...Examination of Stool Stool from patient is examined to detect: 1. Adult worms 2. Segments of tapeworms 3. Ova and Cysts of Parasites 4. Larvae 5. Trophozoites 6. WBC , RBC , Pus Cells , Macrophages etc Collection of stool sample : 1. Stool sample is to be collected in a wide mouthed leak proof container with a tight fitting lid. 2. Amount: 20 – 40 gram of solid stool or 5 – 6 tablespoonful of liquid stool .Care is to be taken to prevent contamination with urine , dirt etc . 3. Patient is to be warned not to take any medicine or medicinal substance before collection of the sample. 4. Stool sample must not be collected from bedpan containing disinfectants. 5. The container should be properly labeled with patient’s ID no., the name of the test that is desired by the clinician. 6. The stool sample is to be kept in a cool shady place but not to be frozen. 7. Stool sample is to be transported to the laboratory without any delay. Examination of stool is to be done within 30 minutes of stool sample collection (not within 30 minutes after reception of stool in the lab). Examination of stool is divided into a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination) b) Chemical examination c) Microscopic examination a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination): Consistency: whether the stool sample is formed, soft, loose or watery. Presence of blood and mucus Presence of round worm, thread worm or tapeworm proglottides Colour and smell of stool b) Chemical examination Stool is usually acidic...
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...Symbiosis- living together, a special relationship between two species necessary for the survival of at least one of the two organisms. It is not mutual or unilateral physiologic dependency but living together without any reference to benefit or damage to symbionts. There are four types: commensalism, phoresis, mutualism and parasitism. Symbiont- an organism that spends a portion of or all of its life intimately associated with another living organism of a different species. Commensalism- One organism lives at the expense of another but cause no harm (pilotfish and shark) (+,0) Phoresis- No physiological dependency is involved. Mechanically carried (0,0) EX: Sexton beetle-phoretic Mutualism- Mutually beneficial relation (termites and intestinal flagellate) (+,+) Mutually beneficial relation (Clown fish and sea anemone) (+,+) Parasitism- A guest who uses ones resources to live. An organism that lives on (infest) or in (infect) the host. An organism that nourishes itself at the expense of the host without destroying it as rapidly as predator does. An organism that inflicts some degree of damage to host. (+,-) Facultative parasite- Opportunistic. They are free living until they are placed in a situation conducive to becoming a parasite. EX: Amoeba Naegleria eats microbes but when opportunity comes infects humans. Obligatory parasite- Completely dependent on host for all or part of its life cycle. Two types: Permanent and Temporary. Permanent EX: tapeworms in the intestine...
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...Nepenthes gracilis is a carnivorous plant found mostly in humid, tropical climates, such as South-Eastern Asia, Australia, and Madagascar, however they grow in soils that lack essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to their survival (Adlassnig 2011). In order to offset this fact, N. gracilis has adapted the ability to trap its animal prey and obtain those nutrients it lacks in its soil through its prey, consisting of arthropods (mostly ants). As ants climb onto the inner surface of N. gracilis, hoping to capture nectar, the ants slip and fall into the plant’s pitcher which consists of digestive fluids in order to kill its prey (Bauer 2012). Since N. gracilis lives in humid environments, it makes efficient use of this rainfall by using the raindrops to moisten the wettable surface of the peristome of the plant, making it slippery, and thus facilitating its prey easily falling into the plant’s trap to be digested (Scholz 2010). Many species within the genus Nepenthes use their pitcher lid and peristome in order to attract prey onto these areas by secreting high levels of nectar to the inner surface of their pitcher lid, and then traps their prey as they fall directly into the plant's digestive glands (Moran 2010). Previously, species of Nepenthes were only known to use their peristome to capture prey (using raindrops), however a new study now demonstrated that the species N. gracilis also use their pitcher lid as a trapping mechanism, as the experiment showed that compared...
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...Press Genetic Control of Programmed Cell Death in the Nematode C. elegans Hilary M. Ellis,’ and H. Robert Horvitz Department of Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 The phenomenon of programmed cell death raises a number of questions. Why are cells generated only to die? By what mechanisms do they die? How is it determined during development which cells die? C. elegans is well suited for studies that attempt to answer these questions. This nematode has fewer than 1000 somatic cells, and fixed patterns of cell divisions, migrations, and deaths generate individuals of invariant anatomy (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Kimble and Hirsh, 1979; Sulston et al., 1983). Thus, specific developmental events can be examined reproducibly and at the resolution of single cells. In addition, the short generation time (3 days at 20%) and large brood size of C. elegans facilitate genetic manipulations (Brenner, 1974; Herman and Horvitz, 1980). We describe here the isolation and characterization of mutations that prevent the initiation of programmed cell death in C. elegans, causing cells that would normally die to survive instead. These mutations define two genes, ted-3 and ted-4, that may be involved in determining which cells express the fate of programmed cell death. Summary The wild-type functions of the genes ted-3 and ted-4 are required for the initiation of programmed cell deaths in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The reduction or loss of ted-3...
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...The purpose of the first experiment was to observe the how different mutations along with injected proteins in the C.Elegans affected its movement. The second experiment performed on the C.Elegans was to determine the benefits of having certain cell receptors as well as the effects of only having mutations, thus leading to paralysis of the nematodes when certain drugs were administered. Observing Caenorhabditis elegans is a very beneficial because they are very diverse, for example they are able to reproduce fairly rapidly. The C. Elegans are non parasitic therefore they safe to use in a lab, they are easy to cultivate in a petri dish when they are given bacteria. They contain a very similar genome sequence as humans do therefore they are very helpful to study when wanting to learn more about the human genome. (Feeney, 2013)....
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...Animal Diversity Part I Introduction One of the primary goals of the second half of Biol 106 is to understand evolutionary relationships among animals and to gain an appreciation for the diversity of animal form and function. The huge diversity of animals requires us to divide our survey of different animals into a number of labs. Because of time limitations, we will consider only the major groups of animals, but your textbook can provide information about other groups represented by few or little known species. The study of animal phylogeny is an important and ongoing scientific investigation. Because there are differing hypotheses regarding the evolutionary relationships between animals, we will use a simplified phylogeny (Figure 1) to help us organize and understand the enormous diversity among animals. It is helpful to group animals according to certain unifying characteristics. The largest grouping of animals is the phylum (plural phyla). As you have learned in lecture, there are a few simple questions one can ask about animals to put them into different phyla. The first question is, “What type of symmetry does the animal exhibit?” Animals can be asymmetrical, that is, possessing no organized body plan. Only the Sponges fall into this category. Animals can also be radially symmetrical, where the body is arranged around a central point at all stages of life. Many in the phylum Cnidaria (pronounced “knee dare ya”) are radially symmetrical. All other animals are bilaterally...
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...Importance of Thermoacidophiles -The importance and impact that microbial activity has on the geology, geochemistry and ecology of hydrothermal vent ecosystems is now well-recognized. Given the recent discovery that the first cultured member of the deep-sea endemic archeael lineage, DHVE2, is a thermoacidophile, growing best at pH 4.5 and unable to grow above pH 6, the investigators in this project are poised to use this organism as a model organism to explore the ecology of thermoacidophiles at deep-sea vents. Importance of Methanogenium thermophilum -In four species of methanogens able to grow with secondary alcohols as hydrogen donors the expression and properties of secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (sec-ADH) were investigated. Cells grown with 2-propanol and CO2 immediately started to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones if transferred to new media. Importance of Methanobacterium Thermoautotrophicum -The complete 1,751,377-bp sequence of the genome of the thermophilic archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum deltaH has been determined by a whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach. A total of 1,855 open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified that appear to encode polypeptides, 844 (46%) of which have been assigned putative functions based on their similarities to database sequences with assigned functions. Importance of Gram-positive - Gram-positive bacteria are so called because they take up the violet stain used in the Gram staining method. Gram-positive...
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...Animal Diversity Time Requirements: Exercise 1: 15 mins. Exercise 2: 15 mins. Exercise 3: 30 mins. Exercise 4: 10 mins. Exercise 5: 15 mins. Exercise 6: 20 mins. Exercise 7: 30 mins. Exercise 8: 10 mins. Exercise 9: 30 mins. Materials Required: ITEM NUMBER (per group) LOCATION Any living or preserved plant *specimens (listed below) Display Cart/Counter Microscopes (compound and dissecting) Display Counter Colored pencils 1 set Cart/Counter *Specimens: Preserved or Living Prepared Slides Grantia Grantia choanocytes Hydra Planaria Tapeworm Clam Termite Brittle star Crayfish Earthworm Frog Mammal skulls Sand dollar Sea cucmber Sea star Lab Safety: Wear safety goggles/glasses and gloves while handing specimens (it is preferred that specimens remain in the appropriate containers untouched). Lab coats or aprons may be available upon request. Demonstrations/Tutorials: To display each life cycle with specimens and slides, see the following display suggestions – Clean up and Disposal of Waste 1. Return any materials to original locations. 2. Try to preserve any living specimens for future labs. Lab Alternatives – Computer Based p. 113 Exercise 1 – Phylum Porifera – Sponges Given that all sponges are filter feeders, why does it follow that all sponges are aquatic? Filter feeding is the filtering of nutrients and plankton suspended in water therefore for sponges to feed effectively they must be aquatic ...
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...Good Things to Know about Worm Castings This is an overview of benefits known about worm castings. The overview is generated from information disseminated by such major Universities as Ohio State, Cornell University and UC Davis. This information also comes from other institutions and companies such as the California Vermiculture, LLC and the Australia SIRO. Their research goal was to establish the value of worm castings. Their test results have shown improved flower size, bloom quantity, quality, and color. Fruit and vegetable tests results have shown yield improvements from 15% to 57% as well as improvements in taste and appearance. The information you need to know and consider is presented below in a list format, which we believe is easier and quicker to reference and grasp. Some of the discoveries made will surprise you. Most people will be amazed by the following information if they have no prior exposure to the absolute beauty and completeness of the worm casting. Basic points to start: Worm Castings are the worm feces. The castings are made up of live biological organisms. The organisms include fungi, actinomycetes , beneficial bacteria, pseudomonads , plant growth regulators, yeasts, molds, trace elements and the famous N-P-K ratings used by fertilizers, to reference the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and K (which is the chemical symbol for Potassium) quantities promoted by the fertilizer industry (more on this below). Worm Castings are harmless to plants (in any dosage)...
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...Introduction C.elegans, are soil nematodes that are used as model organisms because they can answer simple questions about the development and behavior in several different organisms based on genetics. It is an excellent model organism for the fact that it is inexpensive, easy to grow on an agar with Escherichia coli, and has 800 cells. Generally the C.elegans are a millimeter in length. Their bodies are long and round Methods Before we could cross the nematodes we had to learn how to transfer the worms between agar plates that have E.coli on them. A sterile technique was used which involved closing the lids on the plates when we were not using them. The only object that could touch the agar was our sterilized wire tool. When we handled the worms, the wire pipette was passed through a flame to sterilize it. Once there was glue on our tool from the outside of the bacterial lawn, we could pick up the worm that we desired with the help of our microscope. This was done by scooping underneath and lifting them up or by attaching them to the glue. When the worm was on our tool, they were...
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...The Problem with the Safety of Roundup Ready Soybeans Aurelia Bright Abstract: Farmers have been looking for a labour and time effective solution to weeds that grow and compete with their crops since they began farming. In 1970 when Monsanto introduced Roundup, a systemic herbicide, farmers rejoiced. Because Roundup is effective against annual and perennial weeds it was time efficient as it enabled farmers to treat a field once rather than twice as was previously necessary. The next landmark innovation came in the form of herbicide resistant crops, specifically, Roundup Ready crops. These were crops that genetically engineered to be resistant to Roundup which allowed farmers to spray fields with herbicide. They no longer had to discern between what a weed was and what was a crop, they could spray everything indiscriminately. This simple weed management system went on to revolutionise the entire farming industry. Introduction: Charles Darwin first set out the theory of evolution in the 19th century. He proposed that plants and animals were in competition for the same resources and that only the fittest and strongest survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. Farmers have been giving their crops a helping hand in that fight since 10,000 B.C. by weeding, using salt to deter pests and keeping seeds from high yielding crops to sow the following year (Kingsbury, 2009). Over time, as farmers came to understand more about breeding techniques, they began to choose...
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...THE EFFECTIVENESS BANANA (MUSA X PARADISIACA) PEELS USED AS FERTILIZER APPLIED IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLANTS SAMPLES RESEARCHER: BERLENE GAIL H. LAMA CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the study A banana peel, known as a banana skin in British English, is the outer covering of the banana fruit. As bananas, whether eaten raw or cooked, are a popular fruit consumed worldwide, with yearly production over 145 million tonnes in 2011, there is a significant amount of banana peel waste being generated as well. Banana peels are used as feedstock as they have some nutritional value. Banana peels are widely used for that purpose on small farms in regions where bananas are grown. There are some concerns over the impact of tannins contained in the peels on animals that consume them.[3][4] Banana peels are used as feedstock for cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, rabbits, fish and several other species. The specific nutrition contained in peel depends on the stage of maturity and the cultivar; for example plantain peels contain less fibre than dessert banana peels, and lignin content increases with ripening (from 7 to 15% dry matter). On average, banana peels contain 6-9% dry matter of protein and 20-30% fibre (measured as NDF). Green plantain peels contain 40% starch that is transformed into sugars after ripening. Green banana peels contain much less starch (about 15%) when green while ripe banana peels contain up to 30% free sugars. Banana peels are also used for water purification...
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...number of plants in a 5cm by 5 cm area. Record this count in your data table. 4. After the plants have dried, weigh and record the mass. 5. Allow the remaining grass to grow for one more week 6. Find the difference in the dry mass. This number is in grams of added carbon per five plants. Scale this up by using the number of plants growing in 25 cm. Then convert units of CM to m and also number of days between samples to years 7. Calculate and report the NPP into units of grams of carbon per square meter. Food Web Sun Grass organic matter Nematodes(root feeders) Fungi Bacteria Arthropods（insect） Nematodes(fungi and bacteria feeders) Protozoa predator Arthropods Birds...
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...animals except Sponges and Cnidarians. That is called triploblastic. These three embryonic tissues are: ectoderm, which forms the skin or epidermis and nervous tissue, mesoderm, which forms muscles and some organs, and endoderm, which forms the lining of the gastrovascular cavity or gut. Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical. The phylum is divided into four classes : Turbellaria - free-living marine, freshwater, and terrestrial flatworms ,Class Trematoda - parasitic internal flukes, Class Cestoda - parasitic tapeworms, Class Monogenea- parasitic external flukes . All roundworms, phylum Nematoda, are very similar in appearance, they have a cylindrical body with tapering ends. Most Nematodes are free-living, but some are important parasites of plants and animals. As for the flatworms, nematode development includes all three embryonic tissue layers. Roundworms have a fluid-filled body cavity, that is lined on the outside by tissue derived from mesoderm. Such a cavity is called a pseudocoelom. In this lab we examined the prepared slides of planaria, Trematoda, Cestoda, Ascaris and living specimen of planaria, rotifers, and preserved specimen of Ascaris ....
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...Corn Integrated Pest Management Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to monitoring pest lifecycles and prevalence in farmer’s fields to determine the best pest control methods to protect crop yield potential in the current and following growing seasons. IPM is a continuum of pest management evaluations, decisions, and controls that encompass pest lifecycles and prevalence, agronomic practices such as crop rotation, seed selection, soil management, and timely use of pesticides to minimize pest damage and protect environmental resources. Red Root Rot a Late Season Disease of Corn * Roots and basal stalk tissue infected with red root rot characteristically have reddish-pink, rotted roots. * Stalks are weakened and susceptible to lodging. * Premature plant death is common and can occur quickly and yield losses can be as high as 15-20%. * Genetic resistance to red root rot is uncommon and breeding for disease resistance is difficult. Management Management options are limited. Crop rotation with a non-host such as soybean can provide some control.1 Genetic resistance has been difficult to incorporate into corn products, although the rate of disease development varies greatly between corn products. Research on inheritance of disease resistance indicates that it is a polygenic trait with additive gene action, which has complicated breeding efforts.1 Environmental stress during the season may contribute to disease infection and severity...
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