...through (and after) 1750, British colonies in North America were on a political, economical, social, and religious upraise. Change was the major theme during this period. Many influences from outside forces from Spanish, French, Native Americans, American intellectuals, and especially the English formed how the colonies thought and developed. Life in this period for the colonists was based on hard work and determination to create their "utopian" society. But it was not going to be that easy; there were various elements (different opinions, English rule, government, ect...) that stood in their way during this "great transformation" period of America. Being that the American colonies were under English rule, the colonies had to answer to Parliament first. During the period of King Charles II, navigation acts were placed upon the colonies. The goals of these were to strengthen England and to essentially weaken the colonies and other countries. The navigation acts (1660 and 1663) "barred colonial merchants from exporting such commodities as sugar and tobacco anywhere except to England, and from importing goods in non-England ships" (Boyer 94-5). After the conversion of leadership in England (the rule of William and Mary in 1676) many of these acts were altered and entailed to fewer colonies. The colonies were still ultimately dependent on England during this period, but essentially knew that they had power against Parliament. The colonies were maturing physically and in turn economically...
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...The history of the United States as covered in American schools and universities typically begins with either Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage to the Americas or with the prehistory of the Native peoples, with the latter approach having become increasingly common in recent decades.[1] Indigenous peoples lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years and developed complex cultures before European colonists began to arrive, mostly from England, after 1600. The Spanish had early settlements in Florida and the Southwest, and the French along the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast. By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast, east of the Appalachian Mountains. The colonies were prosperous and growing rapidly, and had developed their own autonomous political and legal systems. However, with the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, Great Britain altered its relationships with the colonies by imposing tighter administrative controls and greater financial obligations on the colonists.[2] Tensions grew, eventually leading to armed conflict beginning in April 1775. On July 4, 1776, the colonies declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. With large-scale military and financial support from France and military leadership by General George Washington, the American rebels won the Revolutionary War and peace was achieved in 1783. During and after the war, the 13 states were united under a weak...
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...Ecosystem Structure, Format, and Change Trevor Hyland sci/256 July 20, 2015 University Of Phoenix Ecosystem Structure, Format, and Change Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine late in North American, the 16th deepest lake in the world and is also one of the largest lake in America it is located in Sierra Nevada and is a freshwater lake over 1,600 feet deep which makes it the second deepest lake in the united states. The lake is at the heart of a comprehensive ecosystem and contains rich aquatic life and has a range of native species for example, the lake is home to residence, suckers and chub. “The ecosystem of the Lake Tahoe Basin has been dramatically altered since European settlers began to settle around the lake in the middle of the last century. Human disturbances, including introduced species, fire suppression, past overgrazing and logging, urbanization, roads, intensive recreational use, and air pollution, have affected not only the clarity of the lake, but the forest's ability to maintain the function, diversity, and resiliency of its components” (Tahoecam.com). At the end of the 19th century, along with other issues such as drought, thinning and excessive rainfall, Lake Tahoe now has overcrowded and aged trees, yet with a 25% to 30% tree mortality which makes the danger of fires very severe (Tahoecam.com). When it comes to the quality of the water in the lake, human activities over the last 130 years have done the most damage yet the human activities in the lake...
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...Chapter 7: The Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson (1820–1845) THE GROWTH OF THE FACTORY Economic growth was a key component of Henry Clay’s American System, and in the aftermath of the War of 1812, measures were taken to expand American industry. American industries were protected by the Tariff of 1816, which raised import tariffs by 25 percent. At the same time state governments began improving road, river, and canal transportation systems. Before 1820 almost all products made in America were completed using a system borrowed from Europe called the putting-out system. Under this system merchants would buy the raw materials, recruit dozens, or in some case hundreds, of farm families to do the work, and then sell the finished product. Many shoes in New England were made in this manner; women and children would make part of the shoe, which would be finished by experienced shoemakers. Beginning in the late 1780s the textile industry started to use power-driven machines and interchangeable parts. All power in these early factories came from water, so the early factories all were located along rivers. Most were located in New England or the Middle states. In the 1790s factories like those in Lowell, Massachusetts, began to weave cotton imported from the south. With the introduction of the cotton gin in the same decade, more cotton became available, and production boomed. By 1840 the textile industry employed nearly 75,000 workers, with almost half of...
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...malls, and outlet stores? People that rely on bartering and exporting their resource to trade for clothes, shoes, and other items to sustain their way of living and to ensure that their traditions and way of life will continue for generations to follow? As the world becomes smaller, even people that have remained unchanged for thousands of years are being forced to deal with changes that will alter their future and their traditions because of living near valuable resources that are in high demand in our modern day world. And, like so many indigenous people from history, they are desperately praying, advocating, and becoming very political with their fight so that their way of life can continue without disruption to their ecosystems. Native to the area of Bristol Bay, Alaska for thousands of years, the Yupik people have depended on salmon, along with pike, whitefish, beavers, caribou, moose, berries, and plants. Bristol Bay still possess abundance in salmon fisheries that have been destroyed in the lower 48 states by habitat degradation, dams, weakening of the genetic pool through the use of hatcheries, and over-harvesting which have destroyed the salmon stock in dozens of places and reduced the rest to remnants. The Bristol Bay Watershed is located about 250 miles southwest of Anchorage which is tucked between...
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...In order to became a United States citizen, one must be a permanent resident. Obtaining a green card can be done in several ways. Two ways are through an immediate family member or through work, and the green card obtained through work can be hassling. Immigration lawyers who help someone apply for a green card can run up to $15,000 (Ribitzky np). The green card application can take years and the length of time it takes depends on the U.S. economy (Ribitzky np). Once someone has achieved permanent resident status, they are inclined to move onto citizenship status. In order to become a citizen one must meet the following requirements: be at least 18 years old; be a permanent resident; prove 5 years of continuous residence; be a moral person; understand the U.S. Constitution; be able to read, write, and speak English; understand U.S. history and government; and pledge allegiance to the United States of America (United States np). The applicant must pass the Naturalization Test as well (United States np). These steps seem uncomplicated, but the process to get to these steps is time-consuming. The United States processes citizenship applications from various countries equally. Unfortunately...
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...UK invasive species top facts * Invasive non-native species are thought to be one of the biggest threats to global biodiversity, second only to habitat loss. * There are almost 2,000 established non-native species in Great Britain. * Invasive non-native species cost Great Britain around £1.7 billion annually. * Invasive species have been introduced to the United Kingdom from every continent in the world apart from Antarctica. What is an invasive species? An invasive species is a species which has been introduced to an area outside its natural range and can cause a multitude of ecological, economic and public health problems within the new habitat as its population grows. Invasive species may belong to any taxonomic group, with mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, plants, invertebrates, fish and viruses all having invasive populations around the world. The extinctions of numerous species around the world can be attributed to the negative effects of invasive species. When a species is taken out of its natural range and placed into a new habitat it is removed from its natural predators and any pathogens which help to control its population. Without these, population growth may become out of control and the invader can rapidly colonise its new habitat. The characteristics which enable an invasive species to outcompete native species include fast growth, a short life cycle and the ability to tolerate a wide range of habitat types and environmental conditions. Successful...
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...agricultural economy was the creation of the Bracero Program in which more than 4 million Mexican farm laborers came to work the fields of this nation. The braceros converted the agricultural fields of America into the most productive in the planet. The Bracero Program was a corporative international program through which the United States imported large number of Mexicans workers (mostly farmworkers). This program came about because of farm labor shortages caused by American entry into World War 11. The men were recruited to work primarily in agriculture, although during World War II braceros also supplied railroad labor. The majority of the braceros were experienced farm labors from important agricultural regions of Mexico. Huge numbers of bracero candidates arrived by train to the northern border. Their arrival altered the social environment and economy of many border towns. The program brought Mexican workers to replace American workers dislocated by the war. The program was intended to be temporary, but because of dependence of American farms on Mexican labor it kept going for nearly two decades after the war. The braceros contracts were controlled by independent associations and the Farm Bureau. The contracts were in English and the braceros would sign them without understanding theor full rights and the conditions of employment. When the contracts expired, the braceros were required to turn in their permits and return to México. The braceros could return to their native lands...
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...Native American Environmental Issues Traditionally Native Americans have had an immediate and reciprocal relationship with their natural environments. At contact, they lived in relatively small groups close to the earth. They defined themselves by the land and sacred places, and recognized a unity in their physical and spiritual universe. Their cosmologies connected them with all animate and inanimate beings. Indians moved in a sentient world, managing its bounty and diversity carefully lest they upset the spirit "bosses," who balanced and endowed that world. They acknowledged the power of Mother Earth and the mutual obligation between hunter and hunted as coequals. Indians celebrated the earth's annual rebirth and offered thanks for her first fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively adapt, but responded in diverse ways to adjust environments to meet their cultural as well as material desires. The pace of change in Indian environments increased dramatically with Euroamerican contact. Old World pathogens and epidemic diseases, domesticated plants and livestock, the disappearance of native flora and fauna, and changing resource use patterns altered the physical and cultural landscape of the New World...
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...Essay on Native American Environmental Issues by David R. Lewis This essay is taken from Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia, edited by Mary B. Davis and published in 1994 by Garland Publishers of New York. The encyclopedia includes additional essays on mining, natural resource management, hunting and fishing rights, and economic development. It's a highly recommended resource. Reprinted without permission for educational purposes. Traditionally Native Americans have had an immediate and reciprocal relationship with their natural environments. At contact, they lived in relatively small groups close to the earth. They defined themselves by the land and sacred places, and recognized a unity in their physical and spiritual universe. Their cosmologies connected them with all animate and inanimate beings. Indians moved in a sentient world, managing its bounty and diversity carefully lest they upset the spirit "bosses," who balanced and endowed that world. They acknowledged the power of Mother Earth and the mutual obligation between hunter and hunted as coequals. Indians celebrated the earth's annual rebirth and offered thanks for her first fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively...
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...underclass used to work in the automotive industry and made decent money. The automotive industries were not located in the cities, but in rural towns like Duluth, Minnesota and Portland, Maine. There was no reason for blue collar class people of Lakeside to attend school. Their education level did not exceed the tenth grade. With no extended education, it made the white underclass underemployed. Parents told their sons to not waste their time with school and come to work in the automotive industry as young as 14 to 15 years old. The girls were told to go to college to find a husband (Lecture). Today, American car parts are being manufactured overseas. In Flint, Michigan the majority of people made parts and worked on the assembly line. It went from fifty people working on the assembly line to just having three people making sure the machines were working properly (Lecture). The economy once driven by industry is now lead by technology. The parts that were made in the white underclass’s town were now being outsourced due to cheaper labor. Chrysler dealership was notorious for their layoffs of over thousands of employees. The race riots of 1960’started due to lack of jobs and economic distress. The white underclasses are individuals who are welfare dependent, labor, and school dropouts. The urban census...
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...Every four years the American society choose their leader and representative. Their decision influences not only their motherland but all countries in the world. Till 2008, there were no elections that were assumed to be historic before announcing the final result and before they actually took place. It was the president’s decisions that made one’s tenure significant and unforgettable. 2008 year’s voting altered this jurisdiction. An African American senator has been nominated and finally won the most momentous election in the world. Certainly, Africans and their descendants have been a part of the story of the America since the late 1400s. As scouts, interpreters, navigators, and military men, blacks were among those who first encountered Native Americans. Beginning in the colonial period, African Americans provided most of the labor on which European settlement, development, and wealth depended, especially after European wars and diseases decimated Native Americans. Their slavery legally lasted till the XIX century, when in 1865 Thirteenth Amendment to the USA Consitution was passed. The legal act banned bondage. However, African Americans faced many obstacles and prejudices not encountered by whites, even in areas where slavery had been abolished. They were barred from most educational institutions, limited to the least desirable residential and farming areas, often prohibited from practicing trades and opening businesses, and generally segregated in public conveyances...
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...The Everglades SCI 230 October 16, 2011 The Everglades I. Introduction II. Descriptions of Diversity of Life Forms A. People B. Animals 1. Birds 2. Fish 3. Mammals 4. Reptiles C. Plant 1. Lichens 2. Barks 3. Invasive Plants III. Biological Interrelationships of Life Forms | | | | | | A. Food Web 1. Plant Species 2. Algae Group 3. Animals 4. Fungi and Bacteria IV. Existing Preservations and Protections of Life Forms A. Environmental Factors B. Natural Features and Ecosystems V. Efforts Made for Preserving the Everglades A. Central Figures for Conservation B. Enactment of Laws to Protect the Environment VI. Preserving the Diversity of the Everglades A. The Clean Air Act B. Funding C. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan VII. Conclusion The Everglades National Park In the United States, the Everglades National Park is considered the largest subtropical wasteland. It hosts a variety of rare and endangered species. Many groups of people and animals have landed in the Everglades making it their homeland. Everglades is home for well-known rare animals and plants. The marshes, forests, cypress, fish, animals, plants, and people depend on the ecosystem of the Everglades. Unfortunately, many of these plants and animals are found on the endangered species list for the United States. The Everglades...
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...Major Event/Epoch in American History | Time Period/Date(s) | Description and Significance of the People/Event(s) to American History | 1) Describe three different American Indian cultures prior to colonization. | 17,000B.C.–1492A.D. | One American Indian culture that existed prior to colonization was the Paleo-Indians. These were highly nomadic people who hunted mastodons, woolly mammoths, and other mammals of similar size with spears. They had nomadic tendencies, which led them to live a rather isolated way of life. This helped to avoid the spread of some extremely contagious diseases and allowed families to survive (Brands, 2012, p. 5). Another pre-colonization culture was the Plains Indians. This particular culture survived by using a combination of hunting, gathering, and farming. This development led to the establishment of villages near river valleys that assisted in the influx of population. The conditions in which the lived were optimal for multi-generation survival (Brands, 2012, p. 7). A third American Indian culture that thrived prior to colonization was the Aztecs. They were able to build enormous cities with complex governments, ruled by aggressive men. The Aztecs successfully developed their own hieroglyphic writing as well as a genuine solar calendar. Over time they conquered a great number of foes across the Valley of Mexico and participated in the practice of human sacrifice, which aligned with the maintenance of their crops. They considered human blood...
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...a widely controversial topic among many farmers, health consultants, and the general population. These new breeds or organisms have created an immense separation in the food industry, basically splitting people onto sides of organic or non organic. Organically grown and non modified foods have become its own genre of products and are rising in popularity against their modified versions, which have ruled the food industry for the last 10 years. There are many environmentally safe and healthy ways for genetic modification can expand into other crops and foods without harming the animals, plants, or environment. These modifications have created a very good economic increase inside the agricultural scene and are now a key part of the world economy. Many people and groups that are against these genetically modified organisms have recently taken a stand against them, without fully uncovering the full story behind the ability they can hold. "Genetic Modification's trail began in 1935, when the first isolated strain of DNA was found by a Russian scientist named Andrei Nikolayevich Belozersky. Following this, students at the Stanford University Medical School began the idea for modified DNA. When this word spread, a few biologists ran with the idea, contacting lawyers to create guidelines for safe use of gene modification. The first recombinant DNA that was scientifically engineered was created by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen. Following a series of successful modifications, companies...
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