...MJC: To what extent were colonial policies the main reason for the lack of progress of pre-WWII nationalism in SEA? (I try to brainstorm on colonial policies and see what I can come up with first) Intro: Definitions: -Lack of progress: tangible vs intangible progress/ultimate aim of independence -colonial policies: direct/indirect rule, benign/brutal colonial masters which affects their policy stance -nationalism: a political and social movement aimed at creating a nation state based on collective identity Reasons for lack of progress: Colonial suppression, benign policies, disunity, inability to politicize the masses, elite-mass divide, western education Thesis: The repressive elements of colonial rule remain the critical factor for the lack of progress of pre-WWII nationalism. By impeding the progression and politicization of nationalist movements through hindering the attainment of mass support and common united front, pre-WWII nationalism was doomed to fail. The success of nationalist movements hinges on the willingness of colonial masters to concede to their accessions, but even so, weaknesses present in these nationalist movements themselves, such as factionalism, elite mass divide also prevents the formation of a solid base to challenge the colonial masters and undermines their own nationalist influence. Thus, with colonial policies as the main impediment and the weaknesses of nationalists as a ‘helping hand’, tangible progress was doomed. 1.The type of rule...
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...Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined or endowed by God with the mission of expanding across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Many people believed that it was the obvious destiny or America, which was “chosen” by God as a superior nations, to expand, as it is said, “from sea to shining sea.” The phrase was first coined in 1845 by journalist John L. O’Sullivan. He believed that the United States had been given a mission by God to spread democracy, not by force, but simply by spreading across the continent. Obscure at first, the phrase only became popular when Whig Robert Winthrop, who opposed manifest destiny, ridiculed the idea in public. There were many interpretations of manifest destiny, but most reflected the widespread feeling of Nationalism that was sparked by the conclusion of and victory in the War of 1812. The term manifest destiny was widely used and interpreted, but it always seemed to outline three basic themes. Those themes were virtue, mission, and destiny. Manifest destiny focused on virtue of America’s people and government. American Exceptionalism was the belief that America’s history was above the norm and uncommonly “good”. Exceptionalism showed in the beliefs of people who thought that God had selected America as a “City on a Hill”; a role model and an ideal for the rest of the world, especially still-developing areas. Also, many people believed that America’s people, the “Anglo-Saxon race” were, in terms of...
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...Nationalism raged in Africa as an outcome of white rule and colonization of the native African’s land of which Zambia is not an exception. Africans were in pursuit of uniting all of Africa with black solidarity and eventually self- governing rule. Those who sought that were called Pan-Africanists and started their revolt with protests and by reminding Africans with liberating sparks of freedom in slogans and ideas such as “Africa for the Africans”.PanAfricanist believed that Africa had a glorious past and that Africans had deeply influenced Western civilization. All of this talk and liberating actions prided Africans to join in their own movement, but was of course met by struggles and challenges.Therefore, this academic essay aims at discussing the impact of nationalism towards Zambian culture. In order to achieve this, the essay will begin by giving brief explanation on Zambian culture as well as Nationalism and thereafter stretch negative and positive impact of nationalism on this culture. Zambia’s contemporary culture is a blend of values, norms, material and spiritual traditions of more than 73 ethnically diverse people. It is believed that most of the tribes of Zambia moved into the area in a series of migratory waves a few centuries ago. They grew in numbers and many travelled in search of establishing new kingdoms, farming land and pastures. Culture comes in many forms and shapes that are constantly evolving. One way of thinking about culture is as “an iceberg sticking...
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...Arms race and Nationalism pictures https://cutyourteethdotco.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/6a00d83451d75d69e201b7c73413f4970b-800wi-1.png http://i.embed.ly/1/display/resize?key=1e6a1a1efdb011df84894040444cdc60&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpbs.twimg.com%2Fmedia%2FB616JqWIcAA33We.jpg translation: Charlie's ladies ... all veiled women mourn What is Nationalism? many definitions, talking about common culture, language, heritage, etc. one that I found interesting was: “ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests.” Examples of nationalism: Germany, Japan in WWII, Greece, Russia, to get modern… Where has nationalism led to? War! Immigration: The first wave of immigration...
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...damage too 3rd Point- List third factor, failure of nationalist movements due to LACK of colonial repression, ultimately leading to weaker/no nationalist movements Both internal weaknesses and colonial repression were the main factors that held back the emergence of nationalism and hampered its transformation into modern nationalism in Southeast Asia before 1914. However, by comparing the strengths of nationalist movements across the various countries, this essay will show the failure of the Southeast Asian nationalist movements were more of a problem of internal weaknesses than colonial repression. Firstly, internal weaknesses was prevalent across all South-east Asian countries in the inter-war period and manifested inside in many forms, namely between and within parties (ideological divides), between elites and masses, moderates and radicals, majority and minority groups (ethnicity, religion) and even between individual nationalist leaders. Internal weaknesses posed a great obstacle to the development of nationalism as it prevented the different nationalist groups from coordinating their efforts and generating mass support for initiated movements, all of which diminished the force of nationalism. In Indonesia, the ideological in-fighting between the religion-based Sarekat Islam and socialist ISDV (which later infiltrated the SI), divided the nationalist movement and caused the SI...
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...Illinois on April 10,1899. In this speech, he argued that the Americans should live strenuous live to overcome hardship and difficulties, and so does the United States as a nation should thrive in the most adverse conditions. He also claimed that individuals who make great efforts in their work would eventually succeed. Then he continued to say that diligent works and the strenuous life are also crucial for a nation to succeed. He claimed that the America must stay powerful and get more involved in global affairs. In his speech, I identified political ideologies such as Realism, Nationalism, Imperialism,...
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...The concept state has been explained or received numerous definitions based on the understanding of some political scholars as well as the definition giving to it by any other academic discipline base on how they understand it. Their definitions seek to distinguish the concept state from nation and how it elaborate on its similarities and differences. According to Max Weber, a state is the organisation that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory. Also, Dr. Bossman defines the state as a clearly defined area with its own government that exercises authority over its population. Moreover Patrick O’Neil, explains a state as an institution that seek to yield the majority of force within a territory, establishing order and deterring challenges from inside and out. Generally, a state may be defined as a geographically well-defined area with a boundary, territory and a government with power to exercise authority over its members called citizens. On the other hand, the word nation is defined from the Latin word natus which means birth. The word nation can also mean a group that a person is born into and have linkage [ethnos] or ethnicity. According to Thomas Magstadt and Peter Scihotten, the term nation refers to people who share a common value including any or all of following; geographical location, history, racial and ethnic characteristics, religion, language, culture and beliefs and common political ideas. According to Ernest Baker, a nation is a body...
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...1. Namethe French artist who made a series of paintings visualizing his dreams of democracy republic? Ans. Frederic Sorrieu 2. What had the French artist visualized as world made of democratic social republics? Ans. In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is followed by the peoples of Germany. Following the German peoples are the peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. 3. What are absolutist’s regimes? Ans. Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised is known as an absolutist regime. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and repressive. 4. What is a utopian society? Ans. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist 5. What is a plebiscite? Ans. A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal 6. What was the concept of European...
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...Argumentative Research Paper Preventing immigration because of nationalism and racism is a violation of human rights. Immigration has become the topic of many legal and political discussions. Not a very long time ago, approximately 80 years, some countries, because of their nationalist and racist ideologies tried to stop immigration and even implemented racial cleansing, while others defended immigrant rights against the ideas of pure-blood and xenophobic insanity. Actually this case has not closed yet. The majority of governments still refuse to accept immigration as a human right. Standards for immigrants are generally very poor; they do not share the equal rights of the citizens of the country. While some countries have some laws and regulations to solve this problem, generally most nations are not welcoming of immigrants. Preventing immigration because of nationalism and racism is a violation of human rights. Xenophobia is a fear of anything or anyone that is strange or unknown. Many nations’ immigration policies are based upon xenophobia, and this has come to inform policies and attitudes of nationalism. Jeong (2013) defines nationalism “as a feeling of superiority and contempt for foreigners’’ and in his study he describes the effects of national feelings on immigration. Jeong claims there is a connection between restricted immigration and high levels of nationalism. For instance, many US citizens have concerns about whether there will be anyone called “American”...
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...Taylor Leyva A.P. Language Jackson 29 January 2012 Critical Response: Deloria In this excerpt from We Talk, You Listen, Deloria campaigns on behalf of the rights of all minorities, but namely Native Americans. The unorthodox way he went about it, however, was the most interesting. Unlike most advocates for this cause, Deloria suggests that rather than attempting to join in on white history, minorities should remember and celebrate their own. He downplays the importance of a national sense of unity in order to promote togetherness between racial groups. Thinking back in history to the most well-known battles fought by minorities, the Civil Rights’ Movement definitely stands out. However, it seems that in this instance African Americans wished to fit in to a “white man’s world”. Of course this is understandable, simply because of what we believe of human nature. As Mark Twain said, “If [a man] would prosper, he must train with the majority; in matters of large moment, like politics and religion, he must think and feel with the bulk of his neighbors” (717-718). This desire to be apart of what others are, to join the majority is, in a sense, refuted by Deloria in this excerpt. He gives specific examples in which it seems the truth has been stretched in order to include minorities into white history. This supporters of this theory think that, “Crispus Attucks, a black, almost single-handedly started the Revolutionary War, while Eli Parker, the Seneca Indian general, won...
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...Announcing a new era The languor and still life speeches of Manmohan Singh’s era had to be forgotten. First Mr. Modi enters exuding confidence. He knows he has to announce a new era. He goes beyond Nehruvianism by appealing to the civics of Swadeshi. This is not the language of politics but of virtue, of the qualities required for nation building. He is attired in a saffron turban with a green border: a Bandhini, Kutchi in its origin. He evokes a new style and his voice resonates a different world. India is not making tryst with destiny. It is going to meet the future by reconstructing it. The camera widens the frame. Lal Quila is not just a fortress. It is a landscape of temples, history and a sense of a bigger city. He is standing at the ramparts announcing a new era by reworking the grammar of the old. There is no big statement on productivity, no appeal to economics, no cliché about foreign policy, no reference to corruption, hardly any mention of China or Pakistan. It is a day for positives, for a nation to recharge itself. The language is simple: it is not politics, not policy; it is a simple sermon on values, simply done, almost faultless. This Independence Day speech does not begin with 1947. It begins with a salute to those who build the nation. The first shift in attitude is here. Mr. Modi says, “I address you not as Prime Minister but as the first servant of the nation.” He then suggests a nation is not made by a great man but by its people. A nation is built by...
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...Anglophone Socio-cultural Environment “Nations have always existed” Mihaela Vasileva Savova Matriculation № 025067 17.05.2004 In my opinion this statement-“Nations have always existed”-is not true. There are several stages of the human evolution until the word “nation” appears as a term. In fact these stages are three - ethnos, nationality and nation. “Nation” is the last level of social development. My thesis is based on historical evidences and views of famous historians. The conclusion I made, after getting acquainted with some sources, is that nations have developed during the XVth or XVIth century, more precisely after the Great French Bourgeois Revolution in 1789. The nation is not the first step in human development. According to Professor Lachesar Dachev’s textbook “Studies for the state”: “The humans form many and different unions. The most general and basic is the “ethnos”. … The ethnos is the first and the original characteristic of every man. There is no man without an ethnos.” Another definition of ethnos is made by J.V.Bromlay and V.I.Kozlov: “The ethnos is strange historically formed kind of social group of people, united form of their existence. It is set up and develops in natural-historical way; it does not depend on the resolution of the individuals in it and is capable of existence in many centuries thanks to its reproduction.” The first kind of ethnical union is the tribe. Tribes are formed on the base of blood relationship which is...
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...Malcolm X Labeled as one of the greatest speakers in African-American history, Malcolm X delivered a powerful speech entitled “Ballot or the Bullet” on April 3, 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio. In the profound speech, Malcolm looks to unite all blacks in America, disregarding their religion, and to promote Black Nationalism. Black Nationalism, through the eyes of Malcolm, mainly causes for blacks to take over the politics in their communities. Along with the political aspects, Black Nationalism requires blacks to stop supporting white businesses and only invest in black-owned businesses and companies. Malcolm’s Black Nationalism has a “self-help” philosophy, in which blacks control the jobs, housing and culture of their communities. In addition to uplifting the black community, Black Nationalism also called to unite blacks from different religions to fight for freedom (according to Malcolm, second-class citizens, which most black were classified as, were 20th Century slaves.) Another one of Malcolm’s viewpoints is on a black revolution in America. He seemed upset that in his speech that blacks in the south were choosing the lax methods of sit-ins as a form of desegregation. Malcolm felt that if blacks were to gain freedom in America, blood must be shed, referring back to the term revolution. In Africa, he mentions, blacks did not gain their independence from European nations peacefully, however, that they had to fight, kill, and be killed to gain liberty. He also mentions how bloody...
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...Contents General Models Nation Building and Political Development 1 Nation Building and War-fighting in Historical Perspective 4 Post Cold War Approaches to Nation-building: The Case of the United States: 6 Nation Building and War fighting: A Snapshot of the Record 8 Germany and Japan: misleading historical lessons, specious claims: 9 CONCLUSION 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAR-FIGHTING AND NATION-BUILDING. Nothing is, and will remain in such short supply in the greater majority of the polities of the world’s ‘countryside’, as a sense of political community; and yet no such crucial term as ‘nation building’ has of recent been subjected to so much trivialisation and casual usage. This essay attempts to lay out what it is that nation building entails, as a background to assessing whatever linkage it may have with war fighting, causally or by coincidence. I outline existing schools of thought on nation building and demonstrate that it bore a clear relationship with war fighting especially in the dusk of the extensive empires of Western Europe. I argue that the United States had a much rosier experience by virtue of its geographical isolation, and of being constituted by an immigrant population, and as such, it may the least qualified actor to enforce nation building however construed. The essay points out the prevailing fallacy of conflating short-term post-conflict reconstruction with protracted nation building and state...
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...Emancipation Of Women and their role in nationalist movement in Raja Rao’s Kanthapura Raja Rao’s first published work in English, the Kanthapura had a rather controversial and revolutionary plot in accordance with women being participants of nationalist movements. The third world countries, at that time, were opposed to the idea of women in the socio-political realms. Kanthapura drove through barriers of male dominance and female regression that prevailed in India at that time and Raja Rao was much criticized for the idea of female liberation. In kanthapura, the fact that the narrator is an old woman, acchaka, who comments on the actions of characters with a sharp eyed wisdom makes evident the fact that the author was of view of freedom of speech for women. The novel, which is predominantly based on Mahatma Gandhi’s principle of satyagraha women, as satyagrahis, demonstrated fearlessness in their struggle for independence. Inspite of the lathi blows, they persevere their nonviolent march exhibiting a conscious knowledge of their strength and power , and endure pain in the face of brutality, inhumanity and cruelty of the police. Raja rao, in kanthapura portrays the role of women in the nationalist movement inspired by gandhian ideals. It is an extreme shift from the position of women in the patriarchal Indian society to that in a strong movement against colonialism. This without doubt also reflects the Gandhian ideal to encourage emancipation of women and support women...
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