...Abstract The following compares and contrast of Naturalistic Obersavation and Correlational research. Which includes the research techniques reliability and validity strengths and weakness and generalizability. There are many different ways of collecting information and data to compare different types of things that happen from the past, present and to help predict the future. The research methods that I have compared are Naturalistic observation and Correlational research method. Like any thing else that they are more than one way of obtaining something there are differences and similarities that researchers can use to help them obtain their objective. The correlational research method is one in which the facts are utilizes facts to form links with an assortment of dependent variables. In most cases it is the one that is used first to give a basis before experiments can begin. There are three types of correlational research, observational, survey, and archival (Schmidt, 2000). Observational research includes items that can be tangibly recorded, for example, reporting for work and production. Survey research refers to the statistics that can be found by questioning subjects; for example, comparing the associations between couples who live together and divorce rates (Schmidt, 2000). Archival research deals with finding correlations between information that has been stored over a period of time; for example, a researcher may examine the connection the crime...
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...There are a number of different types of observational studies including naturalistic and controlled observations, non-participant and participant observations, structured and unstructured observations. Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often utilized in situations where conducting lab research is unrealistic, cost prohibitive, or would unduly affect the subject's behavior. Naturalistic observation differs from structured observation in that it involves looking at a behavior as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at intervention on the part of the researcher. A non-participant observation is a type of observational study whereby the researcher does not join in with the activity being observed. Controlled observation is a type of observational study where the conditions are contrived by the researcher. This type of observation may be carried out in a laboratory type situation and because variables are manipulated is said to be high in control. The Dement and Kleitman study is an example of controlled observation. The weakness of the method is that it will be low in ecological validity compared to naturalistic observation. If participants are aware they are being studied they behave differently. A participant observation is a type of observational study where the observer is also a participant...
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...Sociology explores an individual’s behavior and how those behaviors are shaped and affected by the societies they take part in. Sociologist use research methods such as participant observation and surveys to collect their data. In participant observation the researcher spends an extended amount of time in the research location, this is also known as field work (sociology.com, 2013). While at the location the researcher’s gathers information while directly interacting with the participants being observed. They immerse themselves into the culture to better understand the participants being studied. Surveys are another method used for social research. Surveys can gather a large amount of information from various types of sources to research a certain subject. Surveys can come in the form of questions or interviews. The ability of a survey to gather information, quickly, and without manipulation to the subject makes it philosophically justified. Today’s internet technology helps surveys reach even a broader audience to collect data. The World Wide Web allows the ability to take a survey anonymously; this perpetuates the individual to answer more truthfully, and without any external influence. (Jones, 2010) Cultural anthropology studies the variation of cultures among humans. Naturalistic observation and secondary analysis are two very common methods used in the research...
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...termed scientific, a method of inquiry must |water on two different bands of paper towels | | |be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable |to compare the different type of paper | | |evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A |towels. The hypothesis is formed by examining| | |scientific method consists of the collection of data through |the observations carful and makes an educated| | |observation and experimentation, and the formulation and |guess as to what the outcome might be. | | |testing of hypotheses. | | |Case study method |Rather than using samples and following a rigid protocol to |A Case Study can consist of observation of | | |examine limited number of...
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...explain that the true goal of observational research is description. To understand behavior so that it can be predicted, controlled, or explained, a scientist must describe it accurately (Franzoi, 2009) which I will explain. Observational research is a social technique that involves direct observation of a subject in it natural setting. It involves the recording test results and not manipulating any of the variables, while being able to be broken down into three categories, naturalistic observation, participant observation, and archival research. Naturalistic observation involves the examination of a subject and its behavior in its natural environment. Participant observation involves the examination of a subject and its behavior in its natural environment as a member of the study group. Example, a test is conducted on underage drinking and the observer is a party guest where alcohol is being served. The third and final type of observational research is archival research. Archival research involves the examination of pre-existing records of a group, individual, or culture. It is mainly used to study the beliefs and norms of a specific culture. Naturalistic and participant observation methods offer many benefits if chosen, but they also have several flaws worth mentioning. The first flaw is the lack of a control. This means that no variables can be manipulated, so extra caution must be taken when concluding how events are correlated. The next issue is observer bias. This...
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...research discussing the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. To fully be able to do this we must first outline the different types of observational study and their key differences, i.e. the naturalistic, systematic and structured methodologies. For each of these methodologies this essay will not only provide a definition but also present real life studies extracted from peer reviewed sources and for each of these it will outline a brief description of their aims, methods and findings and will be concluded with the relative advantages and disadvantages of each study based on their method. Finally this essay will conclude by expressing the important role each method plays...
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...EVALUATION (OUTCOME): Assignment 1. How does basic research differ from applied research? • Applied research is research that seeks to answer a question in the real world and to solve a problem. Basic research is research that fills in the knowledge we don't have; it tries to learn things that aren't always directly applicable or useful immediately. 2. Give the purpose of each of the following methods and type of research: a. Historical research • It throws light on present and future trends. • It enables understanding of and solutions to contemporary problems to be sought in the past. • It can illuminate the effects of key interactions within a culture or sub-culture. • It allows for the revaluation of data in relation to selected hypotheses, theories and generalizations that are presently held about the past and the present. b. Descriptive research • This type is suitable wherever the subjects vary among themselves and one is interested to know the extent to which different conditions and situations are obtained among these subjects. • The word SURVEY signifies the gathering of data regarding present conditions. A survey is useful in: (1) providing the values of facts, and (2) focusing attention on the most important things to be reported. • In this type of survey, it is necessary to determine the psychological and social aspects of research by way of application or implementation of evidence to recognize between facts and influence There...
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...Chapter 2: Research in Psychology Francine Shapiro/Critical Thinking Tested if eye movements have caused the change in her emotions During and after these eye movement sessions, their reactions to unpleasant thoughts faded away Their emotional flashbacks decreased dramatically Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: EMDR Critical Thinking: The process of assessing claims and making judgements on the basis of well supported evidence What am I being asked to believe or accept?- If EMDR reduces or eliminates anxiety related problems What evidence is available to support the assertion?- Experienced a reduction in her own emotional distress following certain kinds of eye movements Are there alternative ways of interpreting the evidence?- Dramatic effects might not have been due to EMDR but to people’s desire to overcome their problems or perhaps their desire to prove her right The ruling out process leads to the next step in critical thinking: conducting scientific research What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives?- The ideal method for collecting further evidence would be to identify three groups of people with anxiety- related problems who were alike in every way except for the anxiety treatment they received What conclusions are most reasonable?- The research evidence collected so far hasn’t yet ruled out alternative explanations for the effects of EMDR Only reasonable conclusions EMDR remains a controversial treatment It seems to have...
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...philosophy and human sciences. • Qualitative research plays an important part in providing evidence for practice in nursing, and is gaining greater acceptance within medicine. (Bailey C, 2002) • Definition: "A quantitative approach is one in which the investigator primarily uses post-positivist claims for developing knowledge (i.e. cause and effect thinking, reduction to specific variables and hypotheses and questions, use of measurement and observation, and the test of theories)." (Creswell, 2003) • Qualitative research is used to gain insight into people's attitudes, behaviours, value systems, concerns, motivations, aspirations, culture or lifestyles. • Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. • Qualitative research is often associated with naturalistic inquiry. • Naturalistic methods of inquiry attempt to deal with the issue of human complexity by exploring directly. • Naturalistic inquiry always takes place in the natural settings (field). • Naturalistic studies result in rich, in-depth information that has the potential to elucidatethe multiple dimensions of complicated phenomenon. • The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what,where, when. •...
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...identify a question that deserves an explanation or answer to. For example, a good indentifying question that one could use would be why did the chicken cross the road? This is a specific behavior that can be addressed and quantified. Once the individual has the question at hand, the formation of a theory is next. A theory is the best guess that one has as to why the action took place. In the example of the chicken crossing the road, a theory would be because there was food over there. Another theory would be just to get to the other side in general. Once you have the theory down, you need to create a hypothesis to test it. A hypothesis is a best guess stated in a way that you can measure the results of the claim. Referring back to the example of the chicken crossing the road, a hypothesis would be because it was hungry. A hypothesis must be restated as an Operational Definition (testable procedures that can be quantified) before testing can take place. The example of this would be: If food were visible on the other side, the chicken will cross the road to eat it. Now one must figure out which method of research will best help them out in their quest for the answer. There are several ways one can go about doing this. Archival research, naturalistic observation, and descriptive research are to name a few. Referring back to the example of the chicken, the approach that I would have used would Naturalistic observation because the answer that is sought would be one of natural instinct...
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...I never realized how much we do according to psychology on an everyday basis. For example, I observe my children playing in their room together without them knowing I am there. I do this because it allows me to see what they are doing and the way they interact with each other as well as their friends. This type of observation is called naturalistic. Naturalistic observation happens when I observe my children with them not knowing because I am giving them the time and space to do what they are doing without me telling them what to do (Psychology and You pg.26-27). This allows me to view how they behave when no one is looking and lets me see what we should work on more when it comes to how to behave. I have done this many times and I do not think that I would do this different, because it works well for my family. I think that this method would also be useful when trying to see how a child is adjusting in a new home or a new school. A child may not be willing to let you know that something is happening or something so this is a good way to figure out what the problem is without the child acting different because he does not know you. Psychology is a wonderful thing with many different facets to help someone. I do know that by doing the natural observation I am allowing my children to do what they would normally do without them realizing that they being watched. This allows children to react and learn from what they are doing. I do however know that this type of study could go...
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...The scientific method is a convenient way of making observations, collecting data, making decisions, and interpreting outcomes. Psychologists from all around the world use the scientific method to help manage their research. Psychologists make use of the scientific method because they need to be able to describe, explain, and predict mental processes or behaviors. Within the scientific method are hypotheses, variables, results, and conclusions. A hypothesis is a prediction that will be tested in an experiment; researchers and psychologists always start off with this. An example of a hypothesis is if a student skips class on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, their grades will drop down. This example can be falsifiable because the student’s skipping...
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...RESEARCH Score: 9 / 10 4 Concept: ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Mastery 1. 100% Questions 1 2 3 4 Parker is majoring in behavioral biology which examines the impact of our physiology on what we do. His friend thinks that behavioral biology is just copying psychology. Which correct statement could Parker use to answer his friend's assumption? A. Psychology has roots in biology. B. Only in the last few years has the field of biology started to examine behavior. C. There is no link between behavior and biology. D. The study of biology and psychology have never shared issues of study Correct: The Correct Answer is: A. 2. The study of psychology is influenced by the study of biology. For example, naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced which classic school of thought in psychology? A. Functionalism B. Structuralism C. Psychoanalytic D. Behavioral Correct: The Correct Answer is: A. 3. Which of the following is the best reason that psychology should be seen as a science? A. It focuses on important human questions. B. It studies observable phenomena. C. It uses the mind to study itself. D. t uses the scientific method. Correct: The Correct Answer is: D. 4. Sam was comparing different sciences and noticed something unique about psychology when compared to the natural sciences. Which of the following might he have noticed? A. Psychologists implement the scientific method much more frequently than...
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...1.5 LO 1.6 LO 1.7 LO 1.8 LO 1.9 LO 1.10 LO 1.11 LO 1.12 LO 1.13 LO 1.14 Definition and goals of psychology Structuralism and functionalism Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow and Rogers Psychiatrist, psychologist, and other professionals Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method Naturalistic and laboratory settings Case studies and surveys Correlational technique Experimental approach and terms Placebo and the experimenter effects Conducting a real experiment Ethical concerns in conducting research Principles of critical thinking LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology What is Psychology? • Psychology - scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. • Mental processes - internal, covert activity of our minds. • Psychology is a science • Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations • Precise and careful measurement Menu LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology Psychology’s Four Goals 1. Description • • • What is happening? Why is it happening? Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts Will it happen again? How can it be changed? 2. Explanation 3. Prediction • • 4. Control Menu LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism Structuralism • Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. • Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory • Germany in 1879 • Developed the technique of objective...
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...how we accumulate and store data through views and perceptions. neuroscientific/biopsychological perspective-examines behavior through genetic processes of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. evolutionary perspective- Tensions natural selection, adjustment, and development of behavior and psychological processes. sociocultural perspective- social interactions and social determinants of behavior and mental processes. Part II: Research Methods Describe research methods used in psychology by completing the following table. Then, select two of the research methods, and compare and contrast them. Your response must be at least 75 words. MethodPurposeStrengthsWeaknessesExampleCase StudyThe purpose of...
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