...detect are mechanoreceptors that provide sensation of touch, pressure and equilibrium. There was no response In Mustafa’s right upper and lower limbs when touched with a pen. The Body did not respond to ice cubes which is regulated by thermoreceptors that detect change and nociceptor because there was not a response when he was pricked with the pen. E. Even though there is a clot in an artery on the left side of his brain the reason he lost function on the right side of his body is because the corticospinal pathway conducts impulses controlling the muscles of the limb and trunk. Most corticospinal axons crossover to the opposite side of the medulla oblongata. So the right cerebral cortex controls the left side of the body. F. The part of the body that would respond to the pressure wheel are the corpuscles of touch that’s located in the papillae of hairless skin-fingertips, hands, soles, around the joints, tendons and muscles (lamellated corpuscle) G. When the handle of a reflex hammer is slid along the palms of the hand, the sensory receptor being stimulated by the touch of the handle are the corpuscles of touch. H. The sensory receptors that are stimulated by vibrations are tactile receptors. I. The path of a touch stimulus from the right upper limb to the somatosensory...
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...SPINNING JENNY What is the Spinning Jenny? Our machine, the Spinning Jenny, is a faster, easier, and more efficient way of spinning yarn. How does the Spinning Jenny Work? The Spinning Jenny is a very complex machine to create spun cotton. Do not be fooled by the word complex, because all you need to do is feed it cotton, and spin the wheel. There are eight spindles compared to the single spindle what we had in the previous Spinning Wheel providing up to eight times increased productivity. One end of the cotton is tied to the spindles, while the other end is clamped down on the other side. There is a giant wheel on the right side of the machine that u=is connected to the spindles. When the user spins the wheel the spindles spin which creates the spun cotton. For example, picture holding the tip of your tie with two fingers, then spinning it around. This is how the Spinning Jenny works, except it would have eight spindles and would work a lot faster. How will the Spinning Jenny help? The Spinning Jenny will allow faster and easier production of yarn. The eight spindles included will provide a huge productivity increase per man-hour. It is very easy to use and all that the user needs to do is feed it cotton and spin the wheel. This will also aid mass production of spun yarn. With the previous Spinning wheel, yarn was difficult and slow to produce, thus prices of yarn were going up. The Spinning Jenny will produce eight times more spun yarn, so we can meet the demand for yarn...
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...builds strength and endurance in the calves, gluteus maximus, hamstrings, inner thighs, and the quadriceps. (Exercise 2016) The muscles that are doing the most work are the gluteus maximus, hamstrings, and quadriceps. In my opinion, these muscles start to hurt the most. I would opt to say 3 minutes of this type of exercise would be much harder than 3 minutes of jogging. Jogging is an isotonic exercise. (Scalon 2015) Jogging requires the use of more muscles than the wall sit. These muscles are less likely to tire out or experience a burning, tightening sensation. I personally would much rather be jogging because it helps to burn calories and on the other hand, the wall sit does not. (Scalon 2015) 2. Muscle sense is called proprioception. (Scalon 2015) This is the brain's ability to know where our muscles are and what our muscles are doing without having to look at them to be aware. (Scalon 2015) Practice makes perfection. The more you practice shooting a basketball, typing on a computer, playing a guitar, or juggling tennis balls, the stronger stretch receptors become. (3B Scientific 2012) Muscle sense includes the parietal lobes of the cerebrum and the cerebellum. (Scalon 2015) Any type of exercise or activity that is a first attempt can often be very slow, our limbs stiff and uncoordinated. As our brains begin to make sense of the patterns of muscle movements, our body becomes quicker, more agile, and limbs feel lighter. (3B Scientific 2012) References: "Cheerleading Workout...
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...sends your lower leg forward, and drops back down swiftly. If the lower leg does not respond or moves excessively, then there is some form of CNS damage or a disorder. So how does this really work, if your brain does not half to tell your lower leg to jerk up when the tendon is hit? It is basically because of your Afferent and Efferent neurons. Once your patellar tendon is stretched. It is then detected by the muscle spindles in your quadriceps muscle. The muscle spindles stimulate the sensory neurons, which travels to the spinal cord. This is where the sensory neurons synapse with the motor neurons causing the contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Which in return creates the movement of the lower leg to jerk up....
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...“One Week of Unilateral Ankle Immobilisation Alters Plantarflexor Strength, Balance and Walking Speed: A Pilot Study in Asymptomatic Volunteers” by Caplan N et al. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation © 2014 Human Kinetics, Inc. Note: This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. The article appears here in its accepted, peer-reviewed form, as it was provided by the submitting author. It has not been copyedited, proofed, or formatted by the publisher. Section: Original Research Report Article Title: One Week of Unilateral Ankle Immobilisation Alters Plantarflexor Strength, Balance and Walking Speed: A Pilot Study in Asymptomatic Volunteers Authors: 1Nick Caplan, 1Andrew Forbes, 2Sarkhell Radha, 1Su Stewart, 1Alistair Ewen, 1 Alan St Clair Gibson, and 1,3Deiary Kader Affiliations: 1Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 2Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London. 3Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK. Journal: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Acceptance Date: October 7, 2014 ©2014 Human Kinetics, Inc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2013-0137 “One Week of Unilateral Ankle Immobilisation Alters Plantarflexor Strength, Balance and Walking Speed: A Pilot Study in Asymptomatic Volunteers” by Caplan N et al. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation © 2014 Human Kinetics, Inc. One week of unilateral ankle immobilisation alters plantarflexor strength, balance and walking speed: a pilot...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...LECTURE 10-19 OBJECTIVES Lecture 10 1. Describe the functions of the various types of muscle * Skeletal- limb movement * Cardiac- heart movements * Smooth- movements of hollow organs 2. Describe the involvement of connective tissue in a skeletal muscle * Endomysium- surrounds and fills up spaces between individual muscle fibers * Perimysium- ensheaths muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) * Epimysium- ensheaths the whole muscle 3. Name the components of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe their function * Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm * Sarcolemma- plasma membrane * T-tubules- inward extensions of the sarcolemma * Mitochondria- provide ATP * Sarcoplasmic reticulum- endoplasmic reticulum * Myofibril- contains thick and thin filaments, myosin and actin 4. Sketch a myofibril 5. Describe the neuromuscular junction * Junction of a muscle fiber and axon of motor neuron it is attached to 6. Name the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular function * Acetylcholine 7. Draw a diagram showing how the thin and thick filaments are organized in the sarcomere and list the five steps involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber 8. Define what is meant by excitation-contraction coupling, and describe how it works * The coupling of nerve impulse with muscle contraction hinges around the release of calcium ions * 1, the action of acetylcholine cause a wave of electrical depolarization to spread...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Zoology Concept of Science • Frings and Frings - defined science as an organized body of knowledge that is gained and verified by exact observation and experimentation and organized by logical thinking. • Schafersman - defined science as a method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature. • Science is factual. • Science is not merely compiled. • Science is a way of asking questions about the natural world. • Guided by natural laws (physical & chemical). • Questions must be testable. Always open to new evidence. • Falsifiable. • It applies scientific and CRITICAL THINKING. When is scientific thinking applied? 1. When one uses the scientific method 2. When one investigate nature or the universe 3. Practice by all scientists 4. Not reserved solely for scientist, anyone can think like a scientist Fields of Science 1. Social Science – deals with human relationships 2. Abstract science – deals with abstract ideas 3. Natural sciences • Physical Science – deals with non-living entity • Biological Science – deals with the living entity The Scientific Method - The most important tool in search for truth - An organized method of gathering information based on observation and controlled testing of hypothesis 1. Observation and/or Review of Literature 2. Problem 3. Hypothesis Formulation 4. Testing of hypothesis 5. Conclusions or generalizations Theory Scientific fact/principle/law Theory – is...
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...Epithelial Tissue 3 types of epithelial cells are: 1. Squamous 2. Ciliated 3. Goblet cells Squamous Epithelial Cells Squamous epithelial cells are generally round and flat with a small, centrally located nucleus. These cells line any surface that come in contact with the external environment and function as mediators of filtration and diffusion. Ciliated Epithelial Cells Ciliated epithelial cells have 200-300 small, hair like protrusions known as ‘cilia’ that can do one of two things at a time; they can help cells move along the tissue, or can help debris and waste to move along the surface of cells. Ciliated cells are most often found in the body’s air passages, this includes the lungs, trachea and nose. Goblet Cells Goblet cells are column shaped cells that are found mostly in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Goblet cells secrete the main component of mucus (mucins). Goblet cells are a source of mucus in tears and secrete various types of mucins onto the optical surface, especially in the conjunctiva which is located in the upper eye lid. On the interior surface of the intestine, goblet cells help to form a thick layer of mucus that protects and lubricates the organ. Blood Blood runs through the veins, arteries, and capillaries (known as whole blood – contains all blood cells) Blood has many different functions, including: * transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues * forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss ...
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...the endoplasmic reticulum serves many functions, it folds protein molecules in sacs cisternae, it transports synthesized proteins in the vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus: it is made up of membrane bound sacs .The function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like protein and lipids as they synthesize in the cell. It modifies sorts and package proteins to be secreted. Mitochondria: it is of the referred to as the powerhouse . It breaks down food and release energy to the cell. Lysosomes: they organelle that contain the digestive enzymes. It cleans up the cell’s waste product. Centriole: the main function of the centriole is to help the division in cells. It also helps in the formation of the spindle fibre s that separate the chromosomes during cell division. Chromatin: the main function of the chromatin is to efficiently package DNA into small volume to fit into the nucleus of the cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence. Chromatin also allows for mitosis and meiosis prevent chromosome breakage and control s gene expression and DNA replication....
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...CHAPTER 5: TISSUES OBJECTIVES: 1. Define the term tissue. 2. Name the four primary adult tissue types, and give a brief description of each. 3. Describe the functions and types of extracellular fluid (ECF). 4. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of cell junctions. 5. Sketch a typical layer of epithelium. Label each structure and use this cell layer to discuss the characteristics of epithelia. 6. Explain how epithelia are nourished. 7. Discuss the classification scheme for epithelia. 8. For each of the following epithelial tissues, give a structural description (including any special features such as cilia, goblet cells, etc.), denote a key body location, and identify its function(s): A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Simple Squamous ET Simple Cuboidal ET Simple Columnar ET Pseudostratified Columnar ET Transitional ET Stratified Squamous ET (both keratinized and non-keratinized) Glandular ET 9. Distinguish between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine exocrine glands and give an example of each. 10. Define the term carcinoma. 11. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissues (CT) and discuss the major structural differences from ET’s. 12. Explain how CT’s are composed of cells plus an intercellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers. 84 CHAPTER 5: TISSUES 13. Describe ground substance, list the three CT fiber types, and name the many types of cells that may compose CT. 14. For each of the following CT’s, describe...
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...Melissa Ruiz Biology Review Rasmussen College 10/07/2011 1. Describe the interdependency of structure and function in the human body. Physiology depends on anatomy; anatomy is study of the structures in the body, physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. In other words, without structure there is no function. Physiology depends on anatomy, the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy. Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always reflects structure. For example, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the thin membranes of the lungs but not across the skin. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, page 3) 2. Describe the three patterns of chemical reactions. Synthesis reaction is when atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. It always involves bond formation and can be represented as A+B→AB. This is the basis of constructive activities in body cells. Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule. Decomposition reaction occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. It can be represented as AB→A+B. Decomposition reactions are the reverse of synthesis reactions. This underlies all degradative processes in body cells. Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units. Exchange reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken, which...
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...Biology 115 Semester List of Structures Chapter One Anatomy is the study of body structure and the relationship between structures Physiology is the study of how the structures of the body function Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Homeostasis Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop Relative Positions Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Body Sections Sagittal Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Body Regions See Figure 1.17 Chapter Two Chemistry Matter Element Major elements Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Atom Subatomic particles Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic number Atomic weight Isotopes Chemical bonds Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Polar Nonpolar Hydrogen bonds Chemical reactions Synthesis (anabolic) reactions Simple sugar + simple sugar → Carbohydrate Bond between sugars- Glycosidic bond Function of carbohydrates- energy source Amino acid + amino acid → Protein Bond between amino acids- Peptide bond Function of Proteins – body structure and functional molecules Nucleotide + nucleotide → Nucleic acid Bond between nucleotides- Phosphodiester bond Function of nucleic acids- DNA stores genetic information - RNA intermediary between DNA and protein Glycerol + 3 fatty acids → Triglyceride (lipids) Bond...
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...Published in the Collected Papers of the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2005-2006 -- Edited by Scott Cuthbert, D.C. Functional Systems Approach to Central Nervous System Evaluation Richard Belli, D.C., D.A.C.N.B. ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the clinical utility of testing functional systems within the central nervous system, compared to testing individual motor nerves with manual muscle testing. Design: Private practice. Study Subjects: Patients were examined by the treating chiropractor from his existing patient pool. Methods: Chiropractic management was decided on by the treating chiropractor. A series of twelve tests were designed to discover disorders of functional systems within the CNS. The tests described were to evaluate the function of 12 systems: 1) spinal cord, 2) myelencephalon/reticular formation, 3) vagal system, 4) trigeminal motor system-muscles of mastication, 5) vestibulospinal system, and bulbo reticular area, 6) reticular formation, 7) diencephalons and gait locomotion system, 8) mesencephalon, 9) cardiac sympathetic autonomic system, 10) pyramidal system, 11) limbic system, 12) sensory system. Results: This chiropractic approach tests the nervous system after provocation of functional systems instead of sensory challenges to more discreet portions of the body. Conclusion: For chiropractic patients who are not responding to discreet...
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...Nursing 122 Fundamentals of Neuro-Sensory nursing --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Review major structures and functions of both central and peripheral nervous system. (Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment, 3rd ed., pages 688-692 Structure and function of the CNS and PNS --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Potter and Perry, Fundamentals of nursing (8th), Chapter 16 p. 210-211 Types of Data --There are two primary sources of data: subjective and objective. Subjective data are your patients’ verbal descriptions of their health problems. Only patients provide subjective data. For example, Mr. Jacobs's report of incision pain and his expression of concern about whether the pain means that he will not be able to go home as soon as he hoped are subjective findings. Subjective data usually include feelings, perceptions, and self-report of symptoms. Only patients provide subjective data relevant to their health condition. The data sometimes reflect physiological changes, which you further explore through objective data collection. --Objective data are observations or measurements...
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