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Network Connections

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Network Connections
Networks rely on varies different types of connections to provide access to the internet, deciding on what type of connection to use comes down to what is available in the geographical location, price, reliability, and the amount of bandwidth/ speed a person or company may need. In most cases copper wire is the medium used whether it is through a coaxial cable, Ethernet cabling, or telephones lines; Fiber optics which is purely digital has begun to flood the market due to its high speeds and transmission distances. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), CATV, and FTTH (Fiber to the Home) are a couple of the current options available in most instances. DSL uses wired telephone services to provide and internet connection with a use of a modem to modulate the frequencies into bits through pulses to create a digital connection over an analog line. DSL offers users a choice of speeds ranging from 128 Kbps to 3 Mbps (Beal, 2016).
CATV similar to DSL in many ways allows high-speed internet to be delivered through the same infrastructure that is used for cable television in an analog format. To allow CATV systems to carry high-speed Internet data, cable companies simply put that data into a slot of bandwidth that would otherwise be used as a television channel (Lander, 2016). The bandwidth available is solely based on how many channels the current cable provider can allocate for data transfer, the more channels, the higher the bandwidth will be which typically ranges from 1-40 Mbps. Through the use of a modem the cable company can send the data out on the cable and then the modem picks off the information that is intended for it. When you upload, though, it's more complicated; if two modems upload at the same time, they could cancel each other out (Lander, 2016) Time division multiple access or TDMA is used to keep two modems from uploading at the same time similar to what is used with cellular carriers. CATV provides a higher amount of bandwidth than DSL due to the medium used for transferring data; DSL uses phone lines where CATV make use of coaxial cable typically produces two times the speed depending on the amount of subscribers in the area. FTTH broadband connections refer to Fiber optic cable connections for individual residences. Such optics-based systems can deliver a multitude of digital information -- telephone, video, data, et cetera -- more efficiently than traditional copper coaxial cable for about the same price (Crosby, 2008). Due to the typical bandwidth of 50 Mbps-1 Gbps and the ability to for long distant links Fiber has been replacing the traditional copper links of the last couple decades (Peterson & Davie, 2012). FTTH broadband connections already are a reality for more than 1 million consumers in the United States, while more than 6 million in Japan and 10 million worldwide enjoy its benefits, according to Broadband Properties Magazine.

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Network Efficiency Based on Connectivity type
Some issues that can affect DSL is the overall throughput and speed, which can severely cut down on a networks efficiency when the link becomes saturated and packets begin to drop. One advantage besides cost that DSL does have is that the connection is yours and not shared, and you tend to have a more constant speed (Beal, 2016). CATV Internet connections utilize a cable technology that is based on shared bandwidth which creates many factors influencing a user’s download speeds (Beal, 2016). With shared bandwidth the speed fluctuates depending on the number of subscribers on the network (Beal, 2016). The efficiency of data transferring can be severally degraded with a shared connection such as CATV depending on the needs of the network based on the sharing method used; in a more rural area, this may not be as much of an issue. For networks that rely on large amounts of bandwidth to be passed, providing better efficiency through utilizing a single connection FTTH can provide far faster connection speeds and carrying capacity than twisted pair conductors, DSL or coaxial cable (Crosby, 2008).

ISP connectivity service types and available connections

Generally speaking, everyone wants the fastest most reliable link to provide their network with top performance but having to justify the cost is where the decision to go with DSL, CATV, or FTTH comes into play. Many rural areas and even multiple countries do not have the backbone to support Fiber optics nor provide the service to households and companies. In most cases you have to take what your local ISP provider has available and sometimes that may have to be the slower DSL link forcing you to work with what you have available. Verizon over the past decade has made huge strides in laying Fiber throughout the USA not only working with other companies to lay Fiber backbones but bringing Fiber to the household. Determining what ISP providers have and what infrastructure you currently have based on geographical location is all you can do.
Options Based on Personal or Business and Finances

Each of the mentioned connections has their main advantages and also disadvantages depending on a networks bandwidth requirements. For instance, a home user that already has the infrastructure for CATV or DSL can save money by utilizing the preexisting infrastructure and make their decision based on cost and what they need. In a lot of cases pertaining to a business that relies on mass amounts of data transferring and an enormous amount of users it might be worth the initial investment to have Fiber ran to the build. Choosing what connection to go with comes down to what the user needs performance wise, financial status, existing infrastructure, and what connections are even available; all is based on a case by case basis. For example, most personal users are not going to go out and spend large amounts of money to have Fiber ran to their residence when Fiber is not currently available in their area; the cost would be astronomical whereas a business may be able to justify it.

References

Beal, Vangie. (2016). Cable vs. DSL. Retrieved from http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/cable_vs_dsl.asp

Crosby, T. (2008). How Fiber-to-the-home Broadband Work. Retrieved from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-to-the-home.htm

Lander, S. (2016). How Does CATV Send High Speed Internet?. Retrieved from http://science.opposingviews.com/catv-send-high-speed-internet-19390.html

Peterson, L. L., & Davie, B. S. (2012). Computer Networks: A Systems Approach. (5th ed.). : Morgan Kaufmann.

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