...Nitrate levels have an effect on the chlorophyll levels in Campus Lake Abstract Algae Chlamydomonas is an example of a photosynthetic bacteria that produces chlorophyll in Campus Lake. Temperature can increase and decrease the activeness of the photosynthetic bacteria. Nitrate levels and chlorophyll levels were recorded for four seasons. Nitrate and chlorophyll levels were highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. The temperature was also highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. Nitrate levels impact the chlorophyll levels in Campus Lake. Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine if nitrate levels impacted the chlorophyll levels in Campus Lake from Spring 2009 – Winter 2010. This time frame was selected, because it was a full calendar year with all four seasons. Nitrate, NO3, is the form of nitrogen that can be used by plants to convert to nitrogen for heterotrophs. Chlorophyll is found in autotrophs and can be used as a relative measure of autotrophic concentration (Wischusen, 2009). It was hypothesized that the nitrate levels will positively impact the chlorophyll levels in Campus Lake. If the hypothesis is true, as nitrate levels increase, chlorophyll levels will also increase. Materials and Methods Measurement of nitrate production was performed using sample water from Campus Lake, NitraVer3 Reagent, and NitraVer6 Reagent. 5 mL of sample water was put in a test tube and NitraVer6 Reagent was added to it. The test tube was shook...
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...the water – Replace about a third of the water in your aquarium at least once a month. Tap water may contain chemicals that harm your fish so make sure you add a water conditioner available from your pet shop. * Remove sick fish – Diseased fish can contaminate others so remove them quickly. * Don’t overfeed – Feed only as much as your fish will eat in one minute and just once a day, or as advised by your pet shop. * Don’t overcrowd – Overcrowding increases pollution and aggression problems. Testing Aquarium Water: Water chemistry is not visible; therefore, it is vital to check it on a regular basis. The best way to make this a routine is to check on the tank chemistry while changing the water. The vital parameters are pH, nitrates, nitrites, and carbonate hardness (salinity for marine tanks). Stability is the main factor with pH. pH in the range of 6.5 – 7.5 is suitable for most species, but they can adjust if slightly out of range. KH (carbonate hardness) is the indicator of pH stability. It should be kept under close observation if it comes close to 4.5 dH (degree hardness) or 80 ppm. You must take action if it decreases any further. Half a teaspoon of baking soda per...
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...Answer Key for Problem Set Dealing with Concentration Units 1 a. The formula for sodium sulfate is Na2SO4. w/w% Na2SO4 = grams Na2SO4grams solution x 100 The mass of solute is 15.0 g Na2SO4. The mass of solvent (water) is 400.0 g, so the mass of solution is: 15.0 g Na2SO4 + 400.0 g H2O = 415.0 g solution w/w% Na2SO4 = 15. 0 g Na2SO4 415.0 g solution x 100 = 3.61% Na2SO4 1 b. The molar mass of Na2SO4. must be calculated to find the moles of Na2SO4. Molar mass of Na2SO4. = 2 AW of Na + AW of S + 4 AW of O (where AW = atomic weight) = 2(22.99 g/mol) + 32.07 g/mol + 4(16.00 g/mol) = 142.05 g Na2SO4./mol Na2SO4. Find the moles of Na2SO4.: 15.0 g Na2SO4 x 1 mole Na2SO4142.05 g Na2SO4 = 0.106 mol Na2SO4 Find the volume of solution in liters. Recall from part a, the mass of solution is 415.0g. 415.0 g solution x 1 mL solution1.056 g solution x 1 L solution1000 mL solution = 0.3930 L solution Calculate the molarity: Molarity of Na2SO4 = 0.106 mol Na2SO40.3930 L solution = 0.270 M Na2SO4 1 c. The moles of Na2SO4 is already known from part b. Find the kilograms of solvent (water): 400.0 g H2O x 1 kg H2O1000 g H2O = 0.4000 kg H2O Calculate the molality of Na2SO4 : molality of Na2SO4 = 0.106 mol Na2SO40.4000 kg water = 0.265 m Na2SO4 1 d. Calculate the parts per thousand of Na2SO4 from the mass of solute and mass of solution: ppt Na2SO4 = 15.0 g Na2SO4415 g...
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...Analysis of Municipal Water Lab Report Introduction: The recent problem that the townspeople have brought to my attention is the declining quality of the tap water. Many were unpleased with their water, so I decided to conduct my own test instead of using an outside company. Based on the complaints that the residents brought to recent town meetings, I discovered what ions could be causing the problem and began to test them. I used a Hach spectrophotometer and its instructional manual to determine the ions concentrations in the town’s water supply. The ions tested for were total chlorine, copper, fluoride, total iron, manganese, nitrogen (nitrate), phosphate, sulfate, sulfide, and zinc. Following the manual each ion’s concentration was tested for, each ion required a different powder pillow to be mixed with the water sample. Every ion that was tested also needs a blank, a separate test tube that’s concentration would be considered 0.00 mg/L. If the meter went off scale or read over range during any of the test then it would be diluted down and retested until it was in range. Next we tested the pH of the water sample by using pH paper. The pH record value of the water sample was 5. Then we tested the hardness of the water sample. I accurately measured 50-mL of the water sample with a graduated cylinder and poured it into a 125-mL flask. I then added 1-mL of pH 10 buffer and a few drops of the Eriochrome Black T indication solution. At this point the solution was a medium...
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...Reference ADA study confirms dangers of fluoridated water, especially for babies. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.naturalnews.com/030123_fluoride_babies.html Blue baby syndrome. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bhia.org/articles/childrens-health/bluebabysyndrome.html Infant formula and fluorosis. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/infant_formula.htm Knobeloch, L., Salna, B., Hogan, A., Postle, J., & Anderson, H. (2000). (Placeholder1)Blue Babies and Nitrate-Contaminated Well Water (Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 7). Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/detail?vid=7&sid=c32749b2-8d26-4296-ade8-11fd96708c7b@sessionmgr14&hid=17&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==#db=a9h&AN=3505764 Cristy Martin Your baby’s health is at risk * Prevent blue baby syndrome! Nitrates can decrease the amount of oxygen that your body will receive giving off a bluish gray appearance. * Avoid tooth decay in your baby. Keep your baby’s pearls pearly white. * High levels of fluoride can also be linked to bone cancer, dysfunctional thyroid, and kidney damage. Water &Your Baby’s Health Available Resources * EnviroFocus, Inc. – http://www.enviro-focus.com/ * South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control - http://www.scdhec.gov/environment/water/dwater.htm * EPA - http://water.epa.gov/drink/index.cfm * Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention- http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/index...
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...Case Study American Electric International 1. Whose responsibility is it to staff the office? Because this is a matrix system, those in charge of the functional groups are responsible for assigning staff from their department to the project staff. While the project manager is in charge of guiding and monitoring the project, authority over the staff lies with their functional managers. 2. What should be Glen Carty’s role, as well as that of Dr. Runnels? As the director of project management, whoever the project manager is selected to be will report to Glen Carty. Dr. Runnels is the department head of the engineering functional group. He is responsible for assigning staff to the project and holding authority over them. Dr. Runnels should take into sincere consideration for Glen Carty’s request for staff, but it ultimately Dr. Runnels who must decide who to staff the project with. 3. Should Larry Gilbert be assigned? I think it is clear that Larry Gilbert should not be assigned. In the matrix system where the functional managers control the staff, not the project manager, it is critically important to have a good working relationship with functional managers in order to be able to negotiate for resources. Larry Gilbert clearly does not have that relationship and Richard Flag does. Richard has also proven himself when it comes to managing projects and developing positive relationships with the client and inside staff by being transparent and cooperative. Richard Flag...
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...Soil Nitrate Nitrogen KCl Extraction / Cd-Reduction Method Robert Miller and Leticia Sonon Application and Principle This method involves the quantitative extraction of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) from soils using 2.0 M KCl. Nitrate is determined by reduction to nitrite (NO2-N) via a cadmium reactor, diazotized with sulfanilamide and is coupled to N-(1-Napthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an azochromophore (red-purple in color) measured spectrophotometrically at 520 nm. The method is readily adapted to manual or automated techniques. The procedure follows that of Keeney and Nelson (1982) for determining nitrate nitrogen with a modification in which 25 mL of KCl and 5.0 g of soil are used instead of 100 mL and 10 g soil. Extending the shaking period to thirty minutes with 2.0 M KCl (Bremner and Keeney, 1965) permits the simultaneous extraction of ammonium and nitrate. Care must be taken to avoid contamination from filter paper and operator handling. Since cadmium is a hazardous material, follow manufacturer’s recommendations to properly handle this material. Soil NO3-N is available to plant uptake, therefore, it can be credited when determining crop nitrogen needs. The method detection limit is approximately 0.5 mg kg-1 (on a dry soil basis) and is generally reproducible ± 6%. Equipment 1. Analytical balance, 100.0 g capacity, resolution ± 0.01 g 2. Repipette dispenser, calibrated to 25.0 ± 0.2 mL 3. Reciprocating horizontal...
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...adults suffering from this affliction. If you feel a sharp pain when brushing your teeth, eating hot / cold foods or even chewing something fibrous, chances are you might be suffering from sensitive teeth. It is usually caused when gums recede and therefore, the dentine is exposed. Dentine contains the channels to the nerves, when triggered by hot/cold/sweet/sour food or while brushing your teeth, will transmit the pain signal to the nerves. The most common trigger for sensitive teeth sufferers are cold food. Sensodyne toothpaste comes in Original, Fresh Mint and Fresh Mint Gel and has been clinically proven to be effective against sensitive teeth. The active ingredients in Sensodyne Fresh Mint & Sensodyne Fresh Mint Gel is Potassium Nitrate & Fluoride, while Sensodyne Original contains Strontium Chloride. If you think you have sensitive teeth, consult your...
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...CHM1202 Assignment 2014-15 NAME: _________________________ Reg No. ________________________ Instructions: Answer all questions in the spaces provided. The completed assignment should be submitted to one of the Course Lecturers or the Departmental Secretary no later than 15:00 h on Friday May 8, 2015. a. Ammonia is manufactured using the equation; N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ↔ 2NH3 (g) i) Use the data provided to calculate the entropy change for this reaction at 700K [4] At 700 K; S (N2) = 212 J/K.mol; S (H2) = 149 J/K.mol; S (NH3) = 245 J/K.mol ii) Using ideas about disorder, explain whether the sign of your answer to part a (i) is as expected. [2] ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ iii) At 700 K the enthalpy change for the formation of NH3 is -55.1 kJ/mol. What is the Gibb’s energy change of the reaction in a (i) at 700K? (Include a sign and units in your answer). [5] b. Use your answer to part a (iii) to calculate the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction at 700 K; hence or otherwise state whether reactants or products are favoured at equilibrium. [5] c. A mixture of N2, H2 and NH3is at equilibrium. The total pressure of the system is 150 atm. The partial pressures of N2 and NH3 in the mixture are 21 atm and 36 atm respectively. i)...
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...Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction Test Protocols HISTORY Current tests for nitrate and nitrite reduction are based on the Griess diazotization reaction described in 1858 by Peter Griess. Griess was raised on a farm in Prussia and was the son of a blacksmith, but “…tilling the soil was little to his liking, and on more than one occasion his father found him in a corner of the field, deep in a book, seated on the plough.” (25) In his early attempts at higher education, he was far from a model student, spending time in the institution’s prison and eventually expelled for a year. Finally, in his 6th year at university he began to seriously study chemistry. He obtained employment in the coal-tar distillery where the senior chemists discovered and developed the aniline dye industry. Even though the distillery was soon destroyed by fire, Griess had become obsessed with the chemistry of dye making. He was recommended for a position at the Royal College of Chemistry in Great Britain on the very day that his first article on possible diazo compounds appeared in print: “A Preliminary Notice on the Influence of Nitrous Acid on Aminonitro- and Aminodinitrophenol.” Griess’ first several attempts at diazotization exploded, but his commission at the Royal College was to investigate his new nitrogen intermediates, with the result that diazobenzoic acid was isolated and an entirely new class of compounds was discovered.(18, 25) Because many of these compounds were found to be stable and could be used...
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...This booklet contains guidance on methods for the determination of chemical oxygen demand using potassium dichromate solution, and notes for the disposal and recovery of selected reagents. This document revises the document published in 1986. Five methods are described and these include: A A reference large scale (10 ml) flask digestion procedure with mercury suppression. B A small scale (2 ml) flask digestion procedure with mercury suppression and spectrophotometric determination. C A mercury-free large scale (10 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. D A mercury-free small scale (2 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. E A mercury-free small scale (2.5 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. Throughout the booklet, the term chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used to express the amount of oxygen consumed during oxidation of a sample with hot acid dichromate solution under defined conditions; the test provides an estimate of the oxidisable matter present in the sample. The result is usually expressed as milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample (mg l-1). All of the methods described in this booklet are empirical, and are based upon the oxidation of organic matter using acid dichromate solution followed by spectrophotometric determination or titrimetric determination of residual...
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...Manure sector in Pakistan presently is encompassed by 10 companies, 4 of which are in the public sector (Hazara Phosphate Fertilizer (Pvt) Limited, Lyallpur Chemical & Fertilizer Limited, Pak Arab Fertilizer Limited, and Pak American Fertilizers Limited) while 6 are in the private sector (Engro Chemicals Pakistan Limited, Dawood Hercules Chemicals Limited, Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited and Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Company Limited, Pak China Fertilizer and Pak Saudi Fertilizer Company Limited — now owned by FFC). Fertilizer demand in the country is met from both domestic production and imports. The annual production capacities are as follows: urea 4.3 million tons, DAP (Di Ammonium Phosphate) 450 thousand tons, CAN (Calcium Ammonium Nitrate) 450 thousand tons, NP (Nitrogen Phosphate) compounds 305 thousand tons, SSP (Single Super Phosphate) 180 thousand tons and for NPK (Potash of Nitro phosphate) compounds 100 thousand tons (total 5.78 million tons). The demand and...
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...Nebraska: The terrorist would fly into Omaha, Nebraska and proceed to Silver Spur Ranches in Minatare, NE to begin his contamination. From there he would head to Krebs Ranch in Gordeon, NE and then Spade Ranch just south from there to complete his mission. The following graphic shows his respective route. Wyoming: The terrorist would fly into Denver, Colorado and proceed to Silver Spur Ranches in Encampment, WY to begin contamination. From there he would proceed north to Q Creek Ranch to finish the mission. The following graphic shows his respective route. Upon completion of the 3 days of contamination, the expected immediate effect would be approximately 1,000-3,000 cattle depending on the rate of transmission to other cattle. Those cattle infected in the first two days would already begin to show signs of the disease . The first week impact would likely spread to 20% of cattle on each of those ranches. The exact number of cattle on all ranches targeted is unknown but the number would be well over 2 million cattle. So, with 20% of cattle now infected by FMD in the first week the number of cattle infected has gone from 1,000 to 400,000. The disease would likely be noticed within the first week, but if the infected cattle were not separated quickly enough, the disease would continue to spread. In the first month, the approximate percentage would fall anywhere from 20% (first week impact) to 80% of cattle on those ranches being infected. This means anywhere from 400,000...
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...a silk worm to become an adult and make a cocoon. Silk harvesters will use straw to pick up the adult silkworms then unwind the cocoon. The cocoons must be heated to kill the pupae or a moth will grow from the pupae and destroy the silk. An interesting fact about silkworms is one cocoon can produce about 1,000 meters of silk. After china mastered this sophisticated technique the west traders were willing to pay gold for the same weight as silk. today china is still the main producer of silk. Ancient alchemists in China tried to discover an immortal elixir that grants the gift of immortality. Instead of immortality they discovered gunpowder which is a combination of saltpeter charcoal and sulfur. This mixture is known as potassium nitrate. During the Tang Dynasty (850 AD) this invention was used to make fireworks and signal flares before being adapted for military. The English translation for the Chinese word gunpowder is fire medicine. unique material and no other clothing material is comparable. In order to cultivate silk it takes an average of 24-28 days for a silk worm to become an adult and make a cocoon. Silk harvesters will use straw to pick up the adult silkworms then unwind the cocoon. The cocoons must be heated to kill the pupae or a moth will grow from the pupae and destroy the silk. An interesting fact about silkworms is one cocoon can produce about 1,000 meters of silk. After china mastered this sophisticated technique the west traders were willing to pay...
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...ASSIGMENT ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR Submitted to : Dr. JAMSHED Submitted by: QISMAT ALI KHAN COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ATTOCK OF COLGATE TOOTH PASTE The premium toothpaste market in India is a market that many players are aspiring to be a part of and Colgate has been trying for gaining a more and more market share of this market from a very long time and this is evident from the launch of a new and improved version of Colgate Sensitive Original, known as Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief. Earlier this premium segment of the market consisted of a lot of players like Colgate's very own Sensitive, Pepsodent's Sensitive, Miswak and a few more players in the market who were already charging a premium price from the consumers as compared to the other variants of toothpastes available in the toothpaste market i.e. the prices in this segment were at a premium of around 30 percent than the other toothpaste variants present in the market. Also, if Pepsodent was already present in this segment then why...
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