...Week 2 Article Review: Dopaminergic mechanisms of individual differences in human effort-based decision-making Scot Joslin Averett University Organizational Behavior BSA 319 / B2147 Dr. J. Scott Frampton, Ph.D. January 17, 2013 Week 2 Article Review: Dopaminergic mechanisms of individual differences in human effort-based decision-making The authors examined individual cost and benefit valuation in regards to human economic behavior. “Variability in decisions about how much to work, how much to risk, or how long to wait for a given reward” (Treadway et al., 2012, p. 6170). In short, how long or hard are humans willing to work, and how long are we willing to wait for a desired reward/result. The answer appears to be that it depends on the individual. While not a surprising result, why that is appears to be scientific. The authors conducted a study of 25 individuals. Individuals were given the option of performing a task with a higher likelihood of completion but lower possible award. As well, participants were given the option of performing a task that was more difficult to complete but a higher possible award. The tests were administered with varying degrees of the possible awards actually being given. At the time participants were performing the tasks, they were also completed a PET scan to monitor dopamine to “evaluate how variability in DA function as associated with individual differences in cost/benefit decision-making preferences” (Treadway et al., 2012...
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...using, like another person caused them to do self-medicate. Therapist may use behavior therapy, or use coping mechanisms to encourage a total recovery (Lewis, 2014). The psychological model suggests that the addiction is an individual program (Lewis, 2014). Within the Psychological model, drugs, like heroin, work to mimic the brains own chemicals because they activate neurons, which do not active neurons in the same way as they normal would, this leads to abnormal messages that are transmitted in your brain (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014) Drugs, for example, Cocaine, can release neurotransmitters that prevent...
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...neuromarketing will change market research and marketing fundamentally. This new form of research is derived from the argument that people don't and can't really know what motivates them, because much of our mental processes are unconscious. However, the truth is that most decisions do involve both automatic, instinctive reactions, and elements of control and consideration. Tools of Neuromarketing: There are many tools used in the study of neuroscience to determine specific chemical changes as well as neurological changes in the human brain. It is the understanding that the researcher’s use of these tools can measure various levels of change in the human body when visually confronted with images and/or video clips. The results of these changes are then compared to the scientific theories of where these changes took place in the brain and what that part of the brain it correlates to. Many studies have shown that specific areas in the brain evoke emotions, such as anger, excitement, intenseness, sadness, feelings of self, reward, and happiness. Two main areas of focus are the Ventral Putamen, which is thought to process...
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...Categorizing gambling as an addiction made it clear that people cannot control themselves. Adolescents are the primes example Carl Robertson says because the brain has not fully developed. After age 25 adults are then considered to understand the choices being made. Our influences regardless of age but of social media and its influence are what encourage these behaviors. In the article “To play or not to play: A personal dilemma in pathological gambling” apply gambling to a cognitive identity. That it controls your mind in decision making, and all important implication. It can become an adrenaline thing where the higher the risk and reward regardless of the short outcome. Although the secondary article “Pathological Choice: The Neuroscience of Gambling and Gambling Addiction” stands to believe that it is a cognitive approach they focus more so on the mechanisms, or the economic understanding, and cognitive distortions associated with gambling. In the article “To play or not to play: A personal dilemma in pathological gambling” this APA style paper demonstrates a focus on purpose of study. This article had more scientific study approach. They studied rather than only providing information human personality traits, economic situations, with doing self reports. There was major focus...
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...discovering when they peer inside the brain as it makes everyday choices like these. DEFINITION: Neuromarketing is the application of neuroscience to marketing, how a person’s brain responds to advertising and other brand-related messages. Neuromarketing includes the direct use of brain imaging, scanning, eye tracking, skin response or other brain activity measurement technology to measure a subject’s response to specific products, packaging, advertising, or other marketing elements. Neuromarketing will tell the marketer what the consumer reacts to, whether it was the color of the packaging, the sound the box makes when shaken, or the idea that they will have something their co-consumers do not to help in development of products and communications (4ps) as indicated by our brain's reactions to brand stimuli, marketers can design products and communications to better meet "unmet" market needs, connect and drive "the buy". "We can use brain imaging to gain insight into the mechanisms behind people's decisions in a way that is often difficult to get at simply by asking a person or watching their behavior," says Dr. Gregory Berns, a psychiatrist at Emory University. HISTORY: Neuromarketing researches have been developped in the United States since 1991. First, they were results of the research laboratories that were specialized in neurosciences, research that were requested by important companies. Although this research was initially confidential, the collaboration with important...
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...Running head: Neuroanatomical Differences in ADHD 1 Neuroanatomical Differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Influence of Stimulant Medication Administration Zach Grice-Patil University of Minnesota Neuroanatomical Differences in ADHD Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common psychological disorder with a pathophysiology that is not well understood. The choice treatment is with strong psychoactive stimulants (methylphenidate), which has helped to establish much of the known pathophysiology of the disorder. Medication administration to young children is becoming exceedingly common and it is suspected here that methylphenidate has effects on neurodevelopmental processes. Much of the imaging data which suggest neuroanatomical differences observed in ADHD are confounded by the inability to control for lifetime-medication use in the sample. Animal data have demonstrated that acute methylphenidate administration can cause significant changes in juveniles. A 2 multi-level analysis of the current literature assessing the structural differences in ADHD with respect to methylphenidate administration is the focus for this review. Methods include: MR structural, MR diffusion, MR spectroscopy, Positron Emission Tomography, and Histology. Based upon this review, the current administration of methylphenidate to young ADHD patients should be reevaluated to account for the uncertainty in medication-induced neurodevelopment. Neuroanatomical Differences...
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...Neuropsychologia 51 (2013) 2026–2042 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropsychologia journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropsychologia The neural basis of implicit learning and memory: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research Paul J. Reber n Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 6 November 2012 Received in revised form 14 June 2013 Accepted 15 June 2013 Available online 24 June 2013 Memory systems research has typically described the different types of long-term memory in the brain as either declarative versus non-declarative or implicit versus explicit. These descriptions reflect the difference between declarative, conscious, and explicit memory that is dependent on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, and all other expressions of learning and memory. The other type of memory is generally defined by an absence: either the lack of dependence on the MTL memory system (nondeclarative) or the lack of conscious awareness of the information acquired (implicit). However, definition by absence is inherently underspecified and leaves open questions of how this type of memory operates, its neural basis, and how it differs from explicit, declarative memory. Drawing on a variety of studies of implicit learning that have attempted to identify the neural correlates of implicit learning...
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...Learning that lasts through AGES Dr. Lila Davachi, Dr. Tobias Kiefer, Dr. David Rock and Lisa Rock NeuroLeadershipjournal issue THREE 2010 The attached copy is furnished to the author for non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author’s institution, sharing with colleagues and providing to institutional administration. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or thirdparty websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post a version of the article to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding the NeuroLeadership journal’s archiving and management policies are encouraged to send inquiries to: support@neuroleadership.org www.NeuroLeadership.org © NeuroLeadership Institute 2010 For Permissions, email support@neuroleadership.org This article was published in the © NeuroLeadership Institute 2010 For Permissions, email support@neuroleadership.org This article was published in the NeuroLeadership journal. The attached copy is furnished to the author for non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author’s institution, sharing with colleagues and providing to institutional administration. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or thirdparty websites...
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...Anthony Moore Psych 303-01 Dr. Katilius-Boydstun May 1, 2007 Annotated Bibliography Stressors and Their Effects on Exploratory Behavior Good, Mark, and R. C. Honey. "Dissociable Effects of Selective Lesions to Hippocampal Subsystems on Exploratory Behavior, Contextual Learning, and Spatial Learning." Behavioral Neuroscience 111 (1997): 487-493. PsychARTICLES. EBSCO. Saint Xavier University, Chicago. 24 Apr. 2007. Keyword: Exploratory behavior. The aims of this test were to assess the effect of hippocampal lesions applied to rats on both exploratory behavior and contextual freezing, and to examine the idea that neural mechanisms are shared in contextual learning and spatial learning. There were three groups in the experiment: a control group (14 rats), a group that was given lesions of the hippocampus proper (10 rats), and one that received lesions of the entorhinal cortex (8 rats). For the first part of the experiment, the rats were placed in a chamber and were given half-second footshocks every 30 seconds after being observed for three minutes. For the second part, for the first six days, rats were placed in a water maze at a randomized position and swam to a hidden platform in the pool (this was a “training” period). For half of each of the groups, the platform was placed in the northwest quadrant of the pool, and for the other half it was placed in the southeast quadrant. On day seven, the platform was removed and the time each rat spent in each quadrant...
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...Acta Psychologica 141 (2012) 243–249 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Acta Psychologica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/ locate/actpsy Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on attention and memory Lucy J. Robinson, Lucy H. Stevens, Christopher J.D. Threapleton, Jurgita Vainiute, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Peter Gallagher ⁎ Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 21 February 2012 Received in revised form 22 May 2012 Accepted 31 May 2012 Available online 26 June 2012 PsycINFO classification: 2300 Human Experimental Psychology 2360 Motivation and Emotion 2346 Attention a b s t r a c t It is well recognised that motivational factors can influence neuropsychological performance. The aim of this study was to explore individual differences in intrinsic motivation and reward-seeking and the effect of these on attentional and mnemonic processes, in the presence or absence of financial incentives. Forty participants (18–35 years) completed two testing sessions where the Attentional Network Test (ANT) and the Newcastle Spatial Memory Test (NSMT) were administered. After a baseline assessment, participants were re-tested after randomisation to a non-motivated (control) group or to a motivated group, where payment was contingent upon performance. Performance in the motivated group was significantly improved compared to the control group on the NSMT (condition by...
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...Compare and Contrast how Cocaine, Ecstasy, Heroin and Cannabis Work in the Brain Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis, are of natural or synthetic origin, which can alter the emotional state, perception, body functioning and behaviour of an individual. Drugs are known to work in the brain by activating certain brain circuits via different mechanisms, and stimulate or inhibit different neurons in the pathway. However, due to the effects of each drug being different, a drug will affect either different pathways and neurons in the brain to that of another, or through a different process, i.e. direct or indirect activity. This essay will discuss the different mechanisms of action that cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis have in the brain, in terms of their similarities and dissimilarities. Recent studies are also discussed in relation to such theories, with findings of research having been derived from both humans and animals. Ecstasy and cocaine are psychostimulants that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. They both act as ‘indirect agonists’, which increase neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the synapse. By binding to the transporters that normally remove the excess of these neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap, ecstasy and cocaine prevent them from being reabsorbed by the neurons that released them, and therefore increase their concentration in the synapses. Changes in the activity of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline neurotransmitters...
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...behavioral impairments reflect degraded function of the BG per se mixed together with secondary dysfunctions of BG-recipient brain areas. To overcome that limitation, several studies have focused on the main skeletomotor output region of the BG, the globus pallidus internus (GPi). Using single-cell recording and inactivation protocols these studies provide consistent support for two hypotheses: the BG modulates movement performance (‘vigor’) according to motivational factors (i.e. context-specific cost/reward functions) and the BG contributes to motor learning. Results from these studies also add to the problems that confront theories positing that the BG selects movement, inhibits unwanted motor responses, corrects errors on-line, or stores and produces well-learned motor skills. Addresses 1 Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Institute and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 2 Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, UMR5229 CNRS, 67 Blvd. Pinel, 69500 Bron, France Corresponding author: Turner, Robert S (rturner@pitt.edu) nor are all of the hypotheses mutually exclusive. These hypotheses are elaborated in the references cited above. The present review summarizes recent experimental results that, in our opinion, buttress a subset of the hypotheses and add to the list of difficulties that challenge many of the others. Function versus dysfunction The desire to understand normal functions of the BG is...
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...Where Is Utopia in the Brain? DanieL s. Levine Introduction The designer of utopian societies, whether fictional or real, often confronts the limits of what is possible for members of our species. But how severe or flexible are those limits? The explosive growth of behavioral neurobiology and experimental psychology in the last decade has produced many results on the biological bases of social interactions. This growth suggests that we can now look to science for some partial answers to the question of limits. Until recently, the social sciences and the biological sciences have mainly developed separate and disconnected accounts of human behavior. In the “nature/nurture controversy,” for example, anthropology has tended to emphasize cultural influences on human nature whereas behavioral biology has tended to emphasize genetic influences. The journalist Matthew Ridley (Nature via Nurture) provides an accessible account of the intellectual history and rhetoric of these two fields. Yet an increasing number of scholars in both areas are now realizing that behavioral biology and anthropology are studying the same human phenomena from different viewpoints. This overlap means there should be an underlying reality that is consistent across the different disciplines regardless of any disagreements in terminology. The behavioral biologist Edward O. Wilson calls this type of interdisciplinary commonality consilience, a term coined earlier by the nineteenth-century philosopher William Whewell...
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...There is an abundance of evidence that proves this idea. Photos of our own children trigger remarkable provincial enactment in the brain that varies from the photos of different babies than our own. The perceptual districts of the mind are receptive to the main objects of our sympathy – our posterity. In other research, members were allowed to help another while their brain initiation was recorded. Helping other people triggers movement in the front cingulate, a part of the brain that is initiated when individuals get rewards and experience delight. This is a momentous discovering: helping other people triggers the delight one would connect with the satisfaction of individual yearning. The mind, then, appears to be wired up to react sympathetically to the distress of others. It is clear that our brain plays a role in our compassionate trait, but so does the rest of our body. The most fascinating relationship is the one of organs, and cardiovascular and respiratory frameworks known as the autonomic sensory system (ANS). The ANS assumes an essential part in giving the proper blood stream and breath examples to boost various types of activity. When youngsters and grown-ups feel empathy for others, their heart rate goes down from heavy levels, which advances approach...
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...According to personality-development.org (n.d. ), “Sigmund Freud developed some of the most influential theories in modern psychology and psychoanalysis. His division of the mind into the conscious and unconscious components have driven research on the brain into very specific directions, and his contributions extend into the field of neuroscience, as well. By exploring the underlying motivations of our behaviors, Freud pioneered new levels of abstraction in human thought. For Freud, the mind is best conceptualized in two distinct components, the conscious and unconscious. The unconscious portion contains the thoughts we may potentially have, as well as the desires which dictate our behavior without our awareness. Societal regulations force us to repress certain aspects of ourselves, and the unconscious serves as the storehouse for this collection. Many of our inner urges are too disturbing for the conscious mind and society at large to cope with immediately. Therefore, we sublimate these secrets into a region we cannot face directly. The ego is responsible for repressing unconscious thoughts. Things that are too disturbing to face immediately are pushed out of awareness by the ego. However, the unconscious continues to exert influence on the behavior of the individual. This psychological pressure creates a continuous battle between the ego and unconscious portions of the psyche. The dynamics of this struggle are the target of much of Freud's...
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