...Mood and Addictive Disorders Mood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorders, are the most common among patients. Substance disorder is also very common in our society today. There are many causes and different treatments for each. As well as potential gender and cultural influences on depressive, bipolar, and substance disorders. Depressive disorder is an illness that the whole body is involved, it affects the mood and thoughts. Depressive will interfere with daily life and normal functions. This disorder plays effect of the person dealing with it as well as other surrounding that cares for him or her. Depressive disorder is just not passing a blue mood. People suffering with this disorder cannot physically pull themselves together to get better. The exact cause of depression is still unknown, but there are many factors that can increase the risk of developing this condition. A family history of depressions could possible increase the risk. Major events, positive or negative, can cause stress and lead to depression. For example, getting married, having a new baby, starting a new job are positive things but can be very stressful. Losing a job, retiring, or getting a divorce are negative events that may could cause depression. Serious illness, like cancer, may trigger. Or other personal problems such as social isolation can also contribute to the risk of developing depression. Each person is different and the treatments may vary. The most common is being put...
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...Disorders of Mood and Addiction Stephanie MacPherson PSY/275 June 15, 2015 Barry Brooks Disorders of Mood and Addiction Everyone experiences, from time to time, periods of sadness, fatigue, or unhappy thoughts. Among the United States population, around eight to ten percent suffer from a pattern of depression known as unipolar depression. Depressive and bipolar disorders show to be a leading cause of disability, without treatment a person can have a difficult experience with relationships, work, and social activities. Substance abuse disorders are becoming an epidemic. The need for instant gratification has become more and more prevalent in the world. The DSM-5 shows the symptoms checklist for diagnosis of substance abuse disorder (see table 1.3 in appendix a), and according to Comer, (2014) “the substances people misuse fall into several categories: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and cannabis” (p. 295). The different combinations of treatment methods that allows a person diagnosed with these disorders to carry out normal life and perform daily activities as the rest of the population. The potential causes of these disorders can change based on many different factors such as stress, genetics, lifestyle. In addition, the multicultural perspective enlightens the different gender and culture influences, and of males seeking treatment there is a higher percentage in females diagnosed. (McCullough, J. P., Jr., Klien, D. N., Keller, M. B., Holzer,Charles E...
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...the study of psychology characterized by anxiety, moodiness, worry, envy and jealousy. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than the average to experience such feelings as anxiety, anger, envy, guilt, and depressed mood. They respond more poorly to environmental stress, and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. They are often self-conscious and shy, and they may have trouble controlling urges and delaying gratification. Neuroticism is a risk factor for the "internalizing" mental disorders such as phobia, depression, panic disorder, and other anxiety disorders, all of which are traditionally called neuroses (Wikipedia, 2013). I am also interested in the “Psychology of Addictive Behaviors” Mood and personality-based vulnerabilities have been extensively examined in patients with substance use disorders, but their relevance as models of etiology remains to be fully investigated. The present investigation examined mood and personality-based models of substance use in a nonclinical sample of young adults. Two-hundred and twelve individuals were assessed for personality and clinical characteristics and participated in computerized ambulatory monitoring of mood states and...
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...Unit 10: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders DSM-5 recognizes Substance Related Disorders as resulting from the excessive use of 10 separate classes of drugs: Substance-use disorder: * Alcohol related disorder * Cannabis related disorder * Hallucinogen related disorder * Inhalant related disorder * Opioid related disorder * Sedative hypnotic - or Anxiolytic related disorder * Stimulant related disorder * Tobacco related disorder DSm-5 explains that activation of the brain’s reward system is central to problems arising from drug use- the rewarding feeling that people experience as a result of taking drugs may be so profound that they neglect other normal activities in favour of taking the drug The pharmacological mechanisms for each class of drug is different The activation of the reward system is similar across substances in producing feelings of pleasure or euphoria – “high” DSM-5 includes Gambling Disorder under the heading “Non-Substance-Related Disorders” * Gambling behavior activates reward system similar to those activated by substance abuse and produce behavioural symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the Substance Use disorders DSM-5 recognises that people are not all automatically or equally vulnerable to developing Substance-Related Disorders Some people have lower levels of self-control, which may be brain based, which predispose them to developing problems if exposed to drugs ...
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...Hallucinations False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. Example: seeing unusually things. Definition: seeing objects that don’t exist. Delta waves The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. Example: snoring. Definition: Deep into sleep. NREM sleep Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep. Example: no REM sleep. Definition: no rapid eye. Insomnia: recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. Example: kids cannot fall asleep easily. Definition: problems in staying or falling asleep. Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. Example: exorcisms. Definition: sleep attacks that cannot be controlled. Sleep apnea A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of...
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...MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Science Department of Psychology M. A. Petra Vondráčková ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR ON THE INTERNET Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. David Šmahel, M.Sc. et Ph.D. Brno 2012 I declare that I have written this thesis independently and all cited resources have been listed in the references. Praha 20 November, 2012 Petra Vondráčková Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor David Šmahel for his invaluable help and guidance, and also for the opportunity to get the valuable experience in doing the research in psychology. Many thanks also to my colleague Jaroslav Vacek for inspiring discussions that we have had on this topic. I would also like to thank the co-authors of presented texts. In addition, special thanks are due to the people who were willing to participate and shared their own experience with Internet use and addictive behaviour on the Internet. Content 1. Introduction 8 2. Theoretical background 10 2.1. Behavioural addiction 10 2.1.1. Defining the concept 11 2.1.2. Classification of behaviour addictions 12 2.1.3. Behavioural addiction in the context of diagnostic manuals of mental disorders 13 2.1.4. Similar traits of behavioural and substance addictions 15 2.2. Internet addiction 24 2.2.1. Historical background and main research areas 26 2.2.3. Identification of Internet addiction 28 2.2.4. Prevalence rates of Internet addiction 32 2.2.5. Correlates of Internet Addiction 35 ...
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...about something you can not leave the house or work with out or maybe when you wake up in the morning you have to get the cup of coffee or coke. Most would say that this is an addiction. Addictions are hard to break but sometimes that is necessary because they are controlling you life. There is not a soul out there that wants something so small to control them but they just don’t know how to let it go. This paper will cover some causes, symptoms, and treatments for addictions. Causes of Addictions For some time now researchers have tried to determine the cause or causes of addictions and have failed to determine that factor. The simple answer would be if people did not drink alcohol, use drugs, gamble, or do anything else that is addictive. So let’s look at some examples of how one might become an addict. “People take drugs, for instance, because of their physical effects. They have a marked effect on the body and mind.”(Marsden, May 2001) Since most substances make us feel better, relax, or excite us we tend to go back to them. For some of us this reaction tends to make us want to go back for more and with great quantities. (Marsden, May 2001) Once you become addicted you will more then likely shift to dependence. This is where your brain’s chemistry may start to adapt, demanding ever more of what it’s grown used to and fiercely resisting the discomfort and withdrawals. This behavior takes on a...
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...Abstract: all drugs affect the mind but psychoactive drugs are a specific type of drug that is specifically made to affect the brain’s chemistry in order to correct an imbalance or abnormality. They have many medicinal uses, beneficial to humans, yet people use them recreationally. Former athletes used them primarily for medicinal uses but most soon fell into addiction or abused them on others. They have various effects on us as humans, creating altered states of consciousness that causes us to even forget what we are doing and hurt ourselves. Fortunately, there are rehabilitation centers and drug organizations that help spread awareness and provide drug abuse help. In January 2012, Former NFL Darren Sharper filed a worker’s compensation claim in California that described health problems including sleep, in which he was given prescription Ambien, a brand name of Zolpidem used to treat insomnia, by his doctor. He was a frequent user, going through 70 pills in 65 days in January 2014 ("Darren Sharper case spotlights sleep drug's dark side", 2014). January 12, 2014, he was found with 20 pills when arrested by Los Angeles officers as a suspect for two rape cases. He is also suspect for at least 4 other cases in various states throughout the United States. Sharper is not the only person who has turned to Zolpidem for sleep treatment. In fact, he is one of the growing numbers of former and current NFL players who use Zolpidem, even to the point of addiction, just to help them...
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...MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Science Department of Psychology M. A. Petra Vondráčková ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR ON THE INTERNET Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. David Šmahel, M.Sc. et Ph.D. Brno 2012 I declare that I have written this thesis independently and all cited resources have been listed in the references. Praha 20 November, 2012 Petra Vondráčková Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor David Šmahel for his invaluable help and guidance, and also for the opportunity to get the valuable experience in doing the research in psychology. Many thanks also to my colleague Jaroslav Vacek for inspiring discussions that we have had on this topic. I would also like to thank the co-authors of presented texts. In addition, special thanks are due to the people who were willing to participate and shared their own experience with Internet use and addictive behaviour on the Internet. Content 1. Introduction 8 2. Theoretical background 10 2.1. Behavioural addiction 10 2.1.1. Defining the concept 11 2.1.2. Classification of behaviour addictions 12 2.1.3. Behavioural addiction in the context of diagnostic manuals of mental disorders 13 2.1.4. Similar traits of behavioural and substance addictions 15 2.2. Internet addiction 24 2.2.1. Historical background and main research areas 26 2.2.3. Identification of Internet addiction 28 2.2.4. Prevalence rates of Internet addiction 32 2.2.5. Correlates of Internet Addiction 35 ...
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...Chapter 14 Summary A substance-related disorder is a condition (such as intoxication, harmful use/abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and psychoses or amnesia associated with the use of the substance) associated with substance abuse, often involving maladaptive behaviors over a long period of time. In order to be diagnosed with substance dependence an individual must display at least three of the following for a 12 month period: development of tolerance to the substance, withdrawal symptoms, persistent desire/unsuccessful attempts to stop using the substance, ingestion of larger amounts of substance, declined life functioning, and persistent use of substance. Substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, substance abuse and substance dependence are the four substance-related conditions that are present in the DSM-IV-TR. Substance intoxication is a type of substance-induced disorder, consisting of reversible, substance-specific, maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes directly resulting from the physiologic effects on the central nervous system of recent ingestion of or exposure to a drug of abuse, medication, or toxin. Specific cases are named on the basis of etiology, e.g., alcohol intoxication. Substance withdrawal is physiologic and psychological readjustments made during discontinuation of use of a substance previously employed to induce intoxication. Substance abuse is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or...
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...substance that alters the mood and brain function of the person through taking them in any form. These drugs are used for a variety of reasons such as medical purposes, religious practices and even recreation. To give you a better perspective, listed below is a list on some types of psychoactive drugs that will be looked at further. 1. Stimulants. 2. Depressants. 3. Hallucinogens. STIMULANTS. These are substances that stimulate brain activity. Most psychoactive drug stimulants are used for recreational purposes like amphetamines, which are very dangerous drugs that cause mind-altering behavior. Some stimulants such as anti-depressants are prescribed for patients that need the medicine. Stimulants temporarily improve a person’s mental or physical abilities and are sometimes referred to as “uppers”. EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS Stimulants are often prescribed by doctors to treat a wide range of conditions, including obesity, depression, and sleeping disorders and are often abused because of the “rush” they bring on. Stimulants act by increasing activity in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. They increase alertness, physical endurance and the ability to stay awake. Heart rate and blood pressure are also increased by stimulants. TYPES OF STIMULANTS Stimulants can be categorized as: 1. Amphetamines 2. Methamphetamines Amphetamines Are drugs that are used to treat hyperactivity in children, obesity and sleeping disorders. They affect the heart, lungs...
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...either operant or classical conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning, whereas addictions develop through operant conditioning. The classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association, (McLeod, 2012). Operant conditioning is the other type of conditioning whereas an individual learns through a reward system. It is more or less association made between behavior and consequence of that behavior. Phobias and addictions develop through these two types of conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning and addictions through operant conditioning. Through the past decades, psychologists studied these two relationships to develop a more understanding of these emotional disorders. Phobias and addictions are negative behaviors and usually come from classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Phobias happen out of a fear of something and addictions happen because an individual becomes controlled by an activity or habit. People react to fears and habits in different ways. What one-person fears, another does not. The same goes for habits or addictions. What one person may enjoy enough to become addicted, another person can walk away from it. Every person handles fears and addictions in very...
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...Most believe that the second someone decides to try a drug they are immediately addicted. However, that is not the case, research has shown that Addiction is linked to way more than just a choice.It is a serious brain disease to do with the level of dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain. People who have an excess or lack of this chemical are most likely to have addictive personality traits.They are likely to use drugs as a way to numb reality and make themselves feel somewhat normal.According to Webster's Dictionary, a disease is, “ a disorder of structure or function of a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms of that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury ” Since the brain in an addictive person already has low levels of dopamine it is considered a disease since it was not caused by any injury to the body. It is only bases on the the chemical makeup of the...
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...2200. Candace James, 28 year old single Caucasian female was admitted to Capella Hospital after being brutally attacked and sexually assaulted for allegedly prostituting for crack cocaine. Patient is in stable condition and being held for 24 hours for further observation. Per the police report, charges for possession of crack cocaine will be dropped if patient seeks treatment. Patient was referred to treatment by the hospital social worker. 26 Aug 2015 approx. 0900, I met with Candace regarding treatment options. Patient was noncompliant with further medical treatment and experiencing severe withdrawal from crack cocaine but willing to seek treatment. Patient has no previous treatment history for addictive behavior. Patient admits she was diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder from an unknown provider for chronic history of physical and sexual abuse by men. Patient is unemployed and currently receiving disability payments for mental health issues. No amount was disclosed. No family support in current area, parents and siblings live out of state. Main Review Applications of Disease Models Upon discharge from Capella Hospital, I scheduled Candace for an appointment the following morning to continue the treatment process....
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...Chapter 19: Substance Use and Disability The chapter on Substance Use and Disability in the Marini and Stebnicki textbook was a brief discussion of the various drugs categories and the comorbidity of drug use and mental/physical disability. The occurrence of two separate clinical diagnoses is referred to as “dual diagnosis”. As used in this chapter, the term dual-diagnosis includes the occurrence of a physical, mental, or intellectual disability along with the presence of a substance use disorder (Marini & Stebnick, 2012). There are several different categories of substances and they all have different effects on the body. Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamines effect the central nervous system and often have behavioral effects such as mood elevations and euphoria. Hallucinogens such as MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin can have hallucinogenic effects on a person’s perception, mood, and state of mind. Marijuana is described as a drug that effects the central nervous system and can cause a euphoric high, heightened sensory perceptions, and hallucinations in higher doses. Depressants consist of psychoactive drugs such as barbituaties, sleeping pills, and alcohol. These substances depress the central nervous system and can result in decreased motor activity and a sedating effect (Marini & Stebnick, 2012, pgs. 295-99). Opiates include substances such as heroin, morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and codeine. These drugs have an effect on the brain with...
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