...Neural Plasticity Joelle Flythe, Jennifer Parr, Kristina Catalan, Mich Haas Psych 340 May 16, 2016 Amy Hennings Neural Plasticity Have you ever wondered what happened to a person when they have a stroke? Better yet what happens to the person's brain? Does the brain change? Or how will the person recover from the stroke? These are all questions that this paper will discuss. The information that follows will be in great details about a stroke, about our patient by the name of Stephanie. Stephanie has had a stroke. We want to ensure that Stephanie, our patient, understands what is next to come after her stroke. We will focus on the recovery process, the do's and do not's and the functions and limitations of a person who has had a stroke. What is a stroke? According to the American Heart Association, a "Stroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain. It is the number 5 cause of death and a leading cause of disability in the United States. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot; it bursts or ruptures. When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it and brain cells die" (American Heart Association, 2016.) When a person has a stoke it is unpredictable and affects the brain in a major way. When a person has a stroke, they can become paralyzed, lose memory and have to learn...
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...Statement: In this paper we will discuss different kinds of brain injuries, the functions of neural plasticity and the limitations of neural plasticity. The first thing that is discussed in the paper in different brain injuries. We go into depth about five different brain injuries that include blood clots, hematomas, concussions, strokes and cerebral edema. Once we have covered brain injuries we discuss the functions of neural plasticity in brain injuries. An important thing that is discussed with neural plasticity is the recovery from a brain injury, what is required during recovery and how long recovery from a brain injury can take. The last thing that is discussed in this paper is the limitations of neural plasticity with brain injuries. Keywords: brain, injuries, plasticity, neural “Each year, traumatic brain injuries (TBI) contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability. TBI is a contributing factor to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the United States.” (cdc.gov) Robert has experienced a traumatic brain injury that is going to affect him for the rest of his life. Brain injuries are serious, and should be treated as such. For some people brain injuries go unnoticed and untreated leaving it to be deadly, but for others it is caught and treated but the healing process is extensive. In this paper we will discuss different kinds of brain injuries, the functions of neural plasticity and the limitations of neural plasticity. Blunt trauma...
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...Neural Plasticity Paper 1 Neural Plasticity Paper Functions and Limitations of Neural Plasticity Research today has shown that “the capacity of the human brain for functional and structural reorganization throughout life is now well recognized.” (V. Valkanova, R. E. Rodriguez, K. P. Ebmeier. 2014) Neural Plasticity is what we understand as the brains ability to adapted to and repair damaged areas. In the case of Robert, who had a car wreck which left him with a traumatic brain injury, how does neuroplasticity play a role in his recovery? Since the damage was done in the frontal lobe, the areas that are affected are his hand/eye coordination, conscious thought, emotions, personality, attention span, motivation, judgment and organizational capacity. Finally, the damage to the frontal lobe often shows in risky behavior or impulsive behavior by the subject. This type of behavior requires the rehabilitation to begin with going back to basic human behavior. By this, Robert will have to relearn his relationship to himself as well as others, Roberts brain itself will begin to rewire itself around the damaged of his brain. Neuroplasticity is a long process that requires Robert to relearn his skills that he has lost. Science has shown that with the rehabilitation and the repetition of these skills the brain can begin to rewire the wiring. For example, brain damage...
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...Slide 1 Hi everyone! My presentation will be about brain development and plasticity. Slide 2 “The human brain is estimated to have about a hundred billion nerve cells, two million miles of axons, and a million billion synapses, making it the most complex structure, natural or artificial, on earth.” Tim Green, Stephen F. Heinemann and Jim F. Gusella (from a paper in Neuron, 1998) Slide 3 Brain development. Slide 4 What we know about human brain? The human brain is the most complex of all biological systems. It is made of a hundred billion information processing cells called neurons. The neurons communicated with each other by making connections. This connections called synapses. It is estimated there are 60 trillion connections in the adult brain. It has about 200 000 neurons. Slide 5 Brain has right and a left hemispheres. They connected by a fiber bundle that leads to the two sides of the brain that connect to each other. Average human brain weighs about 2-3 pounds. If we will look inside of adult brain we will see two kinds of tissue: grey matter and white matter. It contains of the cell bodies of the neurons. We can see grey matter along the entire surface of brain. Thats the neocortex. Cortex the brain's outer layer, which is essentially our gray matter. The white matter consist other fiber that connect neurons into information processing networks. Each neuron extends a connecting fiber called axon. Axons covered with a fatty substance called mylan that...
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...• 4467 Development/Plasticity/Repair Demonstration of a Neural Circuit Critical for Imprinting Behavior in Chicks Tomoharu Nakamori,1,3 Katsushige Sato,2,4 Yasuro Atoji,5 Tomoyuki Kanamatsu,6 Kohichi Tanaka,1 and Hiroko Ohki-Hamazaki1,3,7 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute and 2Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan, 3Division of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan, 4Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Health, Komazawa Women’s University, Inagi-shi, Tokyo 206-8511, Japan, 5Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan, 6Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan, and 7Recognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Imprinting behavior in birds is elicited by visual and/or auditory cues. It has been demonstrated previously that visual cues are recognized and processed in the visual Wulst (VW), and imprinting memory is stored in the intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) of the telencephalon. Alteration of neural responses in these two...
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...receptors. Concluding the paper, Metzner suggested that there is no single population of final, feature-extracting elements or “recognition units” that controls JAR-related shifts of the pacemaker frequency holding the idea that the motor control of the JAR consists of an interaction of two independent pathways according to a “push-pull” principle. Fortune et al in 2006 further delved into the phenomena of JAR to identify and characterize circuits involved in the behavior. Due recent progress in the study of electrosensory systems, Fortune re-analyzed this circuit, in relation to newly described electrosensory behaviors, that include prey capture, social signaling and the tracking of electrosensory objects which lead to a re-evaluation of the broader functional relevance of these neural response relating to the control of the JAR. Some of the recent insights that have emerged from this work include descriptions of mechanisms underlying dynamic receptive field properties, as exhibited by the pyramidal neurons that dynamically matches the information characteristics to the source of the information; descriptions of the neural activity related to simultaneously occurring global and local stimuli, where a exposure of local stimuli in presence of a detrimental global stimuli attenuates responses while presenting local stimuli along with post-JAR global stimuli elicits a greater response; and a greater understanding of the role of short-term synaptic plasticity in temporal processing...
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...remain desperate forever. However, if we understand that inspiration is the best tool to better our lives, then we have to understand how it happens. The paper aims at discussing how inspiration happens. How Does Inspiration Happen? As per the scientific research done by different stake holders in the field of inspiration, it is evident that the best moment to get inspired is not when we are at our best. Rather, it happens when we are groggy, relaxed or maybe when we are a little drunk. This is due to support of neuroplasticity concept. In simple terms, neuroplasticity implies that the formation of brain continuously forms new connections and neural pathways even at old age. When two ideas are interconnected or linked together, this is not just a metaphor. What actually happens is that the brains normally reconstruct to accommodate the new processes. However, the process of creating new pathways for the brain is not always at its peak. The moment we are attentive, alert or even focused, our brains experience higher beta brain waves. This is a perfect tool for executing tasks that we are familiar with. As we get relaxed, the brain exhibits higher levels of alpha brain waves. Slower and slower brain waves occur as we get closer to sleep. The slow wave brains then help our brain to become more plasticity and the more plasticity it, the more we get...
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...The definition of a drug addiction is the loss of control over the intense urges to take the drug even at the expense of adverse consequences (Volkow & Li, 2005). The drugs are used multiple mechanisms like positive reward, inhibitory control, and executive function to modulate the brain functions. In this paper, I am going to examine how addictive drugs alter the brain function and result in mediating our behaviors. The primary function of the brain is to monitor the external and internal environment of the individual, then respond to an unconscious and/or conscious level. However, our body requires more complex works for a living. What are the fundamental concepts of how the nervous system mediates behavior? The brain does not work independently...
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... taking, and recovery, declines dramatically."(1) Recent scientific research has shown significant causal relationships between drug addiction and genetic predisposition as well as between addiction and environmental factors. Both genetics and the environment influence the brain, which in turn effects the behavior of usage. Once an individual begins using psychotropic substances, such as cocaine or heroin, measurable changes in brain chemistry and physiology perpetuate the cycle of addiction. Thus, we have an example of brain affecting behavior, which in turn, affects the brain. This cycle is particularly extreme and insular in the situation of drug addiction where free will and decision making are quickly and severely impaired. In this paper, we will first explore the genetic and environmental theories on drug addiction. We will then investigate how the behavior of drug addiction changes the brain to perpetuate the circle of cause and effect between the brain and behavior. Genetic Influences on the Behavior of Drug Addiction: Addiction does not result from a single gene. However, multiple genetic trends have been identified as crucial contributors to the illness of addiction. Alcoholics and cocaine addicts often express the A1 allele of the dopamine receptor gene DRD2 and lack the serotonin receptor gene Htr1b. These genes both fit into the pleasure-response category, but there are numerous ways in which other genes affect an individual's response to drugs, from tolerance...
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...Infant Mental Health Critical Review Abstract In this critical review, the newspaper article being reviewed is Infant mental health: Giving children the best head start, is described and summarized. The topic being discussed is infant mental health and how they should be receiving satisfactory care from their caregivers at an early age. Infant mental health can be defined as a field that studies the parent caregiver relationships and inner lives of infants. In agreement with this article, five scholarly academic sources arguments and findings are observed. This paper shows a critical review of infant mental health; the brain’s plasticity through a critical period and the importance of supportive infant-caregiver relationships that produce positive experiences for infants and further their developmental capabilities ultimately, helping them grow better. It also highlights the reality that the society as a whole is involved in providing better environmental influences for infants in order to supply them with a better future. Recommendations for future research and unanswered questions in infant mental health are made in response to the need of support of caregivers and the society. The news article, Infant mental health: Giving children the best head start, emphasizes the importance of the first 1000 days of an infant’s life (2015). Adulthood is shaped and impacted by our early experiences (D’alton, 2015). Professor Kevin Nugent is an expert of early child development...
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...Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, NJ 07430 Cover design by Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis/ edited by David Birdsong. p. cm. — (Second language acquisition research) Chiefly papers presented at a conference held Aug. 1996, Jyväskylä, Finland. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8058-3084-7 (alk. paper) 1. Second language acquisition—Congresses. I. Series. P118.2.S428 1998 401′.93–dc21 98–42609 CIP ISBN 1-4106-0166-8 Master e-book ISBN CONTENTS Credits Preface Chapter 1: Introduction: Whys and Why Nots of the Critical Period Hypothesis for Second Language Acquisition David Birdsong Chapter 2: Functional Neural Subsystems Are Differentially Affected by Delays in Second Language Immersion: ERP and Behavioral Evidence in Bilinguals Christine M.Weber-Fox and Helen J.Neville Chapter 3: Co-Evolution of Language Size and the Critical Period James...
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...Analyzing Psychological Disorders University of Phoenix June 2, 2011 Analyzing Psychological Disorders For the last duration of my interview process I will analyze the psychiatric disorder of schizophrenia. I will discuss the various parts of the brain that this disorder affects as well as the causes and symptoms of schizophrenia. I will then analyze two different case studies the first one being anorexia and the second being insomnia. Within my analysis of the two case studies I will examine the problem as a biopsychologist and relate it the nature-nurture issue. I will conclude the interview with possible helpful drug interventions or solutions as well as the side effects that they may cause. PART A “The term schizophrenia means the splitting of psychic function and is most commonly associated with the concept of madness” (Pinel, 2007). Schizophrenia affects three different parts of the brain the forebrain, hindbrain, and the limbic system. “As a whole the forebrain serves to control cognition (the process of thinking, knowing, learning, and judging), sensory and motor function, temperature regulation, reproduction, hunger, sleep cycle and emotional expression” (Walding, 2011). Damage or abnormalities in the forebrain causes delusions within people who suffer from schizophrenia. The temporal lobe also located in the forebrain assists in visual and auditory functions. In schizophrenics this may cause hallucinations through both hearing and visual perceptions. The hindbrain...
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...Psychology 111: Introduction to Neuroscience Course Paper Glia and Alzheimer’s disease Glial cells (also known as neuroglia, or simply glia) are small non-neuronal cells that have numerous functions to maintain a healthy brain. When Rudolf Virchow founded glial cells in 1856, glia was thought to be the glue, which held the nervous system together. (Kalat, 2013) This is not the case. In fact, glial cells are essential to support brain function. “Morphofunctional changes resulting from the plasticity of all the glial cell types parallel the plastic neuronal changes that optimize the functionality of neuronal circuits. Moreover, neuroglia possesses the ability to adopt a reactive status (gliosis) in which, generally, new functions arise to improve and restore if needed the neural functionality.” (Álvarez, M. I., Merino, J. J, Rodríguez, J. J, Toledano, A. & Toledano-Díaz, A., 2015) Due to these features, neuroglia cells can playa crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease. The most common forms of glia are Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and Microglia. The most abundant type of glial cells in the brain is the star-shaped astrocytes. Astrocytes have multiple functions that include “regulating pH, storing and releasing glucose, detoxification, modifying the immune response, modulating synaptic activity, inactivating neurotransmitters, and inducing and maintaining the blood brain barrier.” (Freet, August 28, 2015) Oligodendrocytes are “located in the brain and the spinal...
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...BIO INSPIRED NEURAL NETWORKING AMONG MULTI-ROBOTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Transportation is one of the most important economic activities of any country. Among the various forms of transport, road transport is one of the most popular means of transportation. Transportation has an element of danger attached to it in the form of vehicle crashes. Road crashes not only cause death and injury, but they also bring along an immeasurable amount of agony to the people involved. Efforts to improve traffic safety to date have concentrated on the occupant protection, which had improved the vehicle crash worthiness. The other important area where research is currently being done is collision avoidance. Technological innovations have given the traffic engineer an option of improving traffic safety by utilizing the available communication tools and sophisticated instruments. Using sensors and digital maps for increasing traffic safety is in its infancy. Systems are being developed to utilize the available state of the art facilities to reduce or possibly prevent the occurrence of crashes. Total prevention of crashes might not be possible for now, but the reduction of crashes could easily be achieved by using the collision avoidance systems. 1.1 NEED FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE The development of collision avoidance systems is motivated by their potential for increased vehicle safety. Half of the more than 1.5 million rear-end crashes that occurred in 1994 could have been prevented by...
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...Megan Jones Radford University Developmental Perspective Paper The life-span perspective views development as lifelong, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. Development is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span. Late adulthood is the longest developmental period. It starts from ages sixty to seventy and lasts until death. Age can be described biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions. Erikson’s Integrity versus Despair is the final developmental stage experienced in late adulthood. An older person will reflect on their life during these years of their lives. They will reflect and evaluate whether their life was meaningful, integrity is achieved and if not the person will go through despair. Erickson proposed that individuals go through distinct stages throughout development of the life span. For...
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