...Nature & Treatment of Risk It is impossible to win the great prizes of life without running risks. So it’s needless to say the influence of ‘risk’ in our daily life as well as the business world itself. Well here are different risks and their nature briefly discussed with requisite statements. Risk: An acclaimed quote of Ralph Waldo Emerson about ‘risk’ says, ‘’I dip my pen in the blackest ink, because I am not afraid of falling into my inkpot.’’ Without being any more rhetoric here’s what Oxford English dictionary states about risk- “Risk is (Exposure to) the possibility of loss, injury, or other adverse or unwelcome circumstance; a chance or situation involving such a possibility.” Risk may vary in different field of study! But definitely the core concept is “Uncertainty”. By nature people have a strong desire against uncertain events! These events can rather be stated as ‘threat’ imperiling their way of life. Consequently the concept of insurance came up with an aim to exclude or minimize those risks! Many proclaimed authors made a careful distinction between objective and subjective risk whilst defining risk. Objective risk is a relative variation of actual loss from expected loss. This variation usually decreases as the number of exposure increases. This type of risk can be measured by using deviation. It is extremely utile to an insurer. On the other hand Subjective risk is the mental uncertainty. This risk varies from individually. In this case, the situation...
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...The Nature of the decision/Procedure III. Interventions that require Informed Consent A. Cancer Screening test B. Clinical Decision IV. Waive Informed Consent Form A. Reason to waive B. Who gives the approval of waiver V. Conclusion A. Summary Informed consent means that permission is granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the possible risks and benefits. However, informed consent in an emergency situation can only be presumed rather than obtained when the patient is unconscious or incompetent and no surrogate decision maker is available and the emergency interventions will prevent death or disability. In general, the patient's presence in the hospital ward, ICU or clinic does not represent implied consent to all treatment and procedures. The patient's wishes and values may be quite different from the values of the physician. While the principle of respect for the patient obligates the physician to do their best to include the patient in the health care decisions that affect the patient’s life and body, the principle of beneficence may require the physician to act on the patient's behalf when it is a matter of life or death. Have you ever wondered in an emergency situation as you are lying there on your death bed or in critical condition unable to make conscious decisions, who would give consent for your medical treatment? In...
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...consent to treat individuals in the field of psychology. Without bias to the methodology (research, experimentation, testing, or therapy), the psychologist is obligated by law, and the APA Code of Ethics to have consent to treat. The consent is in place for many reasons. The foremost is to inform the patient of the treatment plan to be undertaken, how the psychologist/clinician will administer care, and the prognosis of such treatments hopes to achieve (May, 2004). However, consent also places legal backing to the treatment given to the patient, recording necessary information such as possible diagnosis, personal and confidential information given by the patient, and a record of treatment versus effect. Informed consent creates a level and understood beginning to the treatment process, by which the patient and clinician are understood to the process of therapeutic services, or psychological testing and research that is to take place. The APA Code of Ethics is in place for the psychologist to have rigid and enforceable standards of not only how to effectively treat individuals in the therapy setting, but also of how to protect the confidential and highly sensitive nature of psycho-therapy. The psychologist in the clinical setting is observing and offering therapy to individuals who are communicating highly personal and sensitive information. Therapy given outside of the clinical setting is un-ethical and in some cases illegal, because informed consent and confidentiality cannot be...
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...sexual behavior. What constitutes a sex crime differs by culture and legal jurisdiction. The majority of convicted sex offenders have convictions for crimes of a sexual nature. Some of the crimes which usually result in a mandatory sex-offender classification are sexual assault, statutory rape, rape, sexual harassment, prostitution, and pedophilia. Currently, in the United States there are a total of 722, 499 individuals who are registered sex offenders, some of these individuals being juveniles. However, this number does not include offenses that have not been reported. Research shows that a lot of cases go unreported which can deem inaccurate numbers regarding the amount of sex offenders. Victims of sexual offenses often feel a plethora of negative feelings following the crime, including guilt, and this can account for some of the underreporting. There are subcategory designations sex offenders can fall into that classify them into levels depending on the severity of the crime. They are then registered and put under special conditions they must abide by for a fixed amount of years. When convicted of a registerable offense, before being released back into the community, a sex offender is required to register with the Division of Criminal Justice Services. In order to determine risk level and duration of registration, a hearing is held by the sentencing court. After examining the facts, the use of force, weapons, alcohol or drugs in the...
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...HB 436:2004 Handbook Risk Management Guidelines Companion to AS/NZS 4360:2004 Originated as HB 142—1999 and HB 143:1999. Jointly revised and redesignated as HB 436:2004. COPYRIGHT © Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001 and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020 ISBN 0 7337 5960 2 Preface This Handbook provides generic guidance for establishing and implementing effective risk management processes in any organization. It demonstrates how to establish the proper context, and then how to identify, analyse, evaluate, treat, communicate and monitor risks. This Handbook is based on the Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 4360:2004, Risk management (the Standard). Each Section contains an extract from the Standard, followed by practical advice and relevant examples. This basic guide provides a generic framework for managing risk. It may be applied in a very wide range of organizations including: • public sector entities at national, regional and local levels; • commercial enterprises, including companies, joint ventures, firms and franchises; • partnerships and sole practices; • non-government organizations; and • voluntary organizations such as charities...
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...essential part of the treatment process in psychology. Legally it protects both the psychologist and the individual who will be receiving professional services. According to Pope and Vasquez (2007), informed consent provides the client and the therapist the opportunity to understand his or her legal rights and that they each have an equal vested interest in the treatment process. Pope and Vasquez (2007) also stated that informed consent is a decision making-process that gives the client the... The informed consent is the agreement between two parties to work collaboratively (Pope & Vasquez, 2007). In psychology, the client signs the consent form to allow treatment from the psychologist who may include testing, treatment, and initial psychological assessment. The patients have the right to their information; in terms of benefits, alternative treatments and about the risks. If the patient does not understand what he or she is giving permission to, he or she can allow an authorized decision-maker. The law requires that all persons take reasonable steps to clarify and communicate adequately with their patients about their risks and benefits. The informed consent is basically the understanding and justification of power that should not be abused intentionally or accidentally (Pope & Vasquez, 2007). The informed refusal is when a patient is refusing care; because of legal issues, trust, infectious diseases, clinical competent, and people who may refuse treatment for others because...
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...I. INTRODUCTION – RISK MANAGEMENT The technique of risk assessment is used in a wide range of professions and academic subjects. Engineers "risk assess" bridges to determine the likelihood and effect of failure of components, and social welfare workers "risk assess" their clients to determine the likelihood of the reoccurrence of anti-social behavior. Risk assessment has become a commonly used approach in examining environmental problems. It is used to examine risks of very different natures. Definitions in risk assessment are all-important because of the wide range of uses of the approach, and different meanings of terms used by different groups of experts and practitioners. Hazard is commonly defined as "the potential to cause harm". A hazard can be defined as "a property or situation that in particular circumstances could lead to harm" Risk is a more difficult concept to define. The term risk is used in everyday language to mean "chance of disaster". When used in the process of risk assessment it has specific definitions, the most commonly accepted being "The combination of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence". The distinction between hazard and risk can be made clearer by the use of a simple example. A large number of chemicals have hazardous properties. Acids may be corrosive or irritant to human beings for example. The same acid is only a risk to human health if humans are exposed...
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...Paranoid schizophrenia, what must the nurse assess? How do they go about assessing? Upon assessing, how will the nurse manage the outcomes of the assessment? These important questions are what this paper will resolve. Through review of recent literature into the assessment and management of individuals affected by paranoid schizophrenia, this paper will discuss in detail how the nurse goes about assessing the patient, why assessment is vital, common outcomes of the assessment and finally go into detail on how the nurse manages a patient with paranoid schizophrenia. Stein-Parbury (2009) discuss the importance of providing an environment without distractions for an assessment to occur in, as this enhances the ability of both the patient and nurse to listen and understand. This can assist with patients with paranoid schizophrenia, experiencing perceptual disturbances or delusions. It is also important to provide a space that is private, thus giving the patient a sense of safety in disclosing personal information. Snyderman and Rovner (2009) highlight the importance of using a Mental State Examination (MSE), to assess the patients’ mental state and to aid in diagnosing a patients’ mental illness through identifying a range of sections including thought form, content and mood. It also enables the treating team to formulate a plan individualised to the patients needs. The following areas should be assessed in a mental state examination (MSE). Appearance including the physical characteristics...
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...reasons. The primary reason is that as an offender who is not yet an adult, they are still considered a protected class due to their age and the concern of disrupting their rights to council and the rights of their parents to help dictate the events in their lives. Over the past few decades there have been several studies completed correlating the quantitative analysis in primary research studies with success rates of juvenile offender treatment. Because of the repeated success of certain treatments over others, these studies have lead to an agreement on what programs and intervention strategies work and which have little to no repeated success. By analyzing these treatment strategies as they have been portrayed in academic literature and through the primary research that has been completed, a summary analysis of what plans work when dealing with juvenile offenders will be devised and put forth as the best option for treatment. The first aspect to analyze when dealing with implementing a new strategy for juvenile offender reformation and treatment plans is the idea of quality of the plan versus quantity of sessions required with all individuals in correctional institutions across the United States. In the past two decades, the numbers of individuals within the correctional systems across the United States has skyrocketed. In 2004, the jump in population caused the total population to reach “a new high in this country with almost 6.9 million offenders under correctional control”...
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...coming together of two patties for the hire of an asset. The party that owns the asset is called the lessor. The other party in this agreement is the Lessee. The Lessee is the party which hires the asset which is leased. The asset is hired for a specified period of time. During this period, the Lessee makes rental payment to the lessor. After the lease period is over, the asset can be returned to the lessor. However, the asset can also be owned by the Lessee. The nature of ownership of the asset after the lease period is over depends on the initial details of the contract (Young, 2008). During the period of the lease, the Lessee takes care of the asset. The Lessee maintains the asset and is responsible for any damage on the asset. In order to record the leased asset, various entries must be made in the books of the Lessee. The different accounting treatments arise at this point. The accounting treatments are dependent on the nature of the lease. Section A: The three treatments There are three accounting treatments that the Lessee can apply in recording the accounting details for the lease agreement. In the first scenario, the Lessee takes acknowledgement of the fact that the lease is a liability to the business. It is a liability in the sense that payments have to be made for it to be used. The asset has to be returned back to the owner after the end of the lease period. Therefore, the asset is hired for a specified period. The business is, therefore, said to be in possession...
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...In a study, High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder, author Joesph Biederamn conducted a pilot study on clinical and epidemiological studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the familial nature of the adult syndrome. One approach to evaluate the familial nature of adult ADHD is through a high-risk design aimed at estimating the risk for the disorder in children of parents with child-hood onset ADHD. “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder that affects at least 5% of children. Its toll on cognitive, social, and school functioning makes ADHD a significant public health problem, and, as such, it has generated much research..” (Biederamn, J., 1995, March 1). In contrast, studies of adults with ADHC are relatively rare. In this study, 84 adults with a clinical diagnosis of childhood-onset ADHD were studied. They were screened and told they would be re-contacted at a later date. Out of the 84 subjects, 79 were re-contacted. Of those re-contacted, 41% had at least one child. The 31 adults with children were from separate families. They had a total of 84 children. “Eighty-four percent of the 31 adults with children had at least one child with ADHD; 52% had at least two children with ADHD.” These children ranged in age from 5 to 17 years. The rate of ADHD among children of adults with ADHD was significantly higher than the rate that we previously reported...
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...WRENCROFT APPLIANCE COMPANY PROBLEM In 1989, Auditors of Wrencroft Appliance Company (WAC) proposed two different inventory write-downs regarding a discontinued microwave product and spare parts to the company’s audit committee. John Moore, WPC‘s CFO, is in the position to make recommendations to the board regarding the proposed adjustments. He needs to make a careful evaluation of whether the proposed inventory write-downs are necessary for the independent accountants to render unqualified opinion. In order to make sound recommendations to audit committee, John should analyze on the following matters. 1.) Are the reflected amounts in the proposed write-downs based on reasonable estimates? 2.) Is there a sufficient evidence for either write-downs to justify corresponding tax deductions? ANALYSIS Inventory valuation & Estimates for proposed write-downs Discontinued Microwave WPC’s auditor used Lower of Cost or Market (LCM) method as basis for inventory valuation in the proposal given. The discontinued microwave oven was proposed to be adjusted to 40% of the finished goods inventory of 1988 due to the anticipation of selling the units to a large discount chain with an agreement to receive 40% of the cost of the microwaves, while the spare parts manufactured for the microwaves should be disposed of at 5% scrap value. The necessity to write down this bulk of inventory favors tax deduction for the company’s advantage. However the case did not imply that there...
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...Foundation, Facts and Statistics, and the Psychological Rationale of Gambling Addiction 4 Foundations of Gambling Addiction 4 Facts and Statistics 4 Psychological Rationale of a Gambling Addiction 6 Causes and Effects as well as Consequences Concerning Gambling Addiction 7 Causes of Gambling Addiction 7 Effects of Gambling Addiction 8 Consequences of Gambling Addiction 9 Differences and Degrees of Gambling in Demographics, Types, and Stages Concerning Gambling 10 Gambling Addiction and Gender 10 Age of the Gambling Addict 11 The Different Types of Gamblers 11 Various Stages of Gambling Addiction 12 Risk Factors and Warning Signs of Gambling Addictions 13 Risk Factors of Gambling Addiction 13 Warning Signs of Gambling Addiction 14 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Help for Gamblers, Families, and Other Loved Ones 15 Diagnosis Pertaining to Gambling Addiction 15 Treatment for the Gambling Addiction 16 Help for Families, Friends, and Other Loved Ones 16 Conclusion 17 References 19 Introduction When we come to the idea of a gambling addiction, the behavior is known to be abnormal and the uncontrollable urge to gamble is strong. Exploration of these concepts will be in the following. First, will be the foundation, facts and statistics, and the psychological rationale of gambling addiction. This piece of conversation covers the foundation of gambling addiction, facts and statistics, and the psychology of the gambler and the addiction. Second, it will be in the causes...
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...Analyzing Psychological Disorders University of Phoenix Axia College Part A Schizophrenia is a disease that affects the forebrain, hindbrain, and limbic system. The forebrain is the anterior and largest part of the brain. This part of the brain functions to control sensory, and motor function, cognitive function, reproductive function, eating, sleeping, emotion display, and helps to regulate temperature. The hindbrain is the part of the brain that helps to coordinate posture, motor activity, balance, and sleep patterns, and helps to regulate essential but unconscious functions like breathing, and blood circulation. The limbic system is essential in the regulation of motor activity and emotional expression. Schizophrenia has a strong genetic component. Patients, who have an immediate family member such as a parent or sibling, have a higher chance of developing schizophrenia. Other factors that have been believed to contribute to schizophrenia, like high levels of stress during pregnancy, traumatic injury, toxins, infections, and autoimmune reactions. Symptoms of schizophrenia include: * Bizarre delusions- delusions of being controlled by an outside source * Inappropriate- failure to react appropriately to emotional events. * Hallucinations-imaginary voices controlling behavior. * Incoherent thoughts-illogical thinking or peculiar ideas. * Odd behavior-talking in rhymes, long periods of...
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...Meehl, (1955) as anything related functionally to experiences behaviours and attitudes. Furthermore constructs are not what can be measured or seen but a manifestation of what has been agreed upon to name and identify those functions in one’s own mind. In the case study of Chrissy, a 25-year-old lawyer, various negative constructs are highlighted. These include risk behaviour as Chrissy has been a moderate smoker for the last 10 years, Chrissy’s associated risk perception, decreased motivation to exercise choosing to carpool than ride her bike and her low level of compliance to her asthma treatment plan. Risk behaviour is defined as an action that is associated with a loss, leading to negative outcomes (Van der Pligt, 1996, p. 34). Such factors as gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and personality can influence behaviour. Also a persons beliefs and attitudes can guide them to certain behavioural types. (Morrison & Bennett, 2009, p. 123). Usually people perceive their susceptibility risk of their behaviour on a comparison of their own risk to others, this usually equates to that perception of risk as being quite low (Vollrath et al, 1999). As with smokers, such as Chrissy, who states she is a moderate smoker, there will always be someone else who smokes more cigarettes and consequently shows no signs of illness, therefore there is a perception that an illness will not eventuate for her. Smoking for Chrissy can also be impacted by her outcome expectancy of...
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