...occur in adolescence. When approaching the description of two developmental changes that occur in adolescence, it is essential to initially comprehend the definition of adolescence. Adolescence is defined as “the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development.” Two different developments occurring during this period are cognitive and emotional developments, both of which can be associated with developmental psychological theories. Cognitive development is one type of development occurring during adolescence, related to the way in which an adolescent thinks. Post-conventional moral reasoning, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, is associated with the cognitive development in adolescence. During this stage, societal rules and conventions move from an authoritative point of view to being seen with relativity and subjectivity. Post-conventional moral reasoning is integral to the development of an adolescent as it marks the realisation of independence in society, the precedence of an individual’s own thought, and the strengthening of one’s own principles of morality and reasoning. This means that a growing sense of independence and subjectivity is established within the adolescent, integral to adulthood later on in life. Emotional development is another type of development taking place throughout adolescence. Sigmund Freud established five (5) stages of emotional development known as the physosexual stages of development. The stage of this development, relevant...
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...Personality Development Adolescence There are many factors that affect the physical, cognitive, social, moral and personality development in an adolescent. Adolescence as defined in the dictionary, is the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development extending mainly over the teen years (RHCD, 1980). Adolescence is the time that can bring various changes physical, social and emotional. Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty. This usually occurs during the ages of twelve to twenty years old. Puberty is the period during which the reproductive system matures. This process is characterized by the increase in sex hormones (RHCD, 1980). Heredity and the environment both plays a significant role in the development of various human traits. Genes are determinants of heredity, and each individual carries genes from the mother and father. Characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, eye and hair color are all determined through the balance of genes in the body. Genes are responsible for cognitive and mental processes as well as physical features (ehow.com). Adolescents undergo a wide range of physical changes in a very short time, which is a result of biological and hereditary factors, but environmental influences are also significant. There are rapid height and weight gains, which generally takes place earlier in girls, more body fat is generated in girls where muscles are developed in boys. Changes in hormone levels trigger the development of...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Paper Adolescence, also known as teenage years is a time of dramatic change. Adolescence is a period in one’s life in which major physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes take place. This phase of life marks a developmental period that follows childhood and comes before adulthood. Adolescence is closely associated with puberty, which is also considered as a developmental milestone, particularly in the western countries. Puberty refers to the period of adolescence when a person becomes capable of reproduction (Carpenter, S. & Huffman, K., 2010). In this paper, I will discuss the various factors that affect the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of adolescents. Adolescence is a time of rapid physical growth which is illustrated by the drastic growth spurt in the height, weight and skeletal muscles. The actual age may vary but generally occurs somewhere between the ages of 12 through 18. This is a critical stage where a child attempts to become independent, wants to establish their identity and there are noticeable changes in their moods and behavior. During this time in the adolescent’s life, the physical development factors are genetics and nutrition. If the child has genetics that hinder on his or her physical development the child will only develop as his DNA allows. If the child does not have proper nutrition, he or she could be underweight or overweight. This is such a crucial stage for advancement...
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...Middle Childhood and Adolescence Paper PSY/280 April 17, 2013 Rosita Rodriguez Middle Childhood and Adolescence Paper Childhood years can be one of the most wonderful times in life. These years can be full of fun. At this age of innocence a child is most impressionable by learning from their surrounding environment. The beginning of a child’s life can be broken down into different stages leading into an adult. In this paper the focus will be on the middle childhood and adolescence. The research will focus on evaluating the effect of functional and dysfunctional family dynamics on development such as family structure, function, and shared and non-shared environments. Examination of additional pressures that are faced in adolescence versus middle childhood, also the research will help to determine the positive and negative impact of peers and changes in peer relations from middle childhood to adolescence. The research will then discuss the development of moral values from middle childhood and adolescence. “It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him.” — Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) Erik Erikson a theorist believes that our temperament traits are inborn. Other characteristics such as competency or inferiority can be learned according to the challenges or support an individual receives...
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...Name: Tutor: Task: Date: Developmental psychology Infancy and Childhood Physical development During early childhood stage, infants begin to drop their roundish baby like display. Their bones grow more proportionate with the lengthening of their legs and arms. They start to obtain fine motor skills. The newfound skills enable them to grip a pencil in a more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as to supervise them while they use paper and scissors as objects (Stern 245). Although it is normal for boys than girls to be more physically active, they will acquire more control over their motor skills allowing for the advancement of new activities such as swinging, jumping, running, and climbing. Children will start to change themselves away from taking a daily nap, but it is vital to give periods to rest. Cognitive development According to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development; the first being the sensory motor stage, It is considered to extend from birth to the age of two years. The development of reflexes, motor abilities as well as senses is rapid. Throughout the initial development stages, infants only perceive and interact with their immediate surrounding through their actions and observations. The preoperational stage stretches from the age of two to seven where the child is not yet able to think logically. With the acquisition of language, the child can express to the world via mental images and symbols. The third...
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...Middle Childhood and Adolescence University of Phoenix Human Growth and Development Jeanette Merchant August 17, 2010 Middle Childhood and Adolescence Stable and supportive families are crucial during middle childhood and adolescence development stage. Supportive family members and friends improve social development. The major change that occurs from middle childhood to adolescence is emotional maturation. During middle childhood stage, children develop more independence from parents and family. They understand more and can differentiate between right and wrong. Children at this age give more attention to friendship and teamwork, but continue to be strongly influence by their parents’ judgment. Their also yearn for love and acceptation from family and friends. They have ability to experience and describe feelings and thoughts with parents and friends. Middle childhood is a time when children develop social relationships. The social skills learned through family and peers give them ability to participate in meaningful communication that later provide foundation for challenges as adolescence. This improves their relationship and encourages them to be successful in future. As children enter adolescence stage, they begin to spend more unsupervised time with friends and other peers than they had before. They spend less time with their parents and family members. Their distance themselves emotionally from parents. Adolescents are exploring different ideas...
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...Infants grow and change as they progress into a preschooler, middle aged child and into adolescents. Physical growth, intellectual/cognitive growth, psychosocial changes, social development, moral development, and the personality all changes and evolves as the infant makes its way through these stages of life. During infancy, children attach to others. “Attachment, a strong, positive emotional bond that forms between an infant and one or more significant persons, is a crucial factor in enabling individuals to develop social relationships” (Feldman, 2014, p. 198).They normally form their initial primary relationship with their parents and other family members. “Research suggests an association between an infant’s attachment pattern and his or her social and emotional competence as an adult” (Feldman, 2014, p. 198). Through the process of “reciprocal socialization, in which infants’ behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers,” infant’s social world starts to take form (Feldman, 2014, p. 188). Infants express their sociability, at first, in nonverbal ways. They smile, laugh, stare, and with age make vocalizations and imitate others. A mothers’ interactions with her baby is important for the babies’ social development. As mothers’ respond appropriately to their babies’ social cues, the infant’s attachment is strengthened. A father’s expression of positive emotions is also important to the infant’s social well-being. Personality includes those...
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...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Childhood to Adolescence Development ------------------------------------------------- Monica Rodriguez-Sosa ------------------------------------------------- University of Houston – Downtown Introduction As we age and grow in life, we constantly change in many different aspects. It is natural for humans to develop new ways of thinking, being, and feeling. At childhood, we might have show certain behaviors that we do not show in adolescence. Not only does our behavior change, but our physical appearance does too, along with our emotions. This paper will detail three changes that take place in each of the realms of cognitive, physical, and emotional growth from childhood to adolescence. Early Childhood First, physical development of a child occurs at a slower rate than infancy. Boyd and Bee (2009) write that every year a child ages, they grow about two to three in height and about six pounds in weight (p. 177). Both authors also define the motor skills that children gain during childhood. For example, a child at age two can climb on furniture whereas a 6 year-old can walk on a line. As children age, they gain more muscle, giving them the ability to move around easier. Another example is brain growth. This kind of development can be explained by looking at the corpus callosum. Boyd and Bee (2009) explain that this brain structure is what connects the right...
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...TakeNote, which are on reserve in Mann Library. Study in groups if you find that helpful. Do not simply memorize the material; be able to apply it to practical situations. Know the format of Prelim 2 is the same as Prelim 1: 50 questions, all multiple choice. Autonomy: Steinberg, chapter 9 What is autonomy? Define emotional autonomy, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive (value) autonomy. Explain how psychoanalytical theorists view the development of emotional autonomy as detachment. What is individuation and who is the theorist who proposed it? Is the healthy development of emotional autonomy related to close or distant family relations? How are different parenting styles related to the development of emotional autonomy? What are three areas in which we see changes in behavioral autonomy in adolescence? How does the development of the ability to reason logically compare to the development of impulse control in adolescents? In what areas do parents have more influence on adolescents and in what areas are peers more influential? The development of behavioral autonomy is associated with what kind of parenting? What kind of parenting is associated with adolescents’ susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure? What kind of parenting is associated with adolescents’ susceptibility to positive peer pressure? Do adolescents whose parents tend to limit their autonomy tend to be more oriented toward their peers or their family? Explain how adolescents’ values...
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...Middle Childhood and Adolescence Kierra Williams PSY/280 October 30, 2012 Mara Husband Middle Childhood and Adolescence Middle childhood is the period of life that occurs between the ages 7 and 11. During these times of children lives they are in school and are making many different friends, and their cognitive and physical skills are enhancing. On the other hand, middle childhood period normally introduce individuals into new sets of challenges; not only for the child but for the parents as well. After middle childhood comes the adolescence stage, this period of life children face drastic changes. This stage can range from as early as 8 years old to 18. This essay will describe changes that occur during middle childhood and adolescence concerning family and peer relationships, and how they might influence future development. Established and caring families are central components throughout middle childhood and adolescence developmental stage. The way a family works and cares for its member is called family function. The most vital family function is to provide a place of protection for each family member. Individuals of different age ranges have particular needs from their relatives. Berger’s (2010) study found the following: Children thrive if families function for them in five ways: 1. Provide basic necessities. Children aged 6 to 11 can eat, dress, wash, and sleep without help, but someone must provide food, clothing, and shelter. 2. Encourage learning. School-age...
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...Middle Childhood and Adolescence Development Group Paper - Middle Childhood and Adolescence Development Social and moral growth fosters peer interaction in a positive climate. A child’s interaction and acceptance with peers rises during middle childhood. During middle age friendship is an important development. Friendship also fulfills needs of middle childhood such as communal, intimacy, companionship, and acceptance. Adolescent egocentrism is an adolescent thinking intensely about him or herself while wondering what others think about them (Berger, 2008). An adolescent will practice new thinking skills on his or herself, which helps with detachment. The adolescent child worries about how other’s perceive them, and thinks about their conflicting interests in school, close friends, family, and about their own future. All of this thinking of self, refection of experiences, and self-awareness is a distinct to adolescence and egocentrism. These changes for the young adolescent often bring rebellion, low motivation, drugs, alcohol, pregnancies, rocky emotions, and peer pressure. Life for the adolescent can be a conflicting demand of tug of war, filling the adolescent life with demands, mixed messages, and forcing a path of reliance on others and independence while creating stress and depression for the inexperienced adolescent to handle. Relationships in middle childhood and adolescence Peer relations are important aspect of human development. During middle childhood, children...
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...University of Phoenix Material Development Matrix Part I – Developmental Stages For each developmental domain, physical, cognitive, and social, identify two major changes or challenges associated with the following stages: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Stage of Development | Physical Development | Cognitive Development | Social Development | Childhood | * Has a greater plasticity in their neural functions. * Develop motor skills | * learns to grasp and manipulate objects. * learning language. | * dependant on their parents to help them survive. * Deep emotional bond with caregiver (attachment) | Adolescence | * Secondary sexual characteristics(pubic hair, breast development in girls, and lowered voice for boys. * Girls have their first menstrual cycle . * Boys ejaculate for the first time around 14 | * Growth of moral reasoning. * * Able to think and reason logically . | * Form an identity (individualized sense of self.) * Increasing emphasis on peer relationships. (seeks friendship of the opposite sex and also distinguish between friends and romantic partners.) | Adulthood | By mid 20’s finally are physically mature and are fully developed.By 30s or 40s will notice a physical change such as: wrinkles, stooped in posture, thinning or gray hair and shrinking in height. | * Mental process slows down takes long to recall information. * Have more trouble assimilating new information. | This period focuses on...
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...Middle Childhood and Adolescence Louis Gibbs PSY/280 05/18/2012 Michael Johnson The introduction of middle childhood and adolescence, a crucial period of development, for the child and parent can become a time of uncertainty. The parenting styles of the parent makes a difference in the out-come of the child. All children need parents that care about them. The different parenting styles include; authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. In the best interest of the child’s development, parents have to make an evaluation of the parenting methods that work well with the personality of the child. During these years the child’s temperament also begins to have an effect in their lives. “A child’s temperament matters (Kagan & Fox, 2006). If they do not consider the personality of the child, authoritarian parents might terrorize children who are innately fearful or anxious, or permissive parents might watch their impulsive children flail out of control.”(Berger, 2010). Environmental circumstances also have a role in children’s development for example: a parent gaining or loosing employment. There will be many changes that take place for middle childhood and adolescent children. Middle Childhood For many people puberty is a time in their life that will not be forgotten. The ages from 7 to 11 are sometimes called the school years. “The...
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... ii. How do children in this stage differ from concrete operations? 2. Information Processing Theory a. How does this theory view cognitive development? What do these theorists focus on? b. What is metacognition and why is it useful/important? c. How do memory strategies develop with age? What types of strategies do children use? 3. Types of intelligence a. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences (9 types) b. Other non-traditional aspects of intelligence (i.e. emotional intelligence) c. IQ—what is it? How is it traditionally measured? Why is it a useful measure? i. How does heredity and environment affect IQ? d. Horizon video on multiple intelligences as examples of the above…. 4. Academic Skills a. What are the components of skilled reading? b. As children develop how do their writing skills improve? Key words: Mental operations Conservation tasks Deductive reasoning Metacognition Organization Elaboration Metamemory Intelligence quotient (IQ) Emotional Intelligence Analytic Intelligence Creative Ability Practical Ability Phonological awareness knowledge-telling strategy knowledge-transforming strategy CHAPTER 7: Socioemotional development in middle childhood and adolescence 1. Family Relationships a. What is a family? What changes have occurred in how family is defined? b. How does a family systems perspective...
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...Running head: Social Influences on Behavior Social Influences on Behavior University of Phoenix PSY / 300 Date: Instructor: Social Influences on Behavior There are a number of characteristic changes that occur in the intellectual, moral and physical development of the adolescent. During this time, the individual moves from a structured, relatively undemanding environment into the more complex and blurred world of adult society. This transition is accomplished by most individuals with some difficulty, but ultimately with success. However, some individuals have great difficulty in making the required adaptations to move from childhood through their adolescence and into adulthood. Social researchers have been focusing on identifying those factors that put youth at risk for development issues. Adolescence is, by its very nature, a high risk time for all young people. This is because it is a time of such great change. This period is relatively chaotic for young people putting them at greater risk for the development of problem behaviors and habits. (TAP, 2007). Different types of social environments encourage the development of different behaviors. There are five levels of the model addressing the systems of adolescence. Each of the systems is dissimilar from the others. These systems involve all manner of social influences. Family, school, peers, neighbors, friends, religious influences, media and cultural norms all help to define the individual’s acceptable...
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