...Table of Contents Background 1 Application of Nanotechnology 2 Background Nanotechnology is increasingly considered to be the technology of the future. Nanoparticles hold tremendous potential as an effective drug delivery system. To overcome the problems of drug delivery, nanotechnology has gained interest in recent years. Nanotechnology with different compositions and properties have been extensively investigated for drug delivery applications. To achieve efficient drug delivery it is important to understand what nanotechnology is. Nanotechnology is type of science that looks at how we can manipulate matter at the atomic level. The concept of nanotechnology started with a talk entitled as “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology at CalTech on December 1959. In his lecture, Feynman described a method where scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM) which could “see” individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology began. Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Cancer is the third leading cause of death (after heart disease and stroke) in developed countries. Studies have shown that there were 10 million new cases, 6 million deaths, and 22 million people living with cancer worldwide in the year 2000 (Parkin, 2001). Unfortunately, what’s more troubling is drugs used as therapeutic drugs...
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...-bio sensors, medical therapies and potential applications in security and environment safety. (Merkle, R.C.1993) INTRODUCTION The intentional or unintentional contamination of the environment, food items and the agricultural products has been increased due to certain local and global threats of poisonous gases and terrorism. This situation makes the decentralized sensing a core issue for several international bodies. A nanotechnology based sensor platform makes the direct electrical detection of biological and chemical agents possible in a highly multiplexed format over a vast dynamic range during clinical testing. Nucleic acid layers can be combined with nanomaterials-based electrochemical which produce affinity biosensors such as the “DNA Biosensor” or “Genosensor”. Such devices are used for converting the hybridization event into an analytical signal for obtaining sequence specific information, which are beneficial for clinical, environmental, or forensic investigations. CURRENT STATUS OF THE FIELD Medical nanotechnology is a branch of nanotechnology which practically applies its principles and findings in the field of health...
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...Kassondra Deneen Hughes Nanotechnology Argosy University Professor Merwin SCI215 Nanotechnology Television is a form of entertainment, which has changed the way people think about science. Science was once viewed by many as boring or too complicated but thanks to shows like The Big Bang Theory that has changed. The show and its quirky actors teach us something different each show. One thing that I learned is that physics is the study of nature and properties of matter and energy. When the show first came on there was a chalk board in their living room that had a lot of numbers on it and Sheldon was attempting to figure out some mind boggling equation that involved a lot of small numbers that looked like big numbers. I have even heard one or all of those scientist talks about the nanotechnology. Most people did not know exactly what they were talking about and that’s why a lot of people did not like the show. It was hard to follow if the person did not know anything about nanotechnology. But because of the comedy the shows conversation about certain aspects of the scientific process is a little easier to understand. Unfortunately, nanotechnology is such a broad field it has to be broken down into smaller increments, how nanotechnology affects medicine is a great place to start. Nanotechnology has become a very popular science because it helps a person to understand it takes a lot of atoms to make up anything on the earth. It makes it much easier to understand...
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...Nanotechnology in Medicine Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular level to create molecules with different and new matter, is a heavily expanding area of research with huge potential in many other areas of research, ranging from healthcare to construction and electronics. In medicine, it promises to develop drug transport, gene therapy, diagnostics, and many more areas of research, progress and medical claim. But in reality is it really possible for things such as cancer to be cure or other diseases? If so, who is going to fund the research for nanotechnology in medicine? And is it really ethically correct for someone to inject themselves or send something through their body without knowing for certain what it might do or the effects it may have on their body? The reason I am against this issue, is because it seems a little far-fetched and needs to be scientifically based on facts, instead of just a scientists dreams and a person’s hope for a cure for cancer and other deadly diseases. Nanomedicine has begun to take a big boom, and I don’t trust it. Researchers have made some breakthroughs trying to find cures for cancer and other diseases, with nanomedicine. They did a study with mice, where a couple mice had some implanted tumors in their flank and then were injected with nanoparticles. The nanoparticles then selectively accumulate into the damaged tissues by a physical sensation called the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect...
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...Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at a very small scale which is called nanoscale. This type of science involves all different aspects like measuring, imaging, modeling and manipulation of matter at the nanoscale length. A Nano is so small that it is one billionth of a meter. In one inch there are 25,400,000 nanometers. The thickness of a sheet of paper is around 100,000 nanometers thick. As you can see, these are very tiny. This became popular in the 1980s by a man name K.Eric Drexler; that wanted to build machines from the nanometer. The Feynman theory was not to change the laws of physics but to enhance the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. Some new research in nanotechnology are developing nano-structures that will be able to tell the diseased cells from the healthy ones and then deliver the needed drugs directly to the cancerous tumors with no harm the healthy cells or to any other organs. Solar panels are another, because when using nanotechnology they are far more efficient than using standard designs that are now being use to convert sunlight to electricity. In return, solar power panels would be much more affordable. Researchers have also discovered that really small specks of rust can help remove arsenic from our drinking water. Imagine a fabric that is woven from tiny wires and that will absorb 20 times its weight in oil. A nano-fabric is being research and may be available for use in the near future...
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... (57) 10. Bibliography (58) NANOPARTICLES IN DRUG TARGETING 1. INTRODUCTION NANOPARTICLES * Nanoparticles are in solid state and are either in amorphous or crystalline They include Nanocapsules and Nanospheres.They are able to adsorb or encapsulate a drug thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation.Their size ranges from 1-100mn. * Nanocapsules:They are vesicular systems in which drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer membrane. * Nanospheres:They are matrix systems in which a drug is uniformly dispersed. The use of nanotechnology in drug delivery and drug targeting is a rapidly expanding field. The emphasis of this review is on biophysical attributes of...
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...Nanotechnology (first used the term nanotechnology by Richard Feynman, in 1959) can be defined as the manipulation of atoms and molecules at nano (one billionth) scale (1–100 nm) to produce devices, structures or systems having at least one novel or superior property. The materials having at least one dimension in the nano scale are called nanomaterials. 10-9 meter (1 nanometer) to 10-7 meter (100 nanometer) Human eye can visualize up to 20μm only 1μm = 10-6 m DNA= 2.5nm- 3nm Protein= ̴ 5 nm Virus= ̴ 150 nm Human hair= ̴ 5000 nm Properties of Nanomaterials 1. The surface area to volume ratio of the nanomaterials is relatively larger than that of bulk materials of the same mass. This increases the chemical reactivity and affects strength and electrical properties of the material. 2. The quantum confinement is observed at nanometer sizes that changes the optical, electronic and magnetic properties of the material. The band gap increases as the size of the material is reduced to nanometer range. I II III IV Reduction in particle size increase in its Surface area Now, material is NANO so surface area will big… HOW? Let us consider a sphere of radius ‘r’ Surface Area = 4 x π x r2 Volume = (4/3) x π x r3 ratio of SA to Vol = 3/r Thus, radius of sphere decreases, Surface area will increase Let us consider a cube of sides 1 m Area= 6 x side2 = 6 x 1m2 = 6m2 Now, cut the same cube into 8 pieces, then the SA will increases Area= 6 x (1/2)2 x 8 = 12m2 Similarly, the...
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...MANJUBAARGAVI, FINAL YEAR B.E BIOMEDICAL PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE-4 ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field, which recently has emerged as one of the most propitious field in cancer treatment. The most common cancer treatments like radiation therapy and chemotherapy involves in the destruction of healthier cells along with the cancer cells. Inorder to overcome this situation ,nanoshell which is one of the nanoparticle has been introduced . Nanoshells, filled with gold particles,destroys tumor cells when heated with laser light.This noninvasive cancer treatment uses a combination of harmless, near-infrared light and benign, gold nanoshells to destroy tumors with heat. The treatment does not affect healthy tissue. INTRODUCTION One of the seriously affecting life threatening disease in the world is cancer. Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected. Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors.In this situation nanotechnology has moved a step forward inorder to treat the cancer patients. The nanotechnologicalapproach in cancer treatment have been encompassed in this paper. It is nothing but the localized delivery of heat and the...
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...Nanotechnology and its process on computing: Nano and technology: * a Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system,equal to one billion of ametre(10-9). * Technology is the making usage and knowledge and tools,techinques and machines,in order to solve a problem or to perform specific function | | “ Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating in a nanoscale” Nanotechnology in computing: Computing includes designing, developing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; and creating and using communications and entertainment media. Nanocomputing:”A nanocomputer is a computer whose physical dimensions are microscopic. The field of nanocomputing is part of the emerging field of nanotechnology . Several types of nanocomputers have been suggested or proposed by researchers and futurists.” Nanocomputing, as defined in this report, refers to computing systems which are constructed from nanoscale compo- nents. The issues that need to be faced for successful realization of nanocomputers relate to the scale and integration of the components. nanotechnology and its type: Electronic nanocomputers would operate in a manner similar to the way present-day microcomputers work. Most engineers agree that technology has not yet come close to pushing this limit. By 1970s standards, today's ordinary microprocessors...
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...Define the term Nanotechnology. What does nanotechnology involve? Nanotechnology is the study of how to produce and control tiny structures. Nanotechnology involves tiny structures; these structures are known as nanoparticles. State approximately how many atoms would fit side by side in 1 nanometre? (nm) Approximately 10 atoms can fit inside 1 nanometre. Calculate: A) nm and B) Number of atoms, for the following measurements. Measurements | A) Nanometres | B) Number of atoms | 1) 1cm | 1,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 2) 1mm | 100,00 | 1,000,000 | 3) 1m | 1,000,000,000 | 10,000,000,000 | Describe the following applications of nanotechnology in detail. Self-Cleaning glass: The British company Pilkington has developed a self-cleaning glass. The scientist at Pilkington discovered the self-cleaning properties when they coated glass in titanium dioxide. In sunlight the titanium dioxide becomes electrically charged, these charges destroy materials found in grease and fingerprints and turn them into water-soluble substances. Water spreads across the glass evenly, dissolving dirt and helps washing the glass. Self-Cleaning paint: Wilhelm Barthlott a Germany botany professor created the concept of the lotus effect and furthered his studies into creating self-cleaning paint which acted like the lotus. The paint acts like the lotus plant, when water falls on top it forms near-spherical drops which then roll across the surface, picking up and washing away...
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...may enter our bloodstream or our biological system with no noticeable effects. Nanobots can also be used to fix environmental problems such as pollution, and can be used as industrial manufacturing and other major problems. These tiny robotic machines may be the key to our biggest problems on earth. Medical institutes use nanotechnology for numerous reasons. Since these robots are so small, they can be inserted into a person’s biological system without any noticeable effects. They are so small, in fact, that they may be the same size as blood cells. They can either be remotely controlled or pre-programmed for a certain procedure or a specific purpose. They could, theoretically, be programmed to seek out and destroy cancer cells and completely remove them without the need for lengthy treatments. They could also be employed to repair and reconstruct damaged tissue on the cellular level. This would also have the effect of slightly increasing a person’s own healing ability. No matter how damaged a portion of a person’s body may be, these nanobots might be able to repair them and quickly. Following this same concept, we can apply the use of nanotechnology to much bigger problems. Pollution has become a major concern in recent years and there seems to be no real working solution to the problem. Hazardous chemical releases from things such as factories and...
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...that scientists and technology are predestined to mend and prolong people natural lifespan expectancy. This, due to the emergence and advancements of a new technology era with highly specialized medical doctors, along with; biologists and bioengineers, electronics, chemists and chemical engineers, physicists, and mechanical engineers all working together in an orchestrated choreographed process around the globe. Novelties in nanotechnology, sustained living tissue reproduction, bio-hybrid organ devices and microfluidics platforms have evolved from a concept of fantasy to a revolutionized reality. Available technology has migrated into the medical world, allowing scientists to develop several human organs utilizing microfluidics platform technology. Harvard University has developed a highly refined lung on-a-chip that embodies numerous forms of tissues. “We started with the simplest embodiment of human airway and capillary cells, and then introduced immune cells” (Ingber, 2010, p. 661). The chip consists of micro-channels parted by a malleable micrometer tissue. A single conduit encompasses air sacks lining like human lungs, and the other channel conveys capillaries, and to emulate blood flow, it has liquids flowing. The chip highlights the cells’ behavior and fluctuations when they are stretched. The size of the chip is made of human lung and vessel cells, acts much like a lung in a human body, and it is similar to the size of a pencil eraser. Due to it being transparent, it provides...
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...ISSUES PAPER Date 28 March 2008 Subject ISSUES PAPER: Emerging Technology Table of Contents Introduction 1 Communications Technology 2 Green City 2 Nanotechnology 2 Personalized Medical Monitors 2 Robotics 2 Mind-controlled interfaces 3 Personal Networking 3 Smart buildings 3 The future of bio-technology 3 Introduction History is full of life-changing inventions, the printing press, electricity, the telephone not to mention the foundations of medicine, transportation and computers and the Internet. It is well known that technology, coupled with knowledge and innovation have the potential to alter traditional concepts of the urban community. The cities to benefit from these changes are those with strong appeal for artists, creative individuals and younger educated people. The cities which have this creative skill base will be able to adopt and develop new technology. Historically, Melbourne has a long history as a manufacturing city. However with the rise of China and Asia there has been a steady decline in the manufacturing industry in Victoria. Melbourne has revived itself as a knowledge city with higher education arguably being a key factor in Melbourne’s current and future prosperity (Committee for Melbourne, 2007). Can Melbourne leverage from its historical base in manufacturing and knowledge to be a leader in emerging technology? It is well known that a city which can adopt new technology will excel...
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...Nanotechnology Nanotechnology, which is widespread subject, is what is likely to be the driving force of many scientific changes of our earths future. It’s the technology of manipulating matter at the nano scale. Nanotechnology is applied in countless different fields such as science, health care, agriculture, security, computing etc. The ground breaking developments that are made in these various fields due to nanotech is why the world will continue to invest its time and money into the subject matter. “Many experts even predict that Nanotechnology is going to have as significant a place in the field of science and technology as the steam engine had at the time of its invention. Due to the potential it bears most developed and developing countries are making significant investment into nanotechnology research and development where the combined investment from the private and public sector is estimated to be around $12 billion annually.” (Michelson et al, 2008) The revolution of nanotechnology is not only expected to make many products and services friendlier economically, but is also going to allow for the miniaturization of control systems. Diseases will be more simple to cure, and we will have new cures for diseases that we do not yet have cures for. On the contrary with advantages come disadvantages. There are many widespread discussions regarding the negative effects of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has its benefits but can also be lethal if used improperly...
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...undetectable prostate cancer metastases. Additionally, nanoparticles are being used as a physical means of destroying tumorous tissue by the use of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia. This technology uses the power of magnets to oscillate iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles to create heat in the form of kinetic energy and has shown to drastically reduce the size of brain tumors when compared to patients who have no treatment at all. Beyond their use as diagnostics and physical tools to destroy cancerous tumors, magnetic nanoparticles are also used as a delivery agent for gene therapy. For example, magnetic nanoparticles have shown to increase the half life of the various biological matter such as DNA and RNA so that it can reach the intended target before the body’s immune response destroys the magnetic gene delivery system. In the future, research will be focused on pharmacokinetics of the nanoparticles, ensuring the nanoparticles can stay in the body for longer periods of time and that the body reacts in a positive manner to the magnetic nanoparticles. Introduction Nanotechnology has been an emerging field recently due to its widespread capabilities. Nanotechnology has been applied in many fields of biomedicine due to its potential in controlling the delivery of drugs, providing greater contrast in magnetic resonance imaging, cell and tissue targeting, and hyperthermia; all of which can be used in cancer therapy (Mulens, del Puerto Morales and...
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