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Harvard Referencing Guide

HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
This guide is divided into four sections that represent four different types of publications:
1. Periodicals: Journal and newspaper articles: pp. 2-3
2. Electronic publications: pp. 3-6
3. Books: pp. 6-7
4. Miscellaneous publications and materials: pp. 7-8
Within each section, we have organised the information into three columns:


Column 1 lists the different types of source materials that you will need to reference when you are doing an assignment. •

Column 2 shows you how to do ‘in-text referencing’ or ‘in-text citation’ – this is where you refer to your sources of information WITHIN your assignment when you paraphrase, summarise or quote.



Column 3 shows you how to cite each type of reference in the ‘Reference List’ at the END of your assignment. This list of references provides your reader with all the information about each source you have referred to in your assignment, so they can find each source you have referred to if they wish.

Here are some useful terms with which you need to be familiar:
A paraphrase means saying something in another way without changing its meaning, for example, using your own words to express the ideas of an author. A paraphrase may/may not be shorter than the original.
A summary is similar to a paraphrase except it is shorter than the original. Summarising involves
‘compressing’ large amounts of information into a few sentences. So it involves picking out the main ideas, leaving out the details, and putting the main ideas into your own words.
A quotation involves reproducing the EXACT words from a source. Quotations must be carefully selected and copied from the original source material, and should be sparingly used to support your arguments or the key points you wish to make. If you wish to use a short quotation, you must put single quotation marks (‘ ’) around the words of the original author and integrate the quotation into your sentence. For long quotations, that is, quotations which are over 30 words, you must indent them from the left margin (do not use single quotation marks). Use double quotation marks (“ ") only when citing a quotation within a quotation. NB Make sure you include the author’s surname and year of publication every time you paraphrase, summarise or quote. When using a quotation, you must also include the page number(s) from which the quotation was taken.
On the following page you will find a sample paraphrase, a sample of a short and long quotation, and a sample summary. Each sample includes BOTH correct in-text referencing and Reference List entry. To help you successfully reference in each assignment, we have provided you with a simple checklist on the last page of this
Harvard Referencing Guide. Please consult it before you submit each assignment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This guide was compiled by Maree Stenglin, Maxim Soyref and Richard Swain, Learning and Teaching in
Business.
Learning and Teaching in Business
(Revised 07.03.2011)

Page 1

Harvard Referencing Guide
A. Sample paraphrase and Reference List
The Allen Consulting Group (2006) presented a convincing argument that skills matter to employers.
Reference List
Allen Consulting Group. 2006, World class skills for world class industries: employers’ perspectives on skilling in Australia, Sydney.
B. Sample short quotation and Reference List
Many questions have been raised about issues concerning ‘skills and skill development’ (Fenwick and
Hall 2006, p.571).
Reference List
Fenwick, T. and Hall, R. 2006, 'Skills in the knowledge economy: changing meanings in changing conditions', Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 575-592.
C. Sample long quotation and Reference List
There has been some debate within the academic community in recent decades about how to best define the term globalisation. Given how contested this term has become, the following definition of globalisation will be used in this assignment:
Globalisation involves the creation of linkages or interconnections between nations. It is usually understood as a process in which barriers (physical, political, economic, cultural) separating different regions of the world as reduced or removed, thereby stimulating exchanges in goods, services, money, and people (Hamilton & Webster 2009, p.5).
Reference List
Hamilton, L. and Webster, P. 2009, The international businesses environment, Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
D. Sample reading summary and Reference List
Lane (2008) does not agree with the critics of state-led capitalism in Russia. Instead he thinks that the
Putin model, while not perfect, is a realistic way to develop Russia’s resources for the following three reasons. First, it is based on the strong and accepted influence of the state in the private sector. Second, he believes that this form of state-led capitalism is a great improvement on the ‘chaotic’ capitalism that characterised the early period of transition. Finally, he concludes that there will not be any great renationalisation of industry.
Reference List
Lane, D. 2008, ‘From chaotic to state-led capitalism’, New Political Economy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 177-184.
This sample reading summary has been adapted from a longer text written by James Mugambi in 2009.

Learning and Teaching in Business

Page 2

Harvard Referencing Guide

SECTION 1: PERIODICALS: JOURNAL AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Type of Source

In-text reference

Reference List entry

Journal article with a single author According to Carlin (2007) .
..

Surname, Initial(s). Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers.
Example:
Carlin, T. 2007, 'Some reflections on research', Compliance &
Regulatory Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9-13.

More than one journal article by the same author(s) in the same year

The analytical work done by
Marshak and Grant (2008a;
2008b) has shown that organisational discourse is . .
.

Surname, Initial(s). Year[letter], 'Title of article', Title of
Journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers.
Example:
Marshak, R. J. and Grant, D. 2008a, 'Organizational discourse and new organization development practices',
British Journal of Management, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 7-19.
Marshak, R. J. and Grant, D. 2008b, 'Transforming talk: the interplay of discourse, power, and change', Organization
Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 33-40.

Journal article with two or three authors Journal article with more than three authors

Many questions have been raised about issues concerning ‘skills and skill development’ (Fenwick and
Hall 2006, p.571).

Authors. Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers.

According to Pocock et al.
(2008) Work Choices are . . .

Authors. Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers.

Example:
Fenwick, T. and Hall, R. 2006, 'Skills in the knowledge economy: changing meanings in changing conditions',
Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 575-592.

Example:
Pocock, B., Elton, J., Preston, A., Charlesworth, S.,
MacDonald, F., Baird, M., Cooper, R. and Ellem, B. 2008,
'The impact of “Work Choices” on women in low paid employment in Australia: a qualitative analysis', Journal of
Industrial Relations, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 477-88.

Journal article with no author

Newspaper article Newspaper

The problems facing baby boomers have been carefully investigated (‘Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm’
2009)…

‘Title of article’, Year, Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers.

Different methods of retaining nurses have been challenged by Brown (1987)


Author(s). Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Day
Month, page no(s).

The problem has been

‘Title of article’, Year, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, page

Learning and Teaching in Business

Example:
‘Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm’,
2009, Oncology Nursing, vol. 36, p. 596.

Example:
Brown, D. 1987, ‘Hospitals try tea, raises, status to refill thinning ranks of nurses’, Los Angeles Times, 6 August, p.1.

Page 3

Harvard Referencing Guide article, no author

highlighted in the Sydney
Morning Herald (11 January,
2011)…

no(s).
Example:
‘One dead in multiple beach rescue’, 2011, Sydney Morning
Herald, 11 January, p.10.

SECTION 2: ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS

Type of Source

In-text reference

Reference List entry

Electronic Book

Jarsulic (2010) suggests that… Author(s). Year, Title of book, (edition number if applicable),
Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year,
Example:
Jarsulic, M. 2010, Anatomy of a financial crisis: a real estate bubble, runaway credit markets and regulatory failure,
Palgrave Macmillan, New York, viewed 11 January 2011,

Chapter in an edited electronic
Book

Kepes and Delery (2007) have outlined ...

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of chapter’ in Editor(s) (ed./eds)*, Year,
Title of book, (edition number if applicable), Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year,
*ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors
Example:
Kepes, S. and Delery, J. 2007, ‘HRM systems and the problem of the internal fit’ in P. Boxall, J. Purcell, and P.
Wright (eds.), The Oxford handbook of human resource management, Oxford University Press, Oxford, viewed 24
February 2008,

Journal article from an electronic
Journal

Journal article from an electronic database A new method of pricing specific options has been recently developed (Buchen and Konstandatos 2009) and it …

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month
Year,

The question of what will happen to banks is introduced by Bossone
(2001)…

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month
Year, Database Name.

Example:
Buchen, P. and Konstandatos, O. 2009, ‘A new approach to pricing double-barrier options with arbitrary payoffs and exponential boundaries’, Applied Mathematical Finance, vol.16, no. 6, pp. 497-515, viewed 17 January 2011,

Example:
Bossone, B. 2001, ‘Do banks have a future? A study on banking and finance as we move into the third millennium’,

Learning and Teaching in Business

Page 4

Harvard Referencing Guide
Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239-2276, viewed 16 January 2005, ScienceDirect.
Newspaper
article viewed on the WWW

Martin (2011) asserts that …

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Newspaper, Day
Month, page no(s) (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year,

Example:
Martin, P. 2011, ‘Fraud is a cinch – just ask your bank’,
Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, viewed 11 January
2011,

Newspaper article viewed from an electronic database The problems faced by Wall
Street in the past have been denied by Kindleberger
(1999) who maintains that ...

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Newspaper, Day
Month, page no(s) (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, name of database provider, item number (if applicable).
Example:
Kindleberger, C. 1999, ‘Fools and their money – what’s left of it’, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 19 August, viewed
28 September 2004, ProQuest, ISSN 00999660.

Web document

Cagliarini and McKibbin
(2009) discuss …

Author(s). Year, Title of document, Name of Organisation,
Place of Organisation, viewed Day Month Year,
Example:
Cagliarini, A. and McKibbin, W. 2009, Global relative price shocks: the role of macroeconomic policies, Reserve Bank of
Australia, Sydney, viewed 24 October 2010,

Web document with no author

Web document with no publication date

The level of fiscal stimulus is summarised in the
Department of Treasury
Annual Report 2009-2010
(2010)…

Title of document, Year, Name of Organisation, Place of
Organisation, viewed Day Month Year,

The effect of price shocks is questioned by Cagliarini and
McKibbin (n.d.) …

Author(s). n.d., Title of document, Name of Organisation,
Place of Organisation, viewed Day Month Year,

Example:
Department of Treasury Annual Report 2009-2010, 2010,
Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 28 October 2010,

Example:
Cagliarini, A. and McKibbin, W. n.d., Global relative price shocks: the role of macroeconomic policies, Reserve Bank of
Australia, Sydney, viewed 24 October 2010,

Web site

The Reserve Bank of
Australia website (2007) contains information on …

Author(s), Year [of last update] (if available), Title of web site,
Name of Organisation (if applicable), Place of Organisation, viewed Day Month Year,
Example:
Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007, Reserve Bank of Australia,
Sydney, viewed 23 March 2007,

Images accessed from a Web

Past productivity cycles are clearly shown in Productivity

Learning and Teaching in Business

Author(s), Year [of last update], Title of Image, Name of
Organisation, Place of Organisation, viewed Day Month Year,
Page 5

Harvard Referencing Guide site/document Growth Cycles (2009) …

Example:
Department of Treasury, 2009, Productivity Growth Cycles,
Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 2 August 2010,

Electronic Thesis

Online Lecture
Notes

The role of distance in retail gasoline market competition is analysed by Brewer (2007) who concludes that …

Author. Year, ‘Title of thesis’, Type of Thesis, Department,
University, viewed Day Month Year,

As explained by Piggott
(2011) business refers to …

Author(s) Year, Title of lecture (Unit Code), at Teaching
Organisation, Place of Publication, Date, viewed Day Month
Year,

Example:
Brewer, J. 2007, ‘Competition in the retail gasoline industry’,
PhD Thesis, Department of Economics, University of Arizona, viewed 29 October 2008,

Example:
Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to Business (ECOF1003), at
The University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March, viewed 14
March 2011,
Online Course
Readings

Fisher (2004) demonstrates the important role that self reflection plays in the development of critical thinking. Author(s). Year, ‘Title of reading’ in Editor(s) (ed.), Title of
Course (Unit Code), Teaching Organisation, Place of
Publication, viewed Day Month Year,
Example:
Fisher, K. 2004, ‘Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do you do it?’ in L. Piggott (ed.), ECOF1004 Reader, University of Sydney, Sydney, viewed 14 January 2011,

Web blogs

In his blog, Quiggin (2011) criticises… Author. Year of Posting, Title of site, web blog, viewed Day
Month Year,
Example:
Quiggin, J. 2011, John Quiggin: commentary on Australian & world events from a social-democratic perspective, web blog, viewed 14 January 2011, < http://johnquiggin.com/>

Web blog posts

Following the crisis, Quiggin
(2011) speculated that …

Author. Year of Posting, ‘Title of post’, Title of site, web blog post, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year,
Example:
Quiggin, J. 2011, ‘Total core meltdown’, John Quiggin: commentary on Australian & world events from a socialdemocratic perspective, web blog, 20 December, viewed 31
December 2011

Podcasts

Parched: The Politics of

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Title of podcast, Year, podcast, Name of Organisation, Place

Page 6

Harvard Referencing Guide
Water (2008) identifies …

of Organisation, Day Month of Publication, viewed Day Month
Year,
Example:
Parched: the politics of water, 2008, podcast, ABC Radio
National, 21 November, viewed 28 September 2009,

SECTION 3: BOOKS

Type of Source

In-text reference

Reference List entry

Book with a single Author

Shields (2007) proposes that


Surname, Initial(s). Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Shields, J. 2007, Managing employee performance and reward, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.

Book with two or three Authors

It has been indicated by
Frino and Segara (2008) that


List of Authors. Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Frino, A. and Segara, R. 2008, Trade execution, arbitrage and dealing in Australia, Pearson Prentice Hall, Sydney.

Book with more than three
Authors

Some critics have argued that corporate finance …
(Brealey et al. 2000).

List of Authors. Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Brealey, R., Myers, S., Partington, G. and Robinson, D. 2000,
Principles of corporate finance, McGraw Hill, Sydney.

Book with no author Book with no date

It was affirmed in Bomber
Command: The Air Ministry
Account of Bomber
Command’s Offensive against the Axis Sept 1939July 1941 (1941) that . . .

Title of book. Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.

The famous ancient scholar
Aurelius (n.d.) has claimed that . . .

Surname, Initial(s). n.d., Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.

Example:
Bomber Command: the Air Ministry account of Bomber
Command’s offensive against the Axis Sept 1939-July 1941.
1941, HMSO, London.

Example:
Aurelius, M. n.d., Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, Library of
Classics, London.

Book with multiple editions

Some characterise the discipline of finance (Frino,
Hill and Chen 2009) as ...

Learning and Teaching in Business

Author(s). Year, Title of book, number of edition, Publisher,
Place of Publication.
Example:
Frino, A., Hill, A. and Chen, Z. 2009, Introduction to corporate th finance, 4 ed., Pearson Education Australia, Sydney.

Page 7

Harvard Referencing Guide
Edited Book

The foundations of industrial justice are examined by
Patmore (2003) through ...

Editor. (ed.) Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Patmore, G. (ed.) 2003, Laying the foundations of industrial justice: the presidents of the Industrial Relations Commission of NSW 1902-1998, The Federation Press, Sydney.

Edited book with two or more editors Some critics deny the fact that … (Jones and Hensher
2008).

Editors (eds.) Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Jones, S. and Hensher, D. (eds.) 2008, Advances in credit risk modelling and bankruptcy prediction, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.

Chapter in an
Edited Book

One perspective on women and work is offered by Baird
(2010) in her discussion of …

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of chapter’ in Editor(s), Title of book,
Publisher, Place of Publication, page numbers.
Example:
Baird, M. 2010, ‘Women and work in Australia: a theoretical and historical overview’ in P. A. Murray, R. Kramar and P.
McGraw (eds.), Women at work: research, policy and practice, Tilde University Press, Melbourne, pp. 1-23.

Translated Book

The question of memories is considered in …
(Krzhizhanovsky 2006).

Author(s). Year, Title of book, trans [translator], Publisher,
Place of Publication.
Example:
Krzhizhanovsky, S. 2006, Memories of the future, trans.
[Turnbull, J.], New York Review of Books, New York.

Learning and Teaching in Business

Page 8

Harvard Referencing Guide

SECTION 4: MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS

Type of
Source

In-text reference

Reference List entry

Report

The Allen Consulting Group
(2006) presented a convincing argument that skills matter to employers. Author(s). Year, Title of report, Place of Publication.

Figure 1 (adapted from
Australian Bureau of Statistics
2010) identifies an important trend in …

Author. Year, Title of document, Location, viewed Day Month
Year,

Unemployment increased substantially following the financial crisis (Australian
Bureau of Statistics 2010).

Government Department. Year, Title of document,
Government Department, Location, Catalogue No. (if applicable). Figure, graph, table or image
(online)

Government
Statistics

Example:
Allen Consulting Group. 2006, World class skills for world class industries: employers’ perspectives on skilling in Australia,
Sydney.

Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2010, 6202.0 - Labour force,
Australia, Jan 2011, Canberra, viewed 14 February 2011,

Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2010, Labour statistics
Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, Catalogue
No. 6101.0.

Standard

Published
Conference
Paper

The requirements are clearly set out in the industry standard
(Standards Association of
Australia 2004)…

Author, Year, Title of standard, Standard No. (if applicable),
Publisher, Place of Publication.

Ballsun-Stanton and Bunker
(2009) express the view that…

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of conference paper’ Title of conference proceedings, Conference Organiser (if relevant e.g. the Royal
Australian College of Physicians), Location, page numbers or
.

Example:
Standards Association of Australia, 2004, Environmental management systems – requirements with guidance for use
(AS/NZS ISO 14001:2004), Standards Australia, Sydney.

Example:
Ballsun-Stanton, B. and Bunker, D. 2009, ‘Philosophy of data
(PoD) and its importance to the Discipline of Information
Systems’, Proceedings of the fifteenth Americas conference on information systems, San Francisco, California
,.
Unpublished
Conference
Paper

Mitchell and McKenzie (2004) express the view that…

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of conference paper’ presented at the conference name/Conference Organiser, Location, Day Month
Year.
Example:
Mitchell, H. and McKenzie, M. 2004, ‘The use of forecasting accuracy as an ARCH model selection tool’, paper presented at the conference on modelling and analysis of safety and risk

Learning and Teaching in Business

Page 9

Harvard Referencing Guide in complex systems, St. Petersburg, Russia (Russian
Federation), 25 June 2004.
Material from
Course
Readings

Critical self-reflection is defined as ‘. . .’ (Fisher 2004).

Author(s). Year, ‘Title of document’ in Editor(s) (ed.), Title of course readings, Year, Teaching Organisation, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Fisher, K. 2004, ‘Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do you do it?’ in L. Piggott (ed.), ECOF1004 Reader, University of
Sydney, Sydney.

Lecture Notes

Piggott (2011) defines...

Author(s). Year, Lecture Title (Unit Code), at Teaching
Organisation, Place of Publication, Date.
Example:
Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to Business (ECOF1003), at The
University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March.

Email/Personal
Communication

It was confirmed by Hodgson
(2004, email 27 October) that


No entry is required in the reference list

Some improvements were suggested by Reynolds (2006,
Pers. Comm. 15 April) following… Patent

A patent was taken out
(Pettigrew 2007) following…

Author(s). Year, Title of patent, Country Patent No.
Example:
Pettigrew, J. 2007, New system of teaching accounting,
Australia Patent 2007101217.

Pamphlet or brochure Further information is described in Austudy (2010)…

Title of brochure. Year, Publisher, Location of Publication.
Example:
Austudy. 2010, Centrelink, Canberra, ACT.

Learning and Teaching in Business

Page 10

Harvard Referencing Guide

REFERENCING CHECKLIST
BEFORE YOU SUBMIT, CHECK THE FOLLOWING:

YES

NO

1. IN-TEXT REFERENCES
Quotes
Did you include the following information near each quotation:
• author’s last name?
• the year of publication?
• the page number(s) on which you found the quotation?
Did you put single inverted commas ‘ ’ around the author’s original words in each short quotation?
Did you integrate each short quotation into a sentence?
If you used a long quotation (more than 30 words), did you indent the quotation from the left margin (without using single inverted commas)? Paraphrases and summaries
Did you put the original author’s words into your own?
Did you include the author’s last name and year of publication for every paraphrase or summary?
2. REFERENCE LIST (AT THE END OF YOUR ASSIGNMENT)

Have you included the heading ‘Reference List’ on the last page of your assignment?
Have you arranged all your sources alphabetically in your reference list according to the author’s last name?
If one author has more than two publications, did you arrange them chronologically (For example: Lee 2010, Lee 2009)?
If one author has more than one publication in the same year, have you used a, b, c to distinguish them? (For example: Smith 2010a . . .
Smith 2010b . . . Smith 2010c).
Did you check each comma, full stop, bracket and use of italics?

Learning and Teaching in Business

Page 11

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