...East, he had to ask Congress for funding. The House of Representatives- is invested with the “power of the purse,” the ability to tax and spend public money for the national government. The power was given to the House because it was considered to more represent the people and the government wanted to give the people control over the purse-strings according to Massachusetts’ Elbridge Gerry. 2. EIS or Environmental Impact Statement are detailed analysis of the environmental impact of a proposed federal action follows the environmental assessment (EA) as part of the NEPA process. These are many different grounds in which a plaintiff can challenge the adequacy of an agency’s EIS. One of the most common is “improper development of the project, including the lack of authority, inaccurate description, deceptive segmentation of the project, and lack of the planning process that incorporates environmental goals.” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a325367.pdf Other common examples are inadequate discussion of alternatives, inadequate discussion of environmental impacts, inadequate efforts to develop. Legal challenges are unlikely to succeed if the agency has prepared an EIS in good faith but the above examples demonstrate moments when an EIS may be successfully challenged. 3. Technology based effluent standards include the following: Best Practicable...
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...| Vehicular Pollution and Sustainable remedies: New Delhi | [Type the document subtitle] | [Type the author name] [Pick the date] | Vehicular Pollution and Sustainable Remedies: New Delhi New Delhi, the capital of India is considered to be most polluted cities in the world caused by spectacular vehicular growth in the past 2-3 decades. It has been observed that air quality in New Delhi is deteriorating each day due to vehicular emissions that bring about great levels of ambient air pollutants in the city. Main Factors identified as reason for increased pollution due to vehicle are: High volume of traffic and urban population dynamics; excessive increase in private and personal vehicles; growing traffic jams; improper maintenance of vehicles; less eco-friendly mode of transport and bad fuel quality.(download). Automobile vehicles emit several pollutants depending upon the type and quality of fuel consumed by them. Major pollutants are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, photochemical oxidants, lead, particulate matters, oxides of sulphur and hydrocarbons etc. Vehicular emission cannot be avoided as it is released or emitted at ground level where we breathe (Ashok Kumar, N.D). Main Pollutants and Health Effects (Ashok Kumar, N.D) Pollutant | Health Effect | SPM | Damage of lungs, bronchitis and asthma | SO2 | Acid rain, damage to lungs, eyes and skin | NOx | Form Smog damage to respiratory system and eye irritation | CO | Toxic causes blood poisoning...
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...Prevention and Abatement Handbook WORLD BANK GROUP Effective July 1998 Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the ambient air consist primarily of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These two forms of gaseous nitrogen oxides are significant pollutants of the lower atmosphere. Another form, nitrous oxide (N2O), is a greenhouse gas. At the point of discharge from man-made sources, nitric oxide, a colorless, tasteless gas, is the predominant form of nitrogen oxide. Nitric oxide is readily converted to the much more harmful nitrogen dioxide by chemical reaction with ozone present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen dioxide is a yellowish-orange to reddish-brown gas with a pungent, irritating odor, and it is a strong oxidant. A portion of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is converted to nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium salts. Nitrate aerosol (acid aerosol) is removed from the atmosphere through wet or dry deposition processes similar to those that remove sulfate aerosol. 1994). The United States generates about 20 million metric tons of nitrogen oxides per year, about 40% of which is emitted from mobile sources. Of the 11 million to 12 million metric tons of nitrogen oxides that originate from stationary sources, about 30% is the result of fuel combustion in large industrial furnaces and 70% is from electric utility furnaces (Cooper and Alley 1986). Occurrence in Air and Routes of Exposure Annual mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in urban areas throughout the world are in...
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...& 4 short answer (40% of grade) Instructions: * Add notes to each of the study questions or prompts below. Limit your responses to a total of eight (8) typewritten pages [Encouraging you to write more in-depth answers]. Make sure your name and SID# is on every page and staple the pages together. * You may discuss answers with your team-members; however, each student must submit an individual assignment. Plagiarism or submitting the same answers is not permitted. * This worksheet is due at the end of the period on Thurs, October 30, 2014. * Late worksheets will not be accepted. 1. Explain the relationship (and differences) between emissions, ambient concentration, and exposure. Emissions refer to the quantity of a pollutant directly released into the environment, while ambient concentration refers to the concentration of those pollutants in the atmosphere. Exposure is the number of people exposed to these pollutants. 2. Explain the difference between primary and secondary pollutants Primary pollutants are pollutants released directly from a source, while secondary pollutants form in the atmosphere or environment through chemical reactions with primary pollutants. 3. Explain the difference between point source and non-point pollution. Give an example of each. What makes one more difficult to regulate than the other? Point source pollution is released from a single, identifiable source, while non-point pollution is released from various...
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...which included students from over 2000 colleges and universities, roughly 10,000 secondary and primary schools and hundreds of communities from around the country participated and celebrated the first Earth Day demanding cleaner and healthier environment . This day today holds such a great importance to the world today that it is the largest secular holiday in the world celebrated across 192 countries. The United States in the spirit of the movement created The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The main objective of EPA was to clean up the already done damage to the environment and establishing guidelines to make cleaner and safer environment for the Americans. EPA was given responsibility to maintain and enforce national standards to various environmental laws in consultation with state and local governments. It conducts environmental research, assessment and education...
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...AIR POLLUTION Name Name of institution Describing the extent of PM2.5 in Indiana is problematic since the PM2.5 monitors are located in cities which make it rather problematic to know the concentration of PM2.5 in rural areas. Children are at grander risk from exposure to air pollution than grown-ups because their bodies are still growing. In relation to PM2.5 and air pollution in Indiana, children have elevated the level of absenteeism in school, asthma exacerbation and new on set asthma (Kunzli et al, 2003). My area of residence is Illinois, Chicago. The ambient airborne particulate matter concentration for Chicago is PM2.5 36 µg/m3. The Air Quality Index as of July 12, 2013 for Chicago was 58 and 42 on the thirteenth with the critical pollutant being the Ozone. The ambient air particulate Matter for Beijing china for PM10 is approximately 55µg m-3 and for PM2.5 is 152 µg m-3. The particulate matter between Chicago and Beijing has a huge significant difference. The PM2.5 of the city of Beijing is extremely higher than that of Chicago. The U.S. National ambient air quality standard for PM2.5 is 12.0µg m-3. The particulate matter level for the two cities is very high above the ambient air quality standard for US. The current air quality index of Beijing is at 152 while in Chicago is currently at 42. The air quality index of Beijing is very unhealthy in comparison to the standard air quality index figures. Also in comparison to Chicago, Beijing’s air quality index is on the extreme...
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...Professor Hohmann April 06 2011 Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment, into the atmosphere. Pollutants in the air are a serious environmental issue today. We as an industrial society have become far too familiar with terms like smog, radon, lead, asbestos, ozone, and carbon monoxide. We have also seen on the news, read in the newspaper, or experienced in our own lives some of the harmful consequences that result from these pollutants. Air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of respiratory disease. While major stationary sources are often identified with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis. Federal involvement began in 1970 with the introduction of the Clean Air Act. In the nearly 30 years it has been in effect it has undergone some changes, but the purpose has remained the same: " to establish and enforce air quality standards that protect public health with...
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...The population growth brings about building new homes in wooded areas, new roads, more pollution, and fewer resources. Georgia’s Environmental Protection Division is geared towards protecting human health, sustaining healthy ecosystems, ensuring resources to support a growing economy ("Environmental Protection Division Georgia Department Of Natural Resources", 2010-2011). These are the new issues that have emerged in Georgia. Not too long ago, the American public became concerned about environment and the effects on humans. The federal policymakers implemented statutes as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, and the Endangered Species Act, which the legislation passed in the 1960s and 1970s designed to limit pollution and other abuses. The Georgia General Assembly passed the state’s first major environmental legislation, the Water Quality Control Act of 1964 and in 1968 the Georgia Surface Mining Act requiring the reclamation of the lands after mining (Kundell, 2004-2013). There were several other acts that were...
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...Clean Air Act Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. -- Enforced by US EPA -- By the end of this lecture you should be able to describe: * The race to laxity * What NAAQS means. * The federal government’s role in cooperative federalism * 7 criteria pollutants * A hazardous pollutant under the CAA * Non-attainment area * Emissions trading programs * Noise pollution under the CAA * The four Class I areas designated by the State of Florida * The four emissions regulated by Title II of the Clean Air Act relating to motorized vehicles * How long a waiver is good for and to how much of an auto manufacturer’s production does it apply to. * What city is the Title II pollution numbers based on. * What is a clean fuel vehicle. LOOK for *** as pointers NOTE Most of the narrative on the lectures in this course has been modified from: - Plater et al. Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law and Society, 1992. - Findley and Farber. Environmental Law, 2008. Background Air and water are common resources and are sometimes referred to by lay-people as “pollution sinks,” implying that airsheds and water bodies are large vats into which pollutants can be thrown as a large disposal. As we saw with the Clean Water Act, this isn’t true. While both airsheds and water bodies can handle some amount of pollution without significant degradation, airsheds and water...
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...The Clean Air Act James Huckabone ENV/320 9/10/2012 Siroos Mostaghimi The Clean Air Act The Clean Air Act was established in 1970 when the United States government decided to a more drastic role in protecting the countries air from unwanted pollution. There were a few amendments to the Clean Air Act in the following years to come, one being in the year 1977 and the other coming in 1990. Although having control over pollution did not just start in 1970 the United States Government stated with a clean act in 1955 which started paving the way for today’s Clean Air Act.(EPA) In the year of 1955 the United States enacted the first pollution control act this act was called the Pollution Control Act of 1955. This act was the first federal regulation for air pollution and the Pollution Act of 1955 also gave funding to help find the main sources of air pollution that was contaminating the air. Before the federal government enacted this act there were several state and local regulations to help with pollution control.(Encyclopedia of Earth) Next came the Air Quality act of 1963, The Air Quality Act of 1963 was an act that authorized a national program to address pollution related environmental problems.(EPA) The act also helped expand research into air quality. One of largest benefits to the Air Quality Act of 1963 was the control of automobile emissions. The controlling of automobile emissions came through an amendment to the Air Quality Act of 1963. This amendment...
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...and nitrous oxide are examples of: greenhouse gases. carbon leakage. carbon cycles. carbon offsets. 4. When a polluting company that seeks to avoid rigorous emissions standards relocates to a country with less rigorous standards, it is an example of: offset policy. emissions trading. carbon leakage. carbon neutral. 5. Reforestation efforts to that seek to reduce concentrations of greenhouse gases by improving sinks is an example of: scientific fallibility. a positive feedback loop. mitigation. enteric fermentation. 6. Dry deposition of acid rain: is not air pollution. does not harm plants and buildings. harms plants and buildings. vaporizes without causing harm. 7. Ways to reduce vehicle emissions include all of the following, except: use a different fuel. change the way the engine operates. develop technology that treats the waste stream before it becomes harmful emissions. decrease fuel efficiency. 8. According to the E.P.A., carbon dioxide is: impossible to measure. not capable of being regulated. a threat to public health and welfare. not a threat to public health and welfare. 9. The N.A.A.Q.S. apply to all of the following, except: outdoor air pollution. indoor air pollution. all areas of the country. ambient air quality. 10. The Clean Air Act requires states to work in conjunction with the...
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...balance and healthful ecology. Indeed, the environment has become such an important issue. It is imperative that people should be fully informed on what the relevant environmental laws are so that they may be fully aware what are allowed and what are prohibited in relation to the actions they take towards the environment. Environmental Management Bureau IX Zamboanga Peninsula PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS Presidential Decree (PD) 1586: Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System This law requires private corporations, firms or entities including agencies and instrumentalities of the government to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) for every proposed project and undertaking which significantly affect the quality of the environment. The EIS is a document that provides acomprehensive study of the significant impacts of a project on the environment. It is prepared and submitted by the project proponent and/or EIA Consultant as an application for an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). In general, only projects that pose potential significant impact to the environment shall be required to secure an ECC. In determining the scope of the EIS System, two factors are considered: (i) the nature of the project and its potential to cause significant negative environmental impacts, and (ii) the sensitivity or vulnerability of environmental resources in the project area. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process that involves evaluating...
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... Maryland, USA; of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Health Policy Committee of the American Thoracic Society, Washington, DC, USA; 4RH White Consultants LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; 5Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2Office 3Environmental B ackground : Exposure to ozone has been associated with adverse health effects, including premature mortality and cardiopulmonary and respiratory morbidity. In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lowered the primary (health-based) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone to 75 ppb, expressed as the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hr average over a 24-hr period. Based on recent monitoring data, U.S. ozone levels still exceed this standard in numerous locations, resulting in avoidable adverse health consequences. Objectives: We sought to quantify the potential human health benefits from achieving the current primary NAAQS standard of 75 ppb and two alternative standard levels, 70 and 60 ppb, which represent the range recommended by the U.S. EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC). Methods: We applied health impact assessment methodology to estimate numbers of deaths and other adverse health outcomes that would have been avoided during 2005, 2006, and 2007 if the current (or lower) NAAQS ozone standards had been met. Estimated...
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...thus was made a Greater Municipal cooperation. Still accommodating more and more IT firms in the heart of the city has led to many environmental issues like, dense pollution, low quality of air, water pollution, solid waste pollution etc. Air pollution is, by far is the biggest concern in my locality, followed by bad roads and industrial emissions. Every increasing motors vehicles and their activities, rapid rate of industrialization, wide spread construction activities has contributed to poor air quality in Hyderabad. Resulting in poor health for citizens and premature death in carrying mothers. According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), respirable suspended particulate matter level in my city is on rise and it might cross the acceptable limit soon. According to Times of India, a famous national News daily, 20% of lung cancer patients who die in the city are exposed to high levels of air pollution. Central Pollution control board (CPCB), a government organisation has supported this argument, stating that, air in Hyderabad is dangerously laced with carcinogenic agent benzene. On the national level, Anumita Roychoudhury, Executive director of Centre for Science and Environment, India stated that “Half of Indian Urban population breathes air laced with particle pollution that has exceeded standards. A high one-third of our population is exposed...
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...1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT The purpose of this project is to identify the effect that surface modifications have on the urban heat island phenomenon and related ozone problem in the metropolitan area of Chicago, IL. The basic hypothesis is that urban, summertime temperatures can be significantly lowered by increasing the vegetative landscape cover and enhancing the solar reflectivity of paved and roofed surfaces within an urban area. It is proposed that in addition to a decrease in temperature, the modification of an urban surface to include more vegetative cover and lighter, lower albedo surfaces will also reduce energy consumption, ozone exceedances, and detrimental environmental and human health effects associated with high levels of ozone. The analysis is divided into three main parts. The first section of this report introduces the causes of ground level ozone and its effects in urban areas. It explains both the chemistry and transport associated with ozone exceedances. The second section is a compilation of the most viable mitigation strategies of urban heat islands: increasing vegetative cover and increasing proportions of light to dark surfaces. The effects, implementation strategies, and specific strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach are described, including a comparison of asphalt and concrete pavements systems using a life cycle analysis approach. The final section provides a case study of the Chicago area. This study entailed an examination...
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