing. On the other hand, if an increase in price is justified from a revenue perspective, it must be the case that it is also justified from a profit perspective simply because total cost decreases as less output is produced and sold. Total revenue is maximized when selling an extra unit would cause your revenue to fall and selling a unit less would have also caused...
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