...Nature of Logic and Perception Paper Rationality is being governed by final causes. In this paper the writer will attempt to explain the nature of logic as it relates to critical thinking, identifying an instance in his or her life where perception of reality within a situation was far from the actual reality. In realizing the truth of the situation, the writer will discuss what he or she thought was going on within the situation, whether there was a difference, what happened, and describe what he or she learned in order to make a change in his or her critical thinking process. Working in a non-profit organization, the writer became very knowledgeable about the nature of the business in a very short time. Being in a position to see the ins and outs of the organization, the writer realized the importance of achieving his or her goal of becoming the leader of a non-profit organization. An organization that specialized in accessing the barriers of at-risk youths transitioning back into the life of higher education, self-awareness, job readiness skills, financial literacy and an abundance of faith through faith-based structures. Being an employee of an organization that focused on the same mission and values as the one he or she was interested in creating, he or she began to improve his or her work ethics in an attempt to be promoted within the company. Applying for several positions within the organization allowed the writer to showcase the skills and abilities that he or she...
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...Critical Logic Critical thinking is a skill used throughout a lifetime. Throughout the growth process children begin to formulate ways of getting what they need, and want. When a baby is born it soon realizes that crying will bring someone to them. A toddler that does not want to sleep will figure out a way to get out of the crib. As the growth process progresses the critical thinking skills evolve and soon develop into an individual’s unique logic. Each individual has their own experiences that influence their perceptions. A child growing up in a military family that moves often will probably have a higher adaptability than that of a child who grew up in the same town. Military families are also subjected to many different cultures and ideals, allowing them to see a variety of perspectives. For example, in European countries it is not uncommon to see naked patrons at a public pool while this is considered “indecent exposure,” a crime in the United States that carries a hefty fine and possibly jail time ("Criminaldefenselawyer.com", 2013). Growing up exposed to this type of atmosphere can desensitize a person’s sense of modesty. As a child experiences new situations and opinions their first reaction is usually to ask their parents or other close family members to explain the difference between their beliefs. This becomes a very important part of how the nature of logic can be molded. When clarifying the variations parents often convey their true feelings and opinions,...
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...WRITTEN REPORT ON PHILIOPHY OF TEACHING SCIENCE By: Mr. Irjo M. Goopio Introduction: What makes a scientist different from a philosopher? A Scientist observes what happens. He manipulates variables whenever possible in order to observe what happens under controlled circumstances. He is able to discover and explain the laws of nature which lead them to formulate theories. A Philosopher does none of the above-mentioned activities. Instead he asks himself questions like: “what is the law of nature?” “What is a scientific theory?” He explains the role of deduction in science. Philosophy is unlike science, pure verbal, analytical, and reflective. Then how can a scientist be a philosopher? Discussion: * What is philosophy? * Remote from the usual human interest and quite beyond normal comprehension. * Extremely complex intellectual activity. * A form of Inquiry – a process of analysis, criticism, interpretation and speculation. (Singer – 1990) * The search for the ultimate, conducted by reason, in order to satisfy man’s curiosity about himself and the universe. * Why study philosophy? * Makes a man think – think about the basic foundations of: * His beliefs * Outlook in life * His knowledge * It is from our human needs and immediate concerns * What is philosophy of science? * Set forth principles more basic and comprehensive than the conclusions of individual sciences. *...
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...Logic Main article: Logic Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Arguments use either deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when, given certain statements (called premises), other statements (called conclusions) are unavoidably implied. Rules of inferences from premises include the most popular method, modus ponens, where given “A” and “If A then B”, then “B” must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is the syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables. These can be assigned values or can be quantified as to when they apply with the universal quantifier (always apply) or the existential quantifier (applies at least once). Inductive reasoning makes conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. For example, if “90% of humans are right-handed” and “Joe is human” then “Joe is probably right-handed”. Fields in logic include mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and philosophical logic. Metaphysics Main article: Metaphysics Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship...
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...Integration Paper Thiago DeSouza Psychology and the Bible Liberty University Abstract Integration for many years has been a topic of discussion between psychologists and Christian leaders. The debate between the two disciplines has been whether or not the two can coexist together or if the two disciplines should never merge. Epistemology, cosmology, and philosophical anthropology lays down the foundation for integration. Both disciplines seek to understand human behavior and both seek to fix what appears to be broken within humanity. Both disciplines seek for truth. Psychology seeks for truth through science and what has been observed, whereas the source for truth for Christianity is found in God through His Words and His Works. The two may not contradict. There are several models of integration and they look to explain what the relationship between psychology and Christianity ought to be. The Allies model, which is discussed in more depth, holds the view that truth is found in God’s Words and Works and that God is sovereign over all things. Integration Paper The integration of psychology and Christianity has been a topic of discussion for many years and will be for many more years to come. It is important that this discussion is not put aside but rather be openly discussed among members from both disciplines. There are many models within integration and they all offer their own perspectives on the relationship between psychology and Christianity. One is not necessarily...
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...Philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Discussed in this paper will be the most prominent individuals in each time period and their ideas, starting with the “Pre-Socratic” philosophers and ending in the era of post modernism. The time period in ancient Greece between the end of the seventh century B.C. and the middle of the fourth century B.C. is what is known as the “Pre-Socratic Era”. The thinkers known as the “Pre-Socratic Philosophers” used the four basic elements (water, earth, fire, and air) as their foundations for their ideas. Thales and most of the other Pre-Socratic philosophers limited themselves mostly to inquiring the nature of existence, being, and the world. They were mostly Materialists, believing that all things are composed of material and nothing else, and were mainly concerned with trying to establish the single underlying substance of which the world is made up. They used this idea of “Monism” without resorting to supernatural or mythological explanations. To these men even the commonest of phenomena like lightning, water freezing to ice, and natural disasters would have appeared miraculous. Empedocles, first of the pluralists, who proposed that reality, is composed of an irreducible plurality of elements. He also documented the first theory of evolution. Democritus developed the extremely influential idea of Atomism (that all of reality is actually...
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... this could bring about curiosity in areas normally the student may have given less attention to. This is the philosophy of Plato. He believes a superior educator will be able to draw out those talents in students. Philosophy has been integrated in the history of education from the beginning of time. The use of philosophy is applied to everyday living, education, politics and economics situations. The branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of reality and existence is known as metaphysics. Metaphysics is concerned with the question of nature of the person or the self. It addresses such questions as whether human nature is basically good, evil, spiritual, mental, or physical. (Webb, Metha, Jordan. Pg. 50) Metaphysics is an essential component element of teaching. Children are taught by their parents the ethics of what is acceptable in society. This encourages the child to determine how to function in the social structure. The classroom instructor also enforces this type of teaching. Without this nature of teaching, that person is not able to properly function in a social setting. An example of is a young child has been locked up in an isolated room for most of its childhood. This child would fail in a school setting, or in any public place. Humans,...
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...Metaethics Metaethics is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words. Whereas the fields of applied ethics and normative theoryfocus on what is moral, metaethics focuses on what morality itself is. Just as two people may disagree about the ethics of, for example, physician-assisted suicide, while nonetheless agreeing at the more abstract level of a general normative theory such as Utilitarianism, so too may people who disagree at the level of a general normative theory nonetheless agree about the fundamental existence and status of morality itself, or vice versa. In this way, metaethics may be thought of as a highly abstract way of thinking philosophically about morality. For this reason, metaethics is also occasionally referred to as “second-order” moral theorizing, to distinguish it from the “first-order” level of normative theory. Metaethical positions may be divided according to how they respond to questions such as the following: * Ÿ What exactly are people doing when they use moral words such as “good” and “right”? * Ÿ What precisely is a moral value in the first place, and are such values similar to other familiar sorts of entities, such as objects and properties? * Ÿ Where do moral values come from—what is their source and foundation? * Ÿ Are some things morally right or wrong for all people at all times, or does morality instead vary from person to person, context to context...
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...Part 1 1. What is Philosophy? Quite literally, the term "philosophy" means, "love of wisdom." In a broad sense, philosophy is an activity people undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each other. As an academic discipline philosophy is much the same. Those who study philosophy are perpetually engaged in asking, answering, and arguing for their answers to life’s most basic questions. To make such a pursuit more systematic academic philosophy is traditionally divided into major areas of study. Source: http://philosophy.fsu.edu/content/view/full/36588 2. What are the benefits of Studying Philosophy? Studying philosophy improves reasoning and critical skills. Skills gained by philosophy majors are useful in almost any career. * The ability to think logically * The ability to analyze and solve problems * The ability to assess proposed solutions * The ability to write and speak clearly, attending to details Students learn about questions. How to ask good questions and distinguish the worthwhile from the worthless questions. How to divide, prioritize, and simplify questions. Students are affected by learning about questions. * Studying questions liberates us from prejudice * It helps us to think independently, thus, promoting autonomy, self-government, and individuation * It broadens our perspective on life The study of philosophy benefits students intellectually...
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...SIX BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY Adrienne Byrd AIU Introduction to Philosophy: PHIL201 - 1404A – 12 Jerry Nwonye February 21, 2015 Abstract The term Logic begins from two Greek words Philos and Sophia which means Adoration for Knowledge or Quest for Learning. Theory is deciphered in a wide range of routes by various savants. Plato is a widely acclaimed scholar known for his numerous philosophical studies says that, "reasoning is the securing of learning." While an alternate celebrated logician by the name of Karl Marx's states that, "logic is an understanding of the world to change." In fundamental terms rationality is the investigation of information and it is separated into six limbs known as transcendentalism, epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, political theory, and social theory. These extensions solicit the confusing inquiries from the world. Today we will talk about these distinctive limbs and what they intend to the world. SIX BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY Metaphysics is the investigation of what's genuine and it doubts our presence and reason in life. It is thought to be the establishment of logic and without it we would be left with no clarification in respect to how we ought to manage reality. Metaphysics ask the "What is" inquiries of the world. Case in point: "Do you have a spirit?" or "Do you trust in God?" It is my conviction that we live in both a physical and otherworldly world and I say...
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...Nature of Thought A tree lined street with trimmed lawns and homes nicely kept set in a quiet cul de sac offers the perception all in well in the neighborhood. In this instance, perception gives a sense of security and normalcy. What tools, as individuals, are employed to arrive at this perception? Perception is the process humans use to gain insight of the reality of circumstances using the information the senses provide. The combination of perception, cognition and understanding separates humans from the animal kingdom allowing either collectively or individually the ability to learn and to know a certain reality. An individual one can perceive a situation far from the facts. One’s sensing and memory processes can block logic and influence perception. Teaching oneself the art of critical thinking one can recognize that quiet, tree lined streets may give an illusion of security and normally. Individuals begin at an early age the process of thought and perception, thus, setting the stage for the sensing process and memory. Senses allow humans to experience the world using the entire collective of human sensory perceptions: hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting, and touching. When the senses work in unison with each other delivering information to the brain, in a millisecond the brain attaches implication to the information based on socialization and experience. The sensing process adds to recognition of the stimuli from the external world, and we to react or take an...
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...considerable to call evidence as one of the basis for a belief. At first sight, evidence seems to be core of many beliefs as most of our practical life is based upon it. However, on a deeper look, the phrase “To what extent” suggests that there may be a limit to the dependence of beliefs on evidences. Indeed, there are several thought provoking questions to this statement- are beliefs always based on evidence? Is there something called perception, inner voice, gut feel or sixth sense (I will call this „intuition‟)? Nevertheless, the answers to these questions lie in nature of the subject and to explain the same, I first need to describe meaning of evidence and belief. In general, Evidence is defined as a piece of information that forms ground for any theory, belief or conclusion. On the other hand, beliefs are defined as certain set of values or perceptions of a person. By definition itself, it is clear that Evidence is also the base (ground) for belief but experience tells us that human beliefs are constructed from a mix of reasoning, emotions and perception/intuition. Just to reinforce difference between evidence-based beliefs versus intuition-based belief, we analyse a crime situation where a mother believes that her daughter was kidnapped by the lady‟s own husband. Her belief is solely based on intuition until video recorded by an eyewitness appears....
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...I. THE THEORY OF THE IDEAS AND PLATO’S ONTOLOGY I. 1. The ontological dualism The theory of the Ideas is the base of Plato’s philosophy: the Ideas are not only the real objects ontologically speaking, but they are the authentically objects of knowledge epistemologically speaking. From the point of view of ethics and politics, they are the foundation of the right behaviour, and anthropologically speaking they are the base of Plato’s dualism and they even allow him demonstrate the immortality of the soul. Plato defends a clear ontological dualism in which there are two types of realities or worlds: the sensible world and the intelligible world or, as he calls it, the world of the Ideas. The Sensible World is the world of individual realities, and so is multiple and constantly changing, is the world of generation and destruction; is the realm of the sensible, material, temporal and space things. On the contrary, the Intelligible World is the world of the universal, eternal and invisible realities called Ideas (or "Forms"), which are immutable and do not change because they are not material, temporal or space. Ideas can be understood and known; they are the authentic reality. The Ideas or Forms are not just concepts or psychic events of our minds; they do exist as objective and independent beings out of our consciences. They are also the origin of sensible things, but although they are the authentic beings, Plato, unlike Parmenides of Elea, do not completely...
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...Slice of Life A Synthesis Paper on Philosophy and Logic Jonn Denzel V. Ramos BSGE-1E Does God exist? How to build an attractive city? Does life is real or just an imagination? An average person fails to answer these questions objectively, but philosophers have this will on solving these problems. Philosophy and logic are the fundamentals in search for meaning. Philosophers have these skill set which makes them think different from others, which leads and guides them to real and unbiased answer, it is a slice of life where they embrace every single moment they put up time and effort in their search for answer. Long time ago, Ancient Greeks invented philosophy as the way of thinking and asking questions about all things through its ultimate causes. Pre-Socratic Pythagoras coined the word philosophia which means “love of wisdom” or people who are faithful to wisdom as St. Thomas Aquinas called as wise man. Philosophy began to spread throughout the rest of the world, as the knowledge and discipline that engages and sharpens our reasons. There are three components of philosophy, the material object, formal object and natural scope. The material object refers to the subject being observed and finding the root cause on how it exist is its formal object. The natural scope is simply defined as natural reason which philosophers use in search for explanations. Ordinary and profound are two types of knowledge in philosophy. Ordinary knowledge is the foundation or the simplest form...
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...explanations for why scepticism should be expressed any conclusion based upon reasoning reliant on sensory perception (Hume, 1898). Hume’s “A Treatise of Human Nature” ultimately reaches a conclusion unfathomable to those who bank on logic explaining everything. Indeed, Hume insists that when forced into a face-to-face confrontation all the logical explanations capable of being processed that many if not most humans are still capable of stubbornly clinging to even the most incomprehensibly illogical beliefs. Knowing that the earth has been steadily warming over the past few decades based on the logical connections reached as a result of combining statistic data with incontrovertible geographical evidence is not capable of producing actual knowledge of this fact for some because the accumulation of such evidence creates an untenable conflict with their most cherished beliefs. Judgment of climate change denial from the perspective of whether a single way of knowing carries the capacity for producing knowledge has the unintended effect of undermining the argument for scepticism and leads to one fundamental question: at what point does scientific scepticism become unschooled ignorance? The man who has been referred to as the “Medieval Hume” is Nicolaus of Autrecourt; so-called because of ultimately conclusion that nothing satisfactorily logical can be purchased solely through perception (Copleston, 1993). The philosophical foundation of Nicolas of Autrecourt is actually a direct response...
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