...relevant. This approach is not useful because all that is happening is that the student is reading the paper aloud, forgetting that the audience is perfectly capable of reading the paper themselves and in most cases has already done so. Here is a different approach. If you're presenting the paper: • Read the paper ahead of time, and decide what you think of the ideas presented in the paper. (Here are some tips on how to read a research paper.) In particular, decide whether you think the paper has some good ideas or whether it belongs in the recycling bin. Keep in mind that very few papers have no worthwhile ideas whatsoever; however, if you're convinced that your paper belongs in this category, follow the steps listed below for critiquing a paper. • Next, decide which idea is the best idea (or a small cluster of related ideas) in the paper. "Best" may mean most novel, most central, most relevant, most clever, most important, and so on. Write down this idea, preferably in your own words, and a one-line justification for why this idea is the best one. (This step is particularly important when the paper you're presenting is your own.) • Now comes the crucial step: Figure out how to get your audience as quickly as possible to the point where they can understand this idea. • Next, if necessary, elaborate the idea and fill in the details. Explain things like how the idea came about, how it was fleshed out in the paper, how it was proven, what benefit it had, what difference...
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...nd Ontology aa e ysics of Ide etaph as M rn de o Id An Ess M Marc A. Hight ay i nE ar ly Idea and Ontology Idea and Ontology an essay in early modern metaphysics of ideas marc a. hight t h e p e n n s y l va n i a s t at e u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s u n i v e r s i t y p a r k , p e n n s y l va n i a Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hight, Marc A., 1969– Idea and ontology : an essay in early modern metaphysics of ideas / Marc A. Hight. p. cm. Summary: ‘‘Provides an interpretation of the development of the ontology of ideas from Descartes to Hume that reaffirms the vital role metaphysical concerns played in early modern thinking’’—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978–0-271–03383–9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Ontology. 2. Idea (Philosophy). 3. Metaphysics. I. Title. BD301.H54 2008 110.9—dc22 2008002466 2008 The Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802–1003 Copyright The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of American University Presses. It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. This book is printed on Natures Natural, containing 50% post-consumer waste, and meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material...
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...Emerson tells them to keep expanding their minds and ideas. The article is used to inspire and address young Americans to create their own ideas, and without the influence of previous works, and British literature, in the hope to revitalize American literature and poetry. Through the use of metaphors, similes, repetition, imagery, as well as metonyms Emerson reinforces his idea that one should be a scholar by nature, rather than by literature. Emersons use of metaphors convey his idea that one should be an individual thinker rather than rely just on the works of others to create his ideas and beliefs. “…when the victim of society, he tends to become a mere thinker, or, still worse the parrot of other mens thinking” (Emerson 470). the use of this quote portrays Emersons idea that men have come to completely relying on the works of others, and that Man is no longer and individual thinker. He encourages these young men of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity to become individual thinking men, and to base their ideas on nature and the society they live in, since one cannot base present society on a later society. Emersons idea on what a scholar should be is that one should learn from society and to write for the society they live in, “each age, it is found must writes its own books; or rather, each generation for the next succeeding. The books of an older period will not fit this” (Emerson 471), this quote directly portrays Emersons idea that the works of others do no fit present society...
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...Name: Professor: Course: Date: The Relationship Between What we See and What we Know is Never Settled Introduction The article describes that how we see the world, greatly influences the world we see. As our ideas of solid living change, so we start to take a gander at the things we consume in an unexpected way. The article explains that there exists a relationship between what we can see together with what we know. Our fantasies of our own and our youngsters' future shape the regular judgments we make, about work, about individuals, about the world that either empowers or hinders those fantasies. Day by day life in this present reality is additionally an envisioned life. The animals of our creative energy slither out of our heads, cross the boondocks in the middle of dream and reality, in the middle of the shadow and act, and get to be real. John Berger’s article on Ways of seeing", is extremely fascinating, though its applications is centered on general seeing and perception of seeing. It concentrates on workmanship through history, and perception was of less enthusiasm to me. The article is so useful because it helped me to remember a philosophical IB class I had on which comparable angles got examined. That could be because I had some major difficulty getting a handle on all dialects in the latter piece of "methods for seeing". I accept John Berger's principle explanation of how people perceive, and how they see, is an extremely captivating one. The...
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...What is Brainstorming? Brainstorming is a large or small group activity which encourages children to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas. The teacher may begin by posing a question or a problem, or by introducing a topic. Students then express possible answers, relevant words and ideas. Contributions are accepted without criticism or judgement. Initially, some students may be reluctant to speak out in a group setting but brainstorming is an open sharing activity which encourages all children to participate. By expressing ideas and listening to what others say, students adjust their previous knowledge or understanding, accommodate new information and increase their levels of awareness. Teachers should emphasize active listening during these sessions. Students should be encouraged to listen carefully and politely to what their classmates contribute, to tell the speakers or the teacher when they cannot hear others clearly and to think of different suggestions or responses to share. What is its purpose? * to focus students' attention on a particular topic * to generate a quantity of ideas * to teach acceptance and respect for individual differences * to encourage learners to take risks in sharing their ideas and opinions * to demonstrate to students that their knowledge and their language abilities are valued and accepted * to introduce the practice of idea collection prior to beginning tasks such as writing or solving problems...
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...Primary driver | Changing customer needs Secondary driver | Changing customer needs Not a driver | Changing customer needs Don't know | Changing technology landscape | Changing technology landscape Primary driver | Changing technology landscape Secondary driver | Changing technology landscape Not a driver | Changing technology landscape Don't know | Need to develop new markets / segments | Need to develop new markets / segments Primary driver | Need to develop new markets / segments Secondary driver | Need to develop new markets / segments Not a driver | Need to develop new markets / segments Don't know | Need to scale new concepts and ideas faster | Need to scale new concepts and ideas faster Primary driver | Need to scale new concepts and ideas faster Secondary driver | Need to scale new concepts and ideas faster Not a driver | Need to...
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...sport, what is the purpose of the team? What is the team’s goal? That’s right! A team’s purpose is to win. So, how exactly does a team accomplish that goal? Have you ever heard the old saying that there’s no “I” in “team”? What do you think that means? Today, we’re going to look at what is called collaboration. Today's lesson objective is: Students will engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions on grade level topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly. Learning Skills Take a...
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...sense-data: what we gather through our senses that have been fed by our experiences. “Sense data,” argues John Locke, “ are the alleged mind-dependent objects that we are directly aware of in perception, and that have exactly the properties they appear to have” (Huemer, 2004) For as one person may hold the view of a celestial being's guiding and shaping all of events driven by an immutable ideal, another may view this terrestrial experience of ours as an accident driven by a series of unpredictable events that can only be roughly calculated by what feeble and temporary instruments we have to measure, the tools of math and science. Regardless...
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...economic writer, opposition political activist, and o finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. • Much of his work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. • This opposition is both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church. • Locke's monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to God, the self, natural kinds and artifacts, as well as a variety of different kinds of ideas. • It thus tells us in some detail what one can legitimately claim to know and what one cannot. • Locke also wrote a variety of important political, religious and educational works including the Two Treatises of Government, the Letters Concerning Toleration, The Reasonableness of Christianity and Some Thoughts Concerning Education. Essay on Human Understanding • Locke is often classified as the first of the great English empiricists (ignoring the claims of Bacon and Hobbes). • This reputation rests on An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. • In writing An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Locke adopted Descartes' ‘way of ideas’; though it is transformed so as to become an organic part of Locke's philosophy. • Yet, while admiring Descartes, Locke's involvement with the Oxford scientists gave him a perspective which made him critical of the rationalist...
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...a big part of Descartes’ beliefs. This method leads to the first stage of doubt which is the fallinist argument, the argument against the senses. “I have noticed that the senses are sometimes deceptive (pg.14). “The senses aren’t always correct. However the senses don not deceive you when you are next “To the fire, wearing my winter dressing gown (pg. 14).” Your senses aren’t always deceiving you in this situation unless you were crazy or maybe have mental problems. This rejoinder leads to the second stage of doubt, which is the dream argument. This argument explains how “there are no definitive signs by which to distinguish being awake from being asleep (pg. 14).” Sometimes in our dreams we feel pain and pleasure the same way as in reality. Sometimes we can’t even tell the difference between dreams and reality. However in a dream or reality the limitation is arithmetic and geometric. Whether you’re awake or asleep “two plus three makes five and a square does not have more than four sides (pg. 15).” So this concludes the math and geometry is always right whether in a dream or reality. This leads to the third stage of doubt, which is the voluntarist argument. One that “Namely that there exist a God (pg. 15).” Does good exist or does he deceive us? “But perhaps god has not willed that I be deceived in this way, for he is said to be supremely good (pg. 15-16).” However he is said to be omnipotent as well. Which leaves the question do I exist? This is also known as skepticism. ...
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...GENERATING IDEAS LEARNING OBJECTIVES |1. |Explain why it’s important to start a new firm when its “window of opportunity” is open. | |2. |Explain the difference between an opportunity and an idea. | |3. |Describe the three general approaches entrepreneurs use to identify opportunities. | |4. |Identify the four environmental trends that are most instrumental in creating business opportunities. | |5. |List the personal characteristics that make some people better at recognizing business opportunities than others. | |6. |Identify the five steps in the creative process. | |7. |Describe the purpose of brainstorming and its use as an idea generator. | |8. |Describe how to use library and Internet searches to generate new business ideas. | |9. |Explain the purpose of maintaining an idea bank. | |10. |Describe three steps for protecting ideas from being lost or stolen. | CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter begins by describing the difference between an opportunity and an idea. Students...
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...What is a negative existential? On paper, it is defined as a description which seems to explain that of something that could not be possible when considering truth-value, regardless of the fact that we as humans discuss things that do not “exist” to the eye on a regular basis. Although it seems as though making statements such as these would come off as straight-forward and simple, existence is a philosophical outrage amongst many scholars that currently study the sort. We speak of many non-existent people, places, and things, yet seem to do so without disarray. But, what is not considered is the language of which we speak it, and that the idea that we are discussing something that seemingly is true by describing it with adjectives, yet we are using true descriptions to describe something that entirely does not exist to begin with. A common example of this is Santa Claus. A pot-bellied, white bearded man that has an extremely descriptive background story known amongst many. We as a culture have nurtured this alleged man into the “hero of christmas”, who brings toys and presents to even the poorest of children. Yet, we forget the original idea that he derived from. He does not exist. In more generic terms, a negative existential can simply be described as “X does not exist.” What Russell fails to acknowledge is the fact that, in order to conclude that something does not exist, you have to first accept the existence of the idea. In point, an example of “X does not exist,” must be...
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...to consider: status, focus, character, subject matter, developing ideas, vocal skills, movement skills, emotion memory, objective, subtext, background research, leading others, props, costume… 1. Learning Objective Write down the main aims of the week’s rehearsals, and explain how you think you have achieved these. The main aims for this rehearsals was for all members of the group to produce a research project on an idea that we all came up with, thinking that it would be a good idea to use as a final piece. Everyone achieved this because we all completed presentations explaining why each person’s idea was the best or how it could be developed. After we had done this and filled out an evaluation form for other, our next aim was to pick an idea that either two small groups could accomplish or one larger group - depending on the decisions that were made. I believe that we achieved this because we all sat down after the presentations were finished and had a in-depth conversation about the possibilities of ideas and how different characters or the development of said characters could be accomplished whilst showing them to an audience. Once we had done this, our next aim was to create basic characters for our plot in order to make it have more of a structure. We did this by giving advice, going around in a circle and asking questions about the person’s character and making sure that everyone knew what each individual was doing. I believe that we achieved our final aim...
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...Explore the Importance of an Idea Having Value For an idea to be perceived as a good one – does it need to be completely new, or incredibly useful. Maybe it needs to be both. Are the ‘new’ ideas that people are thinking of actually just revitalised versions of an already existing idea? Or do people not have enough experience in the field of ‘creative thinking’ and give up too easy? It is inevitable that people perceive creativity in different ways, but this essay will explore and discuss the debate of ideas, the process of ideas, and the importance of ideas obtaining worth and reasoning. Some people believe that for an idea to be a good one, it needs to have value. Speaking in a video titled “Edward De Bono on Creative Thinking”, De Bono states that he believes an idea with no value is “just being different for the sake of being different”, which he thinks is what gives creativity a bad name. He uses the example of creating a ‘triangular door’, despite the fact that doors are always rectangular. He states that if you cannot prove the value of this idea, then this is just being different for the sake of it, which he does not deem as creativity (2006). This shows that whilst De Bono supports this idea of creativity, he believes ideas should be not only new, but also useful. Expanding on an idea with no true reason is not something he believes is necessary. Robinson also agrees with this notion, stating, “Creativity is the process of having original ideas that have value. It is a process;...
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...perceived.' - How would you explain Bishop Berkeley's idealism to someone who knew nothing about philosophy? This is a good essay. Many students are very puzzled by Berkeley's claim that his theory is intended as a 'defence against scepticism'. I don't know what a 'real' tree is, because I have never met one, and never will. All I know is my perception of this tree and other trees like it. - This seems an open invitation to the most extreme scepticism which denies that the objects of our perception exist. Berkeley's answer is that there is no 'real' tree, in the sense of some object or entity that exists apart from perception. All there is, is the possibility of my perceiving the tree, of enjoying my tree-perception, vouchsafed by God's unwavering attention to all the objects of his creation, which exist as nothing more than perceptions in God's mind. This response differs from another possible anti-sceptical response which avoids the God-hypothesis altogether. Why not say that the 'possibility of my perceiving the tree' is just that and no more? There is a hypothetical statement - or list of hypothetical statements - whose truth is equivalent to the 'existence of the tree'. You know what a 'statement' is, and what 'truth' means. You know what it is for a statement to be hypothetical ('if A then B'). Why not stick with that? The clear advantage of this theory - also known as 'phenomenalism' - is that we are not giving a hostage to fortune in positing a God whose...
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