...SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS The symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis usually occur within the first 24 hours of infection. They often include a combination of the following: Increasing pain in the general area of a minor cut, abrasion, or other skin opening. Pain that is worse than would be expected from the appearance of the cut or abrasion. Redness and warmth around the wound, though symptoms can begin at other areas of the body. Flu-like symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, fever, dizziness, weakness, and general malaise. Intense thirst due to dehydration. More advanced symptoms occur around the painful infection site within three to four days of infection. They include: Swelling, possibly accompanied by a purplish rash. Large, violet-colored marks that transform into blisters filled with dark, foul-smelling fluid. Discoloration, peeling, and flakiness as tissue death (gangrene) occurs. Critical symptoms, which often occur within four to five days of infection, include: severe drop in blood pressure toxic shock unconsciousness HOW IS IT DIA GNOSED ? Necrotizing fasciitis progresses very rapidly, making early diagnosis crucial.Unfortunately, that does not always occur. The early symptoms of an infection with flesh-eating bacteria are similar to other conditions like the flu or a less serious skin infection. The early symptoms are also similar to common post-surgical complaints, such as: severe pain , inflammation , fever, and nausea. Diagnosis...
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...There are various types of necrotizing fasciitis: type I or polymicrobial, type II or group A streptococcal, or type III gas gangrene. These three types vary in the way of being transmitted into a person. Type I is saltwater necrotizing fasciitis which can be acquired by a minor skin wound containing vibrio species (Edlich). Type II or group A streptococcal and type III are frequent in initiating infecting bacteria whether it is anaerobic or aerobic pathogens like bacteroides, clostridium, or e coli (Edlich). It comes to show that it can be acquired by either breathing in the pathogen or infecting an individual directly. The treatment of necrotizing fasciitis depends on which type a person has as well as how far long has it been attacking the...
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...Aeromonas Hydrophila: The Improbable Culprit Edwin Myrick Abstract This study examines the structure and influences of Aeromonas Hydrophila, as a stand-alone bacterium and as it contribute to Necrotizing Fasciitis. Aeromonas Hydrophila impacts both aquatic life and humans, although the infection is not commonly known. This study examines those influences and explores medical case studies where individuals experienced illness, amputation, and even death. Aeromonas Hydrophila: The Improbable Culprit As the summer months begin to elevate the mercury level, nature’s creeks and streams provide cooling entertainment from the elements. People have long used these waterways for recreation activities, such as fishing, walking, swimming, and canoeing; unsuspecting of the dangers. Most bacteria are harmless, but certain types can cause complications and disease. The flesh eating bacteria Aeromonas Hydrophila, can create unthinkable devastation through minor cuts and scratches; causing sickness, amputation, and even death. The world has thousands of micro-living organisms called bacteria, these unicellular microorganisms have cell walls, but no structured nucleus, some of these microorganisms can cause disease (Hogan, 2005). Thousands of bacteria inhibit our environment every day, many of them unidentified but not all of them are unhealthy. Bacterial cells consist of shapes; spherical, rodlike, spiral, helical, and comm-shaped (Lerner, 2005). The...
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...Scott Lewis 2/28/2013 Dr. Satre BIO 251 Necrotizing Fasciitis One of the most common skin infections known are bacterial infections; they have a wide range of severity, from merely annoying to deadly. Most bacterial skin infections are caused by two bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and a form of Streptococcus. In the case of Necrotizing Fasciitis, bacteria are usually the cause. Some of the bacteria that have been found to cause this infection include group A Streptococcus, which is group A strep, Klebsiella, Clostridium, E. Coli, Staphylococcus areus, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Because of its effect on skin, Necrotizing Fasciitis is sometimes called flesh-eating bacteria. This infection is very rare but also very serious; about 1 out of 4 people who come in contact with this infection die from it. It is important to always clean wounds and cover them after getting them because the most common way of getting Necrotizing Fasciitis is when the bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin such as a cut, scrape, burn, insect bite, or puncture wound. Symptoms may develop quickly, sometimes as soon as 24 hours after a minor skin injury. The rapid onset of symptoms that occurs is a very important clue that you may need to seek medical attention. It is more likely for people to be affected by this bacterial infection who have other health problems that may lower the body’s ability to fight infection. Many chronic health conditions that weaken the body’s immune system...
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...Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare and rapidly progressing skin disease caused by a bacterial infection. It affects the subcutaneous cellular tissue and superficial fascia (type of fibrous connective tissue which surrounds muscles, blood vessels and nerves in the body) causing necrosis of the tissue. [1] A B Figure 1 A. Medical illustration depicting normal epidermal, dermal and subcutaneous anatomy. B. Medical illustration of advanced necrotizing fasciitis with necrosis of skin, vascular thrombosis and involvement of underlying muscle. Source: Musculoskeletal Illustrations, Frank Corl [2] Disease symptoms & Diagnosis The disease symptoms include small, red and painful lumps on the skin which rapidly turn into painful bruise-like areas...
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...Data bases searched 2005 to 2014 | Key words used | Number of studies found | Cochrane Google scholar | Plantar fasciitis treatment | Systematic reviews | 0 | | | Randomised controlled studies ( RCTs) | 4 | | | Controlled trails | 0 | | | Case studies | 0 | Effectiveness of calf muscle stretching for the short term treatment of plantar heel pain: a randomized trial Joel A. Radford, Karl B. Landorf, Rachelle buchbinder and Catherine Cook Goal: Randomized sham controlled trial to determine whether calf muscle stretching is an effective short term treatment for plantar heel pain Strengths * Used the Foot Health Status Questionnaire which has proven good reliability * Decent sample size (n=92) * Moderate success of blinding Weaknesses * Some of the patients in the stretching group had to discontinue stretching due to pain (this is important to note in the patient handout) * Only demonstrated one way of stretching the calf Conclusion: Calf muscle stretching is not recommended for plantar heel pain Level of scientific evidence: 2 Degrees of recommendation: C/D Cryoultrasound therapy in the treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis with heel spurs. A randomized controlled clinical study C. Costantino, M.C. Vulpiani, D. Romiti, M. Vetrano, V.M. Saraceni Goal: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of cryoultrasound therapy, in comparison to cryotherapy alone Strengths: * Decent sample size (n=84) * No reported side effects or complications ...
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...continue to participate in the sport. There are really no preparations to playing tennis that will cause the injury, but there are many injuries that can occur while actually playing. First you need to reserve a court, get tennis, a racket, and the proper clothing. Most importantly you need the correct sports shoe. Finally you are ready to go and play tennis, don’t forget to stay properly hydrated when doing any intense activates such as tennis. There are many hazards and injuries that your body can sustain while playing tennis. The first thing comes to my head is a groin strain, luckily that has never occurred to me while playing. Since you are running the whole time on your feet on a hard surface, it is a possibly to cause a plantar fasciitis. Lastly with the force that your shoulder endures while serving the tennis ball at high speeds, could possibly cause a rotar cuff injury. The possibility of having all these injuries is very likely, and there could be more if you are not careful. Although not all injuries can be prevented like we have discussed in the personal injury discussions, there are some steps you can take to lessen the chance of getting hurt. All of the example of injuries above can easily be prevented by the stretching before, warming up, stretching after, and not being too reckless. Stretching is so important for any sport. Stretching warms up your muscles, and prevents any possible strains. People often forget to stretch after a workout, but it is very beneficial...
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...Running barefoot cause less collision because you get more forceful impacts. Last body weight shod heel- strikes repeatedly experience. One reason running barefoot cause less Collison is because your foot won’t hurt after you done running as bad with shoes on. And you well fell a differed without having shoes on your feet because you well be more conformable. Without having shoes on its better cause a lot of people go outside with shoes and they run without shoes on so it’s best to run barefoot outside. Another reason is running on balls of the feet avoid more forceful impacts because its more helpful on the bottom of your...
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...This essay is about superbugs that can be found in a hospital setting. Because one out of every twenty patients admitted to a hospital will contract an infection according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it’s important to understand the science behind them. These superbugs are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridium difficile (C. diff), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and Carbapenem-resistant and necrotizing fasciitis. These infections can be costly, difficult to treat, even life threatening. The best way to prevent the spread of infection is a simple task that will only take everyone 60 seconds or less to do. Superbugs-Hospital Acquired Infections A superbug is a...
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...(Todar 1). About five to fifteen percent of people have Streptococcus bacterium within their respiratory tract, but do not have any signs or symptoms (Todar 1). Streptococcus pyogenes is transmitted trough respiratory droplets; it can also be spread to cattle and back to humans’ trough unpasteurized milk or raw meat (Pathogen Regulation Directorate). There are many diseases in the ranges of mild to severe that Streptococcus pyogenes can cause. Some acute diseases include cellulitis, impetigo, sinusitis, and strep throat (Khan). Some more severe diseases that the bacteria can cause are necrotizing fasciitis, vaginitis, and scarlet fever (Khan). Some common signs and symptoms include fever, pain, dizziness, or a red rash around a wound (Streptococcus pyogenes). Streptococcus pyogenes has many virulence factors to help it survive within a human host. There’s a M protein, which allows Streptococcus pyogenes to resist phagocytosis (Todar). The F protein allows to bacteria to attach to epithelial cells. Another virulence factor is the hyaluronic acid capsule that helps the organism be resistant to phagocytosis as well; the capsule is similar to human connective tissue so the immune system doesn’t recognize it (Reese). To escape antibiotics the tagged epithelial cells with the F protein form biofilms so they aren’t phagocytized (Streptococcus...
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...What causes Chlamydial infection? What is Trachoma? What causes Malaria? What cause EHEC? (Enterohemorrhagic E.Coli ) What are the symptoms of EHEC? What causes BOTULISM? Where Does Clostridium Boltulinum grows? What kind of Bacteria causes Gonorrhea? Where does Neisseria Gonorrhea grow? What is Meningitis? What causes Meningitis? Name the diseases or infections caused by Streptococcus Species? What bacterial species cause necrotizing fasciitis? What are the consequences of the infection? What causes TB or “Tuberculosis”? What is Hepatitis B? How can it spread? What does Influenza does once in the body? What are the Five Important functions of Microorganism? The agents of human infectious disease fall into how many categories? Name them. (Specify if they are living or nonliving) Write Briefly on Viruses? What are the three things that all living organisms contain? What are the two groups in which living organisms are divided into? What are most bacteria surrounded by? What is peptidoglycan? What is a cell capsule? What interferes with the phagocytosis of the immune system? What is glycocalyx? What is the purpose of Flagellum? What is endospore? What is the smallest bacterium? And its size? What is the size of E.coli? And its average size? Name the largest bacteria and its size? Name the longest bacteria and its size? Bacteria with the smallest number of genomes? Name the two smallest...
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...Cause and Effects of MRSA By: Danielle Ingrassia Abstract In this essay I will be describing what MRSA is, how it is transmitted, what the effects of it are and how it can be prevented. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's tougher to treat than most strains of staphylococcus aureus (staph) because it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. The symptoms of MRSA depend on where you're infected. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, like sores or boils. It can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract. Though most MRSA infections aren't serious, some can be life-threatening.. Because it's hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug." Staph is a common bacteria that can live in our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it, one-third of everybody has staph bacteria in their noses. Staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut or leasion. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections in the United States. These are usually minor and don't need special treatment. Sometimes, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia. Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph, like MRSA, have become resistant...
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...Outline for Class Project Topic: The Skin: from growth to the healing process 1. Growth A. How the skin grows a. Layers of the skin 2. Types of skin diseases A. All different types of disesase that can be caught a. how they are caught and transmitted 3. Infections of the skin A. Types of infections a. How they can affect the body 4. How skin Heals A. What types of injuries cause the skin to go into healing mode. a. How long can a healing process take The Skin: From growth to the Healing Process In this paper I am going to discuss many different topics related to our skin. When discussing the skin. a good place to start is the different layers of the skin. The skin has three different layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue(Brannon 2007) . These three layers play a very important role in how our skin grows and how it heals after injury. The epidermis is the outer layer of skin. The thickness of the epidermis varies in different types of skin. It is the thinnest on the eyelids at . 05 mm and the thickest on the palms and soles at 1.5 mm(Brannon 2007). There are five different layers to the epidermis. The bottom layers, which are shaped like columns, divide and push already formed cells into higher layers of the epidermis(Brannon 2007). Once the cells reach the top layer, which is made up of dead cells, our body sheds the top layer (Brannon 2007). This process happens approximately every two weeks. The Dermis which can also vary in thickness, like...
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...on the RBCs and platelets found in this specific agar. There are multiple strains of S. pyogenes, with M1 being the most popular globally. Diagnosis of a strep infection depends heavily on presentation, with the initial medical response dependent on the anatomical site of complaint. Human infection with Streptococcus pyogenes (which are referred to as Streptococcus A infections) may result in impetigo, erysipelas, streptococcal pharyngitis (“strep throat”) and scarlet fever. In escalated infections, S. pyogenes can result in life-threatening conditions including myositis, streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome, and necrotizing fasciitis. These advanced infections usually occur in a host that is predisposed and vulnerable to disease due to an unrelated medical condition (e.g., diabetes). Severe infections with low mortality rates such as necrotizing fasciitis require expurgation of dead tissue, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and intravenous antibiotic administration (with drugs such as oritavancin, dalbavancin, and tedizolid). Less severe infections, such as impetigo, may simply call for oral antibiotics. Furthermore, strep infections have the capability to be passed to a receiving infant during vaginal births. Closely related to S. pyogenes is S. agalactiae, whose infection of a host would result in what are classified as Streptococcus B conditions, such as cellulitis and endometritis. CITATIONS "CDC Streptococcus Laboratory." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers...
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...SeAnna Brantley Microbiology Case Studies 1.1-1.8 Case 1.1 1. The fertility specialist recommended the rubella vaccine because if the rubella virus is contracted early in pregnancy there is an increased risk of miscarriage or birth defects such as deafness, cataracts, mental retardation, heart defects, liver and spleen damage. There are contraindications related to conceiving within four weeks of receiving the rubella vaccination because it is a “live” vaccine and could still cause complications. 2. In the United States it is recommended that children receive the first dose of the MMR (measles, mumps rubella) vaccination between 12-15 months (not earlier) and then to receive a second dose around 4-6 years of age. 3. The client’s description does not correlate with the rubella virus. Symptoms of the rubella infection typically only last 3 days and are often referred to as the “3 day measles”. 4. In order to check the immune status of the client the test would be checking for IgG antibodies. The absence of IgG rubella antibodies indicates that the person has likely not been exposed to the rubella virus or vaccine. IgG are also the only antibodies that can cross the placenta to protect the fetus. 5. To test for a current rubella infection using only the IgG antibody test the physician should order the initial IgG for a baseline and then perform the test again in 2-3 weeks to check if there was a significant increase (titer) present. An increase would indicate recent or current...
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