1. Movie Review
The movie Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom, taught me more about South Africa. It made me think that the world is so big and I just know a tiny dot of it. The movie consists of situations wherein they experience social problem, social movement and social change. They overcome these situations after a long period of time through tough situations and countless meetings of the British Government and Nelson Mandela.

2. What social problems have you observe in the movie? Explain why it exists.

The social problem that existed in the movie was the discrimination being received by the South African citizens in their own country. They were treated as slaves. This is what triggered them to revolt and fight for their rights. This social problem started small from opinions in neighborhood to group organizations. They wanted to overthrow the government and fight for their rights.

3. Define the meaning of social movement and social change by citing scenes in the movie.

Social movement is a collectivity acting with some continuity to promote ore resist a change in society or group of which it is part. (Turner and Killian) It may also refer to those activities in which people unite in an organized, long-term effort to change their society or in which they resist and express dissatisfaction with the existing order through outright and prolonged actions. (Hollnsteiner)

4. Define the stages of a social movement by citing scenes in the movie.

The stages of social movement are emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline. 1. Emergence * Potential movement participants may be unhappy with some policy or some social condition, but they have not taken any action in order to redress their grievances, or if they have it is most likely individual action rather than collective action. A person may comment to friends and family that he or she is dissatisfied with conditions or may write a letter to the local newspaper or representative, but these actions are not strategic and not collective.

* SCENE IN THE MOVIE

This occurred on the earlier part of the movie, where black South Africans felt that they are being discriminated in their own country because of the colonization. Each citizen has this revolt in their mind but they can’t put it into reality. Their actions are not collective and just express themselves as individuals.
2. Coalescence * Stage two, known as coalescence, or the “popular stage,” is characterized by a more clearly defined sense of discontent. It is no longer just a general sense of unease, but now a sense of what the unease is about and who or what is responsible. Rex D. Hopper (1950), in examining revolutionary processes, states that at this stage “unrest is no longer covert, endemic, and esoteric; it becomes overt, epidemic, and exoteric. Discontent is no longer uncoordinated and individual; it tends to become focalized and collective” (p. 273). Further he states “this is the stage when individuals participating in the mass behavior of the preceding stage become aware of each other” (p. 273). At this point leadership emerges and strategies for success are worked out. Also, at this stage mass demonstrations may occur in order to display the social movement’s power and to make clear demands. Most importantly this is the stage at which the movement becomes more than just random upset individuals; at this point they are now organized and strategic in their outlook.

* SCENE IN THE MOVIE

It is where some of the citizens of South Africa knew that needed to do something because issues about discrimination are high. They now operate in groups. The most popular group was the ANC. The one who invited Nelson Mandela to join their group.
3. Bureacratization * This stage, defined by Blumer as “formalization,” (De la Porta & Diani, 2006) is characterized by higher levels of organization and coalitionbased strategies. In this stage, social movements have had some success in that they have raised awareness to a degree that a coordinated strategy is necessary across all of the SMOs. Similarly, SMOs will come to rely on staff persons with specialized knowledge that can run the day-to-day operations of the organization and carry out movement goals. Social movements in this stage can no longer just rely on mass rallies or inspirational leaders to progress towards their goals and build constituencies; they must rely on trained staff to carry out the functions of organizations. In this phase their political power is greater than in the previous stages in that they may have more regular access to political elites. Many social movements fail to bureaucratize in this way and end up fizzling out because it is difficult for members to sustain the emotional excitement necessary and because continued mobilization becomes too demanding for participants. Formalization often means that paid staff can fill in when highly enthusiastic volunteers are not readily available (Macionis, 2001; Hopper, 1950)

* SCENE IN THE MOVIE

It is where a group of South Africans created this group called ANC. This group sees Nelson Mandela as a leader. There is a part in the movie where in Nelson Mandela was invited to join the ANC as a speaker. This group has organization and strategies on how they would overthrow the government. When Mandela agreed to be the speaker, a lot of people was influenced. They finally met someone who can stand for their nation. They do what Mandela says.

4. Decline * Finally, the last stage in the social movement life cycle is decline, or “institutionalization.” Decline does not necessarily mean failure for social movements though. Instead, Miller (1999) argues, there are four ways in which social movements can decline: • Repression, • Co-optation, • Success, and • Failure.

* Repression
The first way social movements can decline is through repression. Repression occurs when authorities, or agents acting on behalf of the authorities, use measures (sometimes violent) to control or destroy a social movement. Further, Miller (1999) states “repressive actions may be defined as legitimate by the state…but they are never legitimate from the perspective of the movement” (p. 305). This means that governments will often pass laws outlawing specific movement activities or organizations, or justify attacks on them by declaring them somehow dangerous to public order. * SCENE IN THE MOVIE

The one who does the repression in the movie was the British Government. The one’s labeled as “whites”. They do violent actions like killing and putting some into prison to torture them as a way of controlling the social movement made by South Africans. * Co-optation
Movements can also decline, if their organizations are highly dependent on centralized authority or on charismatic leadership, through co-optation. Co-optation occurs when movement leaders come to associate with authorities or movement targets more than with the social movement constituents. For example, a leader could be asked to work for the organization that is the target of a movement with offers of being able to change things from the inside. Instead they themselves become integrated into the organization and take on its values, rather than the social movement’s values. Leaders could also be paid off by authorities or target groups who ask them to redirect their activities in exchange. * SCENE IN THE MOVIE
In the movie, when Mandela was in the prison. The British government decided to control the social movement. They saw Nelson Mandela as a solution to the war. They invited him to meetings to have some arrangements. After the meetings, the President of the British government decided to talk to Nelson Mandela to propose some agreements. * Success

Of course, not all social movements end in defeat through repression or co-optation; some decline because they are successful. Smaller, localized movements with very specific goals often have a better chance at outright success. Miller (1999) uses the example of an area that mobilizes to halt the construction of an airport. He also mentions that the women’s suffrage movement was a national organization that achieved its goals and thus declined. Both of these examples point to movements with very specific goals. Many social movements have goals that are much less clearly defined and many organize new campaigns once others are wrapping up either through success or compromise.

* SCENE IN THE MOVIE
This happened in the last part of the movie. The citizens of South Africa received success after years of waiting. Nelson Mandela was elected as the President of South Africa even in his old age.

* Failure
In his analysis of the decline of SDS, Miller (1999) notes that SDS declined for many of the reasons stated above, but he also argues that the organization was not able to handle the rapid expansion that occurred because of their success and due to organizational strain, it collapsed into different factions. Failure of social movements due to organizational or strategic failings is common for many organizations. When failure occurs at the organizational level, Miller argues, it is usually for two reasons: factionalism and encapsulation. As SDS grew, and partly due to its open structure in which everybody was encouraged to take part in the decision making process, the organization began to be controlled by different factions that were operating within the organization for the benefit of outside organizations – in the case of SDS they were dealing with the increasing power of the Progressive Labor Party faction. As the factionalism grew worse and repression continued, Miller argues that groups became increasingly insular, leading to encapsulation. This is the process wherein a cadre of activists become isolated from the broader movement because they come to share many of the same habits and culture and their ideology becomes more similar to one another’s and at the same time more rigid. They become so dedicated to the movement that they fail to sympathize with those who do not make the movement the dominant aspect of their life.

* SCENE IN THE MOVIE
There was no failure happened in the movie. Even though ANC leaders was imprisoned they received freedom after a few years.

5. Reflection
The world should not be separated because of the color of the skin. “No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin. They can be taught to love. It comes more naturally to the human heart,” Nelson Mandela’s message in the last part of the movie.