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Multimodal

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Printr-o examinare aprofundata a 33 de proiecte de programe-cadru ale UE, autorii prezinta eforturile majore depuse în evoluția tehnologiei informatiei si comunicatiilor (TIC) în transportul multimodal de marfă . Se prezinta barierele de inhibare rapidă a aplicațiilor TIC în transportul multimodal.
Cultivarea problemelor de mediu, creșterea prețului combustibililor și congestionarea pe mai multe rețele rutiere necesită noi soluții pentru operațiunile de transport de mărfuri. O rețea integrată de transport multimodal este un factor critic pentru companii de a executa cu succes procesele din lanțul de aprovizionare, atât pe plan intern și pe plan internațional. Cu toate acestea, natura complexă a integrării sistemului de transport multimodal, implica o gama de operatori care pot limita cresterea multimodalitatii. Una dintre cele mai importante constrângeri este lipsa de conectivitate eficace și eficienta de informații între și între diferite moduri (apă, aer, rutiere și feroviare).
Transportului multimodal se referă la transportul de mărfuri pe două sau mai multe cai diferite de transport (cum ar fi rutier, feroviar, aerian sau pe căi navigabile interioare, precum și de transport maritim scurt sau de adâncime), ca parte a contractului în cazul în care de multe ori un operator de transport multimodal (MTO ) este responsabil pentru executarea intregului contract de transport. Circulația mărfurilor ar putea fi în limitele unei țară sau internaționala, cu proceduri suplimentare, cum ar fi vămuire mărfurilor la vamă.
De exemplu, Comisia Europeană propune o serie de măsuri care vizează dezvoltarea unui sistem european de transport capabil să stabilizeze si sa echilibreze caile de transport și sa încurajeze utilizarea transportului multimodal (CE, 2011).
Sudarea cailor de transport, fiecare avand caracteristici diferite, implica diferiti alti factori: expeditorii, furnizori de servicii logistice, curierii, operatorii de transport. Fiecare faza din lantul modal de transport trebuie sa fie optimizata si integrata cu alte activitati auxiliare, in vederea realizarii continuitatii (manevrarea, orarul de livrare, pregatirea transportului, incarcarea / descarcarea, monitorizarea vehiculelor).
Din punct de vedere istoric, utilizarea TIC în transport și logistică a început în anii 1960. Exemple tipice sunt sisteme de inventariere, de rutare, de transport si planificare și sisteme de facturare.
Davies și colab. (2007) se concentrează pe impactul Internetului asupra schimburilor de mărfuri și aplicațiilor TIC pe transport în Marea Britanie, care indică faptul că mulți operatori de transport mai mici in Marea Britanie rămân dependenti de sistemele de comunicații tradiționale, în timp ce logistica marilor companii dezvolta noi metode de lucru susținute de aplicații avansate în domeniul TIC.
În ceea ce privește transportul multimodal, Boschian et al. (2009) și Dotoli et al. (2010) indică faptul că TIC are un potențial uriaș pentru gestionarea eficientă, eficace și fiabila în timp real a operațiunilor de transport multimodal de marfă.
De exemplu, Dullaert colab. (2009) prezintă o platforma inteligenta de comunicare a agentului cu sediul, în scopul de a crește eficiența costurilor, serviciilor și securitatii. Bock (2010) propune o nouă abordare de control in timp real pentru rețelele de transport de marfă, care integrează transportul multimodal, pentru a reduce drumurile efectuate de catre un vehicul gol.
Sistemul de management al resurselor de transport de marfă implementeaza soluții pentru utilizarea efectivă și eficientă a resurselor unei organizații in vederea optimizarii planificării de transport. Obiectivul este de a realiza un echilibru între cerere (de exemplu:ordine de transport) și a oferta (de exemplu, capacitățile de transport, inclusiv vehicule, șoferi și zonele de depozitare aferente) la un cost minim, cu consolidarea informațiilor disponibile pe site-ul dispecerilor (TAP, 2000). De exemplu, proiectul F-MAN a dezvoltat un prototip al unui sistem care oferă informații cu privire la poziția vagonului și statutul pentru a permite administratorului flotei (feroviare) sa efectueze o selecție economică a vagoanelor și să actualizeze această decizie în cazul în care vagonul este întârziat (F-MAN, 2005). Proiectul MarNIS (2009) reprezintă un sistem de gestionare a informațiilor maritime, al traficului de port, servicii de operare.
Pentru a îmbunătăți performanța generală a transportului multimodal, piata intentioneaza sa creeze un sistem de informații fără sudură și sigur prin interconectarea evoluției în domeniul comunicațiilor mobile cu serviciile de localizare și urmărire cu managementul marfurilor și a tehnologiilor bazate pe Internet. Platformele integrate de acest fel au scopul de a lega toți participantii pentru a permite cooperarea, colaborarea și schimbul de informații de la punctul de expediere pana la punctul de sosire.
Rolul pozitiv al TIC în îmbunătățirea performanței transporturilor și comunicarea între operatorii de transport multimodal a fost recunoscut de multe părți interesate, dar există, de asemenea, multe obstacole în calea adoptării TIC, care variază de la modul la modul (Coronado et al., 2009) și la companie la companie, în special între întreprinderile mici și mari (Pokharel, 2005). Pe baza revizuirii literaturii, autorii identifica o serie de factori care inhibă adoptarea TIC în funcție de domeniul lor de impact care pot fi clasificate în trei categorii (KOMODA-2009): barierele legate de tehnologie, de politica si de utilizator. Factorii economice și financiari sunt un alt impediment, acestia incluzand cerințele mari de investiții, costurile de punere în aplicare, costurile de gestionarea și de întreținere, precum și condițiile financiare nefavorabile ale companiilor relevante. Aceste bariere sunt mai evidente în cazul IMM-urilor, în special pentru cele cu o cifră de afaceri relativ scăzută și resurse insuficiente. Barierele legate de funcționare sunt discutate de mai multe cercetători (Pokharel, 2005, Hollenstein, 2004 și Zeimpekis și Giaglis, 2006) și includ probleme de capital uman, cum ar fi dificultăți în angajarea de personal calificat, lipsa de specialiști în domeniul TIC, și lipsa de calificare a personalului pentru a opera noi aplicații. Barierele legate de tehnologie se referă la constrângerile tehnologice care împiedică operatorii sa utilizeze aplicații TIC, inclusiv aspecte precum interoperabilitatea sistemelor, integrarea TIC, securitatea și protecția datelor. În plus, lipsa de încredere în tranzacțiile online și grija pentru problemele de securitate și de responsabilitate în ceea ce privește informațiile care trebuie schimbate, pot fi considerate ca un obstacol în calea adoptării aplicațiilor bazate pe Internet. Barierele legate de politica se referă la coordonarea și armonizarea diferitelor niveluri politice. Datorită naturii transportului multimodal, care se realizeaza cu precadere la nivel international, este probabil ca fiecare tara va avea propriile ei politici, care ar putea avea un impact asupra adoptării, inclusiv cerințele legale și reglementările vamale diferite în diferite țări; diverse reglementări pentru fiecare mijloc de transport; standardelor de siguranță și de securitate diferite sau regulamente între modurile de transport; diferite cadre juridice în funcție de categoria de mărfuri. Aplicarea actuală a TIC în transportul multimodal este în mare măsură susținută de și depinde de o serie de tehnologii. Mai recent, dezvoltarea rapidă a tehnologiilor web a declanșat, de asemenea, apariția unui nou concept numit "cloud computing”. Acesta este un serviciu oferit de experti IT care reduce în special barierele legate de utilizator. Prin utilizarea acestei tehnologii, organizatiile sunt eliberate de povara de a gestiona complexitatea aplicațiilor TIC și le ofera timp să se concentreze asupra strategiilor lor de afaceri. Un exemplu tipic de utilizare a „cloud computing” într-un mediu de transport multimodal este sistemul TIC care leagă expeditori, transportatori și clienți împreună pentru contractarea la fața locului a serviciilor de transport (cunoscut sub numele de ELM sau pentru schimbul de informații și colaborare pe termen lung. Evoluția internetului a deschis mai multe oportunități pentru managementul lanțului de aprovizionare, oferindu-le acces la informații utile pentru ei. Cu site-uri de rețele sociale precum Facebook și Twitter se produc schimbări revoluționare în modul in care persoanele comunica, aceleasi platforme tehnologice putand fi utilizate în mediul de transport și logistică, pentru a facilita comunicarea între părți interesate.
Recent, Google a anunțat dezvoltarea ochelarilorinteligenti, un disopzitiv controlat de voce. Dispozitivul va fi echipat cu o camera, senzori GPS și senzori de mișcare și va fi conectat la Internet.. Acest dizpotitiv ar putea usura transportul multimodal oferind informatii si imagini in timp real cu privire la locatia vehicului de livrare, la desfasurarea activitatilor de incarcare/ descarcare.
În timp ce evoluțiile tehnologice menționate mai sus au determinat cresterea volumului de informatii, ceea ce contează mai mult este modul în care se pot valorifica și capta aceste seturi de date de mari dimensiuni (așa-numitele "Date Big").
De exemplu, iCargo (iCargo, 2011) desfășoară cea mai recentă inovație în domeniul TIC unde cloud computing, web semantic și internet objects, sunt folosite pentru a sprijini conceptul Cargo inteligent pentru operațiunile logistice la nivel mondial. Alte proiecte tind să se concentreze pe aplicatii tehnologice tradiționale.
Evolutia tehnologica va elimina in viitor barierele de natura tehnologica si umana in transportul multimodal, in contextul in care 80% din populatia mondiala va utiliza dispozitive mobile conectate la internet. Deja in ultima perioada se constata modificari din ce in ce mai mari realizate de avansul tehnologic. Imbunatatirea sistemelor de transport multimodal se realizeaza odata cu cresterea nivelului de accesibilitate la reteaua de internet si odata cu avansul dezvoltarilor IT cu privire la aplicatii care leaga partile interesate.
Barierele de natura politica raman insa problema principala, care nu va putea fi rezolvata de avansul tehnologic. Pentru aceasta va fi nevoie de o uniformizare la nivel mondial a politicilor si standardelor cu privire la realizarea transporturilor internationale de marfuri.

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