...discussed herein were noted by scholars during the IBSA dialogue era and continue to defy the mandate of BRICS to date. To start with, the challenge that is common to all three countries of IBSA Dialogue forum is that none of them are clearly identified and respected to the fullas regional representatives. For instance, South Africa is challenged by Nigeria, Egypt and others (Sotero, 2009). However, for a state to be regionally and globally recognized, it first needs to be viewed as dominant by its neighbours before anything else otherwise it becomes a toothless dog. Of course to the southern part of Africa, South Africa is a force to be envied, but this is not the case beyond the equator in our continent. Worse still, Sotero (2009) highlight that a lot of criticism has been expressed regarding the economic, demographic and even territorial lag of South Africa from other BRICS members. This should be a great concern to South Africa and the other members who do not have an issue with our neighbours in the south. Though it is just three years old, BRICS has not been able to spell...
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...Brazil. Understanding the cultures of other people is an important aspect of everyone’s lives, as a country of immigrants, the United states has an amazing opportunity to learn from the experiences of the people who are different from us that isn’t taken advantage of enough. Learning about aspects of other people’s mother land is interesting, and can even help change someone’s views on their own society. Brazil is a very important country with and exciting, and rich history that when studied carefully can have an impact on many people’s opinions of the country today. From artwork, literature, music and much more, it is apparent the Brazilian people had more impact on our culture than their bikini lines. “Culture makes people understand each...
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...The product is sold around the world in the same form, but their settings are modified to the country’s official language and unit of measurements. The iphones sold across the world are the same models, however, places like China use a different socket shape than the ones that are recognized in Canada and the U.S. These sockets are all designed for the variety of electric supply voltages. Milk is a basic necessity and is a modified product. Ontario is known for packaging their milk in bags. Our milk is packaged in bags because it uses 75% less plastic than our American neighbours who use jugs. Although jugs can be returned and reused, people would store toxic substances in them and return them after use. Americans use jugs because it is a tradition. Back when there were iceboxes as refrigerators, people would use glass jars to keep their milk fresh and cold. Soon, plastic jugs were adopted because they were much lighter. Since then Americans have not considered changing it because the system works for them....
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...(iv) Your country is in a recession. You feel that a policy of exchange rate depreciation will stimulate aggregate demand and bring the country out of the recession. This essay examines the effectiveness of using exchange rate depreciation to stimulate aggregate demand in order to bring a fictional country, Australand, out of recession. It will explain how a policy of exchange rate depreciation can increase aggregate demand and how this will stimulate economic activity and bring Australand out of recession. The process of depreciating the currency will be explained as well as possible ramifications of this policy. Alternative options to increase aggregate demand will also be explored. A recession is technically when an economy has experienced two successive quarters of negative gross domestic product (GDP) growth. For this to happen the total amount of goods and services produced by a country must contract on a quarter by quarter basis for six months or more. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7495340.stm) It therefore stands to reason that by increasing the total amount of goods and services Australand produces, known as aggregate output, will bring Australand out of recession. Blanchard and Sheen (2009 p39) state that in the short run the main determinent of aggregate output is demand and that changes in demand can lead to an increase in output. Aggregate demand is the total quantity demanded for output at a given price level and it is therefore necessary to...
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...Introduction to Automobile Industry Automobile industry is the modern manufacturing industry including commercial vehicles (CVs), passenger cars, three-wheelers and two-wheelers segments. The automotive industry is playing a leading role in growth of economies throughout the world. * The first car ran on India's roads in 1897. Until the 1930s, cars were imported directly, but in very small numbers. * This sector is characterized by potential growth and intense competition. * The Automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. * India's passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the seventh largest in the world, (annual production > 3.7 million in 2010). * In 2009, India emerged as Asia's fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. (Reason: More demand and lower interest rates on automobile loans) * India's major car manufacturing industry is based in and around Chennai, also known as the "Detroit of India" .Chennai accounts for 60 per cent of the country's automotive exports. NOTE: The level of technology change in the Motor vehicle Industry has been high but, the rate of change in technology has been medium. Key automobile manufactures in India: * Maruti Udyog * General Motors * Ford India Limited * Bajaj Auto * Mahindra & Mahindra * Hyundai Motors India Limited Research on Tata Motors ...
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...ECONOMIC INTEGRATION The process of Economic Integration arises when a group of nations in the same geographical area join together to form an economic union or a regional trading bloc by raising a common tariff wall against the products of non-member countries while freeing internal trade among members. Opposing tariffs can also differ among members when trading with external partners, this is called a customs union, but in a free trade zone among members is called a free-trade area. All this culminates in a common market, which includes also the free movement of labour and capital among the member states, forming the most advanced type of economic integration, the economic union. Examples of a complete economic and monetary union are the United States. Free trade leads to the most efficient utilization of world resources and thus maximizes world output and welfare, our goal is to increase welfare by practising free trade. A customs union can reduce and increase welfare, to insure that welfare is increased the customs union should be formed under the following conditions: 1. the higher the preunion trade barriers of member countries. There is then a greater probability that formation of the customs union will create trade among union members rather than divert trade from non-members to members. 2. The lower are the customs union’s barriers on trade with the rest of the world. This makes it less likely that formation of the customs union will lead to costly trade diversion. 3...
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...Introduction In this essay, I will be taking a look into the general growth and development experience of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay over the period of 1950 to present day. Using several dimensions of development, I hope to provide a glimpse into the development process that Uruguay has gone through in the above mentioned period. Description Uruguay is a South American country with a relatively small population of 3.3 million people, as of 2008, living in a land area of 176,000km2 (World Bank, 2009). However, they do possess a fairly good Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of US$8260, which is fairly high compared to the Latin America & Carribean average of US$6781 (World Bank, 2009). Throughout the last 60 years of its history, Uruguay has undergone much changes in terms of its social, economic and political scenes. Uruguay suffered many years of turmoil during the period of the 1950s and 1960s. Though at one point of time, the people living in Uruguay had the highest per capita income in the continent, that did not last and economic problems occured. In the 1970s, Uruguay suffered a military coup, in which the generals took power from the elected officials and thus began a period of military rule from 1973 to 1985. During the early years of military rule, the economy did recover from the economic downturn of the previous period. However, the Uruguayan economy began to worsen once again towards the end of this period. Because of this, the military was forced to...
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...Yesufu Umar Faruk A00013589 PHI 201 RELIGION IN A MODERN SOCIETY INTRODUCTION Today’s religion did not originate from space; they did exist from ancient faiths which may have been swept away by time. The ancient religion may not be as active as in the past but have continued to influence our present culture. The 19th century had a change in knowledge about other religion, ethics and beliefs and showed a gradation in economy of a state, these stages of progression includes that of Abrahamic to middle age religion, down to their mode of socialization with the environment. ORIGIN OF RELIGION Religion evidence dates back to thousands of years. Archaeologist used apparent burials from Homo sapiens as yardsticks of religious ideas. Other evidence includes symbolic images from middle stone ages, especially that of Africa. However, the interpretation of the paleo-images and their direct meaning with respect to how they relate with religious beliefs remains a controversy, as compared to more recent remains. Various theories have been put down by scholars more recently to supporting the originality and origin of religion rather than believing in earlier claims by Christian beliefs that the world was unreligious (non-religion). Edward Burnett, Tylor, and Herbert Spencer proposed the theory of “Animism” while a renowned archaeologist, john Lubbok described earlier religion as “Fetish”. Other scholars like Max Miller in his theory defined earlier religion as “Hedonism”, while Wilhem...
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...You chose to study in the United Kingdom. You are beginning to think about what your options are after graduation. Building on an excellent international education you are returning to your home country, Brazil. You stand at the beginning of an exciting career, but what are the steps you need to take in order to find a suitable job, and where do you find the information you need? This careers profile provides you with practical advice about returning to work in Brazil to help you make a successful start in your career in the Brazilian labour market. Included are key facts about current trends and jobs in Brazilian industry, advice about seeking employment in Brazil, hints and tips for making a successful application, and helpful information sources. Country profile Benefits Main routes to employment Where will your career take you? Current career prospects Where to find more information Appendix 1: sample CV Country profile In the past two decades Brazil’s economy has seen a growth spurt, with an average growth of GDP of 4.5% between 2004 and 2007. Before the credit crunch which affected the global economy in 2008 – 2009, an estimated average GDP growth for 2008 to 2010 had been predicted at 5%. For 2010, the finance minister of Brazil has predicted the GDP growth to be 5.2%. This shows that the Brazilian economy is still one of the fastest growing economies of the world, together with the other BRIC countries: (Russia, India and China), of which India...
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...Mexico and the United States The rise of Mexico In this special report • • • • • • • • • From darkness, dawn »Señores, start your engines Bureaucrats and backhanders A glimmer of hope The gain before the pain Stretching the safety net The ebbing Mexican wave The other American dream The 31 banana republics Sources & acknowledgements Reprints America needs to look again at its increasingly important neighbour Nov 24th 2012 | from the print edition NEXT week the leaders of North America’s two most populous countries are due to meet for a neighbourly chat in Washington, DC. The re-elected Barack Obama and Mexico’s president-elect, Enrique Peña Nieto, have plenty to talk about: Mexico is changing in ways that will profoundly affect its big northern neighbour, and unless America rethinks its outdated picture of life across the border, both countries risk forgoing the benefits promised by Mexico’s rise. The White House does not spend much time looking south. During six hours of televised campaign debates this year, neither Mr Obama nor his vice-president mentioned Mexico directly. That is extraordinary. One in ten Mexican citizens lives in the United States. Include their American-born descendants and you have about 33m people (or around a tenth of America’s population). And Mexico itself is more than the bloody appendix of American imaginations. In terms of GDP it ranks just ahead of South Korea. In 2011 the Mexican economy grew faster...
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...It is ranked at 136 along with Equatorial Guinea while Sri Lanka strides ahead Over the past three decades, India has made good progress on the human development index (HDI), says the Human Development Report 2013, released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). However, India’s rank out of 187 countries is no better than last year’s. With a HDI value of 0.554 and a rank of 136 among 187 countries, which it shares with Equatorial Guinea, India is placed in the “medium development” category. There has been steady improvement in its HDI value, which was 0.345 in 1980. In 1950, Brazil, China and India together represented 10 per cent of the world economy, while the six traditional economic leaders of the North accounted for more than half. According to projections in the report, by 2050, Brazil, China and India will together account for 40 per cent of global output, far surpassing the projected combined production of today’s Group of Seven bloc. | | | HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries in four tiers of human development. Since 2011, the UNDP report has included an inequality adjusted HDI, also known as IHDI, which attempts to include the effects of inequality on human development. The IHDI for India this year is 0.392. High gender inequality The country fails miserably on the front of gender equality. On the gender equality index, with a value of 0.610, India has one of the worst indicators...
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...Latin American Politics and DevelopmentThe Cold War, the Cuban Revolution, the spread of guerilla warfare and the doctrine of National Security in Latin America | During World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union fought together as allies against the Axis powers. However, the relationship between the two nations was a tense one. Americans had long been wary of Soviet communism and concerned about Russian leader Joseph Stalin’s tyrannical rule of his own country. For their part, the Soviets resented the Americans’ decades-long refusal to treat the USSR as a legitimate part of the international community as well as their delayed entry into World War II, which resulted in the deaths of tens of millions of Russians. After the war ended, these grievances ripened into an overwhelming sense of mutual distrust and enmity. Post-war Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe fuelled many Americans’ fears of a Russian plan to control the world. Meanwhile, the USSR came to resent what they perceived as American officials’ rhetoric, arms build-up and interventionist approach to international relations. By the time World War II ended, most American officials agreed that the best defence against the Soviet threat was a strategy called “containment.” In 1946, in his famous “Long Telegram,” the diplomat George Kennan explained this policy, The Soviet Union, he wrote, was “a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with the U.S. there can be no permanent modus vivendi...
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...Brazil Inside brazils booming fashion industry （http://www.businessoffashion.com/2010/08/inside-brazils-booming-fashion-industry.html） A Booming Economy Undeniably, the primary force driving the current surge in the Brazilian fashion market is a healthy macroeconomic context. Brazil’s economy has been expanding steadily for years, a result of a stable political and social climate and long-term reforms set in place by the current and previous government administrations. As much of the world slid into severe recession in late 2008, Brazil continued to expand. Indeed, according to Brazil’s national statistics agency, GDP grew a record 9 percent in the first quarter 0f 2010. National Optimism The robust economy has, in turn, fed the country’s self-confidence. Whether at São Paulo Fashion Week, in the streets, or in the nation’s shopping malls, there is a palpable optimism in the air: Brazil believes in itself. This hasn’t always been the case. When queried on the main factor behind her country’s current optimism, Erika Palomino, arguably the best-known fashion journalist in Brazil, pointed out that a new-found “self-esteem” is as important as the positive numbers: “Because we are a former colony, for a long time we didn’t believe in ourselves and always looked abroad, thinking other countries did things better. That has changed.” Indeed, winning bids to host both the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics have had a major impact in boosting the country’s sense of confidence...
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...Marc Wright http://www.simply-communicate.com/case-studies/internal-communication/inside-general-motors-communicating-through-crisis Katie McBride had the hottest seat in internal communications last year as car giant General Motors filed for Chapter 11 in one of the most dramatic melt-downs of the economic crisis. She came to the IABC World Conference to a sell-out session where she relived her experiences of the last 12 months. This was no small deal – General Motors was – and still is – one of the world’s leading automakers. From its global headquarters in Detroit it directs business in 157 countries around the world, employing some 205,000 people. The company produces cars and trucks in 31 countries, including the US, China, Brazil, Germany, the UK, Canada and Italy selling such brands as Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, FAW, GMC, Daewoo, Holden, Jiefang, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. McBride has now moved onto other roles at GM but as Head of Employee Communications back in 2009 she drove through a three part strategy. “Our aim was to keep leaders visible and accessible to instill confidence in their direction and the company’s future through open, honest communication that involved the entire leadership team and not just the CEO. Secondly we wanted to reach our whole audience globally in a way that was meaningful and relevant and thirdly use employees as ambassadors for our products.” The first part of that strategy was put under extreme pressure when on the 29th...
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...greater geopolitical clout” BRICS is the title of an association of leading emerging economies, arising out of the inclusion of South Africa into the BRIC group in 2010. As of 2012, the group's five members are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. With the possible exception of Russia, the BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs. As of 2012, the five BRICS countries represent almost 3 billion people, with a combined nominal GDP of US$13.7 trillion, and an estimated US$4 trillion in combined foreign reserves Presently, India holds the chair of the BRICS group. Due to steady growth in BRICS nations in the recent past their share in global output has grown from 11% in 2005 to 18% in 2010. President of the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao has described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace. The BRIC grouping's first formal summit commenced in Yekaterinburg on June 16, 2009, with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva,Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending. In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[14] South Africa officially became a member nation on December 24, 2010...
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