Free Essay

No Title

In:

Submitted By jadid21
Words 5618
Pages 23
Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti BULLETIN

Vol. LXII No. 4/2010

1 - 11

Economic Sciences Series

Employee Compensation Practices in Industrial Enterprises of Bangladesh: A Public-Private Sector Comparison
Mir Mohammed Nurul Absar*, Zahed Husain Sikder**, Balasundaram Nimalathasan***, Mohammed Moniruzzaman Bhuiyan****
*

East Delta University, 1267/A Goshaildanga, Agrabad, Chittagong, Bangladesh e-mail: mmnabsar@yahoo.com ** Department of Management Studies, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh e-mail: zahidsikder@aiub.edu *** Department of Commerce, University of Jaffna, Thirunelveli, Jaffna, Sri Lanka e-mail: bnimalathasan@yahoo.com **** Department of Statistics, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh e-mail: bhuiyan_mz@yahoo.com

Abstract
Compensation is one the most important functions of human resource management (HRM). The present study aimed at exploring differences between the public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of compensation practices. Data collected from twenty-six public and thirty-four private industrial enterprises shows that the overall status of compensation practices of the private sector industrial enterprises is significantly better than that of the public sector industrial enterprises in Bangladesh. Some implications are also offered for overall improvement of the compensation practices of the public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh.

Key words: compensation, public sector, private sector, industrial enterprises JEL Classification: M12

Introduction
Employee compensation is one of the major functions of HRM. Dessler (2007) defined employee compensation as “all forms of pay or rewards going to employees and arising from their employment”. Compensation is important for both employers and employees. It is important to the employees because it is one of the main reasons for which people work. Employees‟ living status in the society, motivation, loyalty, and productivity are also influenced by the compensation (Aswathappa, 2008). Again, it is very important for the employers because it creates substantial cash out flow of an enterprise (Weeratunga, 2003). Compensation includes both financial and non-financial benefits (Aswathappa, 2008). Financial elements comprise two elements, namely: direct and indirect forms of payments to the employee. Direct compensation includes hourly and monthly rated wages or salaries, and incentives such as bonuses, commissions, and profit sharing plans. Indirect compensation includes benefits such as

2

Mohammed Absar, Zahed Sikder, Balasundaram Nimalathasan, Mohammed Bhuiyan

provident fund, gratuity, and health insurance, paid leaves, vacations, company car, furnished house, retirement benefits, stock option, and the like. Non-financial benefits comprise challenging job, responsibilities, appreciation, working environment, empowerment, and others. The compensation that an organization provides may be based on either membership (job) or performance (skill). In the traditional system, employees are paid according to the job or membership that has no connection with the employee‟s or organization‟s performance. On the contrary, in the case of performance or skill based pay, employees are compensated with respect to their performance, abilities, and knowledge. In practice, performance may be a minor determinant of compensation though academic theories extend the view that performance-based compensation leads to high motivation of employees (Decenzo and Robbins, 1999). Compensation, once determined, should not remain the same for years. It should be reviewed and changed after a certain period through a proper pay survey. Compensation serves many functions. Sound compensation can attract, motivate, and retain the competent employees of an organization (Werther and Davis, 1996).

Statement of the Problem and Rationale of the Study
In 1971, Bangladesh started its journey as an independent and sovereign nation. During that time, only 4% gross domestic product (GDP) came from the industrial sector, most of which were mainly small scale industries (Ahmed and Patan, 1979). The socialist prone philosophy and huge immobilized abandoned industrial units of the non-Bengali communities led the nationalization of industries soon after the independence. The investment policies of 1973 and 1974 gave further emphasis on public sector oriented industrialization and were against the expansion of the private sector. Nevertheless, the public sector industrial enterprises, unfortunately, did not perform well. They were rather emerging as a white elephant through incurring huge losses every year (Abedin, 1988; Hoque, 1994; Khan and Alauddin, 1995). On the other hand, from December 1975 until now, all the governments have been emphasizing the development of the private sector industrial enterprises through the investment policy of 1975, and industrial policies of 1982, 1986, 1991, 1999, and 2005. However, it is also found that the performance of the private sector industrial enterprises has not achieved ultimate success (Aowrangazab, 2005, Sikder, 1996). A number of issues are liable for such state of affairs in the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh where ineffective compensation practices are reported to be one of them (Ali, 1989; Khan, 2007). Therefore, a study to evaluate the comparative status of compensation practices in the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh can be pertinent and worthwhile. The research findings would help the public and the private sector industrial enterprises in Bangladesh to improve their compensation practices towards creating a sustainable competitive advantage based on human capital. The research findings would be also useful for the academicians, researchers, policy- makers, and practitioners of HRM.

Literature Review
Compensation has been researched from different perspectives at home and abroad. Rab (1991), in a study on 24 small enterprises operating in Dhaka, identified that most of the enterprises (87.5%) paid one or more types of allowances in addition to salary. He found that nearly 7% enterprises paid festival bonus, 20% paid medical allowance, and 20% provided pay increment. A case study (Taher, 1992) on the overall personnel management (HRM) practices of Khulna Hard Board Mills Ltd unearthed inadequate compensation as one of the main problems of that enterprise. Chowdhury (2000) in a book review mentioned that compensation has been a very important aspect of HRM in a developing country like Bangladesh where employees are commonly low paid with little or no fringe benefits. A research study (Mamun and Islam, 2001)

Employee Compensation Practices in Industrial Enterprises of Bangladesh: A Public-Private …

3

examined the HRM practices of the ready-made garments (RMG) enterprises. The study identified that compensation and labor productivity of workers in Bangladesh were very low in comparison to competing nations. Ernst and Young, and Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2007) in a survey on HR practices in Bangladesh found that most of the surveyed organizations have in-house payroll processing. It was also found that sales incentives and pay based on individual performance were not widely practiced in the surveyed organizations. Uddin, Habib, and Hassan (2007) depicted a comparative scenario of HRM practices with respect to two public and the private sector organizations of Bangladesh. The study discovered that most of the employees of Wartsila, the private sector organization, were satisfied with their salaries whereas most of the employees of Bangladesh power development board (BPDB), the public sector organization, were highly dissatisfied with their salaries. A study (Huda, Karim, and Ahmed, 2007) on the HRM practices of 20 non-government organizations (NGOs) of Bangladesh observed that inadequate financial incentives represented one of the main reasons behind the job dissatisfaction of the employees. The study recommended determining entrylevel remunerations and benefits properly to attract qualified candidates. Khan (2007) categorically mentioned that the public and the private sector institutions of Bangladesh failed to discharge their duties properly due to incorrect recruitment and selection of employees, politicization of promotion and posting, low compensation, and ineffective training. Hoque (1994) investigated 10 industrial enterprises (5 public and 5 private) located in Chittagong. He found that human resource development (HRD) had a positive impact on organizational effectiveness (OE). He measured HRD in terms of investments in HRD in the forms of employees‟ compensation, their training and development expenses, and OE was measured in terms of growth and profit effectiveness. The empirical study depicted that with respect to the broad staffing (HR) pattern, qualities of employees, delegation of authority to subordinates, decentralization of decision and policy makings, and span of supervision, the private sector enterprises were in a much better position than the public sector enterprises. The study identified that low investment in HRD had created lower growth and profit in the public sector enterprises, unlike private sector ones. He finally recommended that any enterprise, especially the public sector industrial enterprises, should develop their human resources through more investment in the forms of compensation, and training and development expenses. A study (Ali, 1989) on the employees of nine public sector industrial enterprises identified pay structure as the prime reason behind the dissatisfaction of the workers. The other reasons for dissatisfaction of workers were job security, promotion system, and work autonomy. The employees in the mentioned firms were highly dissatisfied with pay and benefits. A large number of employees were even found to be ready to sacrifice quick promotion, job security, and friendly colleagues for higher pay and fringe benefits. Thus, the study challenged the western belief of motivating workers more by the intrinsic rewards like autonomy, and task identity. He claimed that unless salary and benefits met the basic needs, the intrinsic rewards might not work in Bangladesh. Through an in-depth study on 178 industrial enterprises of Greece, Katou and Budhwar (2007) found that HR practices such as recruitment, training, promotion, compensation, involvement, and safety and health were positively related with the elements of organizational performance such as innovation and satisfaction of stakeholders. Then, employee compensation, especially the performance based compensation system, resulted in better organizational performance in Indian firms (Singh, 2004). Huselid (1995) investigated the impact of HRM practices such as recruitment and selection, training, compensation on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance in USA. He found that investment in HRM practices was associated with lower employee turnover, greater productivity, and higher corporate financial performance. Huang (2001), in a study on the past, present, and future challenges of HRM practices of Taiwan, demonstrated compensation as the second most important functions of HRM in achieving organizational objectives. Yeganeh and Su (2008) examined the HRM practices

4

Mohammed Absar, Zahed Sikder, Balasundaram Nimalathasan, Mohammed Bhuiyan

including compensation of Iranian public sector enterprises. They found that in Iranian public sector enterprises, employee compensation was basically determined on the basis of seniority and education. Performance based compensation was not that much prevalent in Iranian public sector. Thus, the above literature survey indicates that compensation has been investigated from different perspectives around the globe as an important practice of HRM. It is also evident that very limited number of comparative studies were conducted on compensation practices with respect to the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh. Moreover, no specific study was found on employee compensation in Bangladeshi context. The present study is, therefore, an endeavor to fill up this obvious research gap.

Objectives o o To explore the differences between public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to the overall status of compensation practices; To put forward policy implications for overall improvement of the compensation practices of the public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh.

Hypothesis
Hypothesis 1: H0 = There is no difference between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to the overall status of compensation practices. Here, the researchers formulated only one hypothesis for contrast the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to the overall status of compensation practices.

Research Methodology
Research methodology is defined as the common approaches the researcher uses in carrying out the research project (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005). Research methodologies of the present study are outlined below.

Sample
A sampling frame of 155 public and private sector industrial enterprises was prepared comprising 64 public sector industrial enterprises (running) under all the six state-owned industrial corporations (GOB, Ministry of Finance, 2007) such as Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC), Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation (BSEC), Bangladesh Sugar and Foods Industries Development Corporation (BSFIDC), Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC), Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC), and Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation (BTMC), and 91 private sector industrial enterprises (CSE, Annual Report, 2007) listed under Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). These six state-owned industrial corporations (BCIC, BSEC, BSFIDC, BFIDC, BJMC, and BTMC) represent all public sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh. On the other hand, private sector enterprises are selected from the listed firms of Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE), the second largest stock exchange of Bangladesh. Various established approaches are used in determining sample size such as using a census in case of small population, imitating a sample size of analogous studies, using published tables, and using formulas to calculate a sample size (Israel, 2003). For the present study, the published table method was used in the determination of the

Employee Compensation Practices in Industrial Enterprises of Bangladesh: A Public-Private …

5

sample size. Israel (2003) developed the table by using the formula of Yamane (1967), which is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Sample size for ± 5%, ± 7%, ± 10% precision levels where confidence level is 95% and p = 0.5 Size of Population 100 125 150 175 200 Sample Size(n) for Precision(e) of ±5% ±7% ±10% 81 67 51 96 78 56 110 86 61 122 94 64 134 101 67

Source: adapted from Determining Sample Size by Israel, 2003

Table 1 shows that a sample size is feasible and valid at different precision levels. From the field survey it was found that the total population for the present study was 155 that falls within the population range of 175 in the table. Considering the sample size to be determined at 10% precision level, it can be seen that the sample size for the present study came to 64 within the predetermined population range of 175. Since the study was directed towards comparing the status of compensation practices between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh, the stratified random sampling technique was applied here to get a representative sample. In selecting samples from both sectors (strata) – the public and the private, the present study also used „proportionate allocation method’ (Kothari, 1990). Therefore, the following overall sample size was obtained for the present study.
Table 2. The overall sample size of the study Sector Public Private Total Sample Size Source: Survey data No. of units 26 38 64

Data Collection
Questionnaire survey method was used to gather data in the present study. Compensation was measured by a scale (Cronbach‟s α = .97) composed of five items on five-point Likert type scale (where 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). To assess the validity of the scale of the present study, content validity was used. It is a “subjective but systematic evaluation of how well the content of a scale represents the measurement task at hand” (Malhotra, 2007). For this purpose, the contents of the questionnaire were prepared with the help of leading literature, models, theories, and texts pertaining to the subject and questions of research. After necessary modifications, the content validity of the scale was approved by a panel of experts. As HR managers are the most competent persons to provide data related to any HR practice such as compensation (Huselid and Becker, 1996), the structured questionnaire was sent to the HR managers of all the 64 surveyed industrial enterprises. Finally, 60 useable questionnaires were obtained for the study (26 from public sector and 34 from private sector).

Analysis
To analyze the data, this study used descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and difference inferential statistics (Leech, Barrett, and Morgan, 2005) such as t-test, F- test. All statistical calculations were carried out by SPSS version 11.5, the most widely used set of programs for statistical analysis in the social sciences (Bryman and Cramer, 2003).

6

Mohammed Absar, Zahed Sikder, Balasundaram Nimalathasan, Mohammed Bhuiyan

Findings and Analyses
The status of compensation practices of the public and the private sector industrial enterprise was assessed by five items (Cronbach‟s α = .97). The descriptive statistics of the five items are shown in Table-3.
Table 3. Descriptive statistics of the items assessing the status of compensation practices Se. No 1 Item Salary and benefits are competitive Salary and benefits are offered on the basis of competencies or abilities of the employees Compensation is linked to performance Pay survey is conducted regularly Non-financial benefits are emphasized Type of the Organization Public Private Public Private Public Private Public Private Public Private N 26 34 26 34 26 34 26 34 26 34 Mean 1.23 4.71 1.19 4.85 1.35 4.88 1.35 4.41 2.54 4.53 Std. Deviation .587 .676 .567 .359 .846 .327 .562 .892 1.208 .896 Std. Error Mean .115 .116 .111 .062 .166 .056 .110 .153 .237 .154

2

3 4 5

Source: Survey data

Table 3 shows the sample size (N), mean (M), standard deviation (SD), and standard error mean of all the five items used to assess the status of compensation practices in the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh. From the means of items, differences were observed between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh. To make sure whether these differences were statistically significant, independent-samples t-test was carried out for every item. The results are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Independent-samples t-test for the items assessing the status of compensation practices Levene's Test for Equality of Variances Item Salary and benefits are competitive Salary and benefits are offered on the basis of competencies/abiliti es of the employees Compensation is linked to performance Pay survey is conducted regularly Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 11.084*** .002 F .408 Sig. .526 t-test for Equality of Means t -20.878*** -21.277 .954 .333 -30.508*** -28.789 -22.338 -20.195*** 12.950*** .001 -15.342 -16.268*** df 58 56.993 58 39.876 58 30.739 58 56.167 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

1

2

3

4

Employee Compensation Practices in Industrial Enterprises of Bangladesh: A Public-Private …

7

Table 4 (cont.) 5 Non-financial benefits are emphasized Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 4.873** .031 -7.336 -7.053*** 58 44.489 .000 .000

Source: Survey data; **p < .05; ***p < .01.

Item-wise interpretation of Table-4
Item 1: Salary and benefits are competitive. Equal variances were assumed for this item. Accordingly from the t-test, the difference between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to offering competitive salaries and benefits to the employees was found to be significant (t = -20.878, p < .01). Hence, it can be inferred that the private sector enterprises (M = 4.71) are in significantly better position than the public sector enterprises (M = 1.23) with respect to offering competitive salaries and benefits to the employees. Item 2: Salary and benefits are offered according to employees’ competencies /abilities Equal variances were assumed for Item 2. Consequently from the t-test, the difference between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises with respect to offering salaries and benefits based on competencies/abilities of the employees was found to be significant (t = 30.508, p < .01). Thus, it can be inferred that the private sector enterprises (M = 4.85) are in a significantly better position than the public sector enterprises (M = 1.19) with respect to offering salaries and benefits according to employees‟ competencies/abilities. Item 3: Compensation is linked to performance Equal variances were not assumed for this item as F = 11.084, p < .01. Accordingly from the ttest, it was found that there was significant difference between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises with respect to offering compensation linked to performance (t = -20.195, p < .01 ). Hence, it can be inferred that the private sector enterprises (M = 4.88) are in significantly better position than the public sector (M = 1.35) enterprises with respect to offering compensation linked to performance. Item 4: Pay survey is conducted regularly Equal variances were not assumed for this item as F = 12.950, p < .01. As a result from the ttest, significant difference was found between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises with respect to conducting regular pay survey (t = -16.268, p = .000 ). It can, therefore, be inferred that the private sector enterprises (M = 4.41) are in significantly better position than the public sector (M = 1.35) enterprises with respect to conducting pay survey regularly to review the salaries and benefits of employees. Item 5: Non-financial benefits are emphasized Equal variances were not assumed for this item as F = 4.873, p < .05. So from the t-test, significant difference was observed between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises with respect to emphasizing on non-financial benefits (t = -7.053, p < .01 ). It can, thus, be inferred that the private sector enterprises (M = 4.53) are in significantly better position than the public sector (M = 2.54) enterprises with respect to emphasizing on non-financial benefits.

8

Mohammed Absar, Zahed Sikder, Balasundaram Nimalathasan, Mohammed Bhuiyan

Testing of Hypothesis
Next, the difference between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of compensation practices was investigated. The hypothesis mentioned below was developed for testing. Hypothesis 1: H0 = There is no difference between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to the overall status of compensation practices. H o : µ 1 = µ2 H 1 : µ 1 ≠ µ2
Table 5. Descriptive statistics of the status of compensation practices Type of the Organization Compensation Source: survey data Table 6. Independent-samples t-test for status of compensation practices Levene's Test For Equality of Variances F Item Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed .003 Sig. .954 public private N 26 34 Mean 2.0385 4.8235 Std. Deviation .52769 .38695 Std. Error Mean .10349 .06636

t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2tailed) .000 .000

t -23.598*** -22.654

df 58 44.134

Compensation

Source: Survey data, ***p < .01.

To test the above hypothesis, independent-samples t-test was run with SPSS. Before t-test, Levene’s test for equality of variances was carried out to be certain about the homogeneity of variances of the comparing groups. From the Levene’s test for equality of variances, it was found that variances were equal. Accordingly, independent-samples t-test showed that the difference between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises with respect to overall status of compensation practices was statistically significant (t = -23.598, p < .01). As a result, the null hypothesis was rejected and it can be concluded that overall status of compensation practices of the private sector industrial enterprises (M = 4.8235) is significantly better than that of the public sector industrial enterprises (M = 2.0385) of Bangladesh.

Summary and Implications
Compensation is identified as the most vulnerable side of the HRM practices of public sector enterprises. In every aspect of compensation practices such as competitiveness of salary and benefits, competency-based compensation, performance-based compensation, regularity in pay survey, and non-financial benefits, the public sector enterprises are in a lower position than the private sector enterprises. This is due to the fact that in the public sector, compensation is offered with respect to seniority and position. Pay review in the public sector also generally

Employee Compensation Practices in Industrial Enterprises of Bangladesh: A Public-Private …

9

takes place after several years. These generate mismanagement, poor motivation, and corruption in the public sector enterprises. The inequality of compensation between the public and the private sector is now so prevalent that an entry-level officer of a private sector enterprise is getting a higher salary than even a top level manager of a public sector enterprise. With respect to ownership, the industrial sector of Bangladesh is mainly divided into two sectors: public and private. Though governments of Bangladesh have been patronizing the development of the private sector since 1975, the importance of the public sector towards the economic development of the country is still well-recognized. Moreover, the public sector is composed of some industries such as fertilizer, jute, and forest where the private sector does not have any mentionable presence. However, these industries (fertilizer, jute) also have significant contributions to the growth in the agriculture sector of Bangladesh. Therefore, for the overall economic emancipation of Bangladesh, an industrial sector comprising of well functioning public and private sectors is a must. Human resource management practices such as compensation can play vital roles for the public and the private sector led industrial development of Bangladesh. The following implications may be useful to consider in improving the overall status of employee compensation practices of the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh.

Implications of the Findings for the Public Sector Industrial Enterprises
The most unimpressive side of HRM practices of the public sector enterprises of Bangladesh is inadequate compensation package for the employees. That is why nowadays it is hardly possible for the public sector enterprises to get and to keep capable employees. As money is the prime motivator, the public sector enterprises of Bangladesh should offer competitive salaries and benefits to their employees. Salary and benefits must be linked to the qualifications, skills, knowledge, and performance of the employees. It is reported that pay scale changes in the public sector after every 5 to 10 years, which is quite irrational and frustrating. Regularity in pay review should be maintained through pay survey to offer pay that is equitable and consistent with the society‟s changing needs. Non-financial benefits should also be provided to the employees who devote time, effort, knowledge, expertise and everything for the improvement of the organizations.

Implications of the Findings for the Private Sector Industrial Enterprises
The private sector enterprises should extend financial and non-financial benefits to their employees. Besides financial rewards, non-financial rewards such as challenging job, empowerment, recognition, job security, better working conditions should also be provided to the employees. Fringe benefits and perquisites such as provident fund, gratuity, medical care, health insurance, paid holidays, transport, housing, stock option schemes should be offered for the overall well-being of the employees and their dependants.

Limitations and Directions for Future Researches
The present study obtained data in the form of perceptual measures of compensation practices, although objective measures are more desirable. There are a number of areas where future studies can be directed. Case studies may be undertaken on compensation practices of selected public and private sector industrial enterprises for thorough analysis. Studies may also be carried out on compensation practices of service sector enterprises.

10

Mohammed Absar, Zahed Sikder, Balasundaram Nimalathasan, Mohammed Bhuiyan

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. A b e d i n , M. Z., Industrial development in Bangladesh: Roles of public and private sectors. Bank Parikrama, Vol. XIII, No.3 & 4, 1988. A h m e d , F. A., P a t a n , A. B., Industrial development of Bangladesh. Journal of Institute of Bankers, Vol.10, 1979. A l i , M. O., Employee motivation in Bangladesh with special reference to nationalized industrial units located in Rajshahi and Khulna zones. In M. Ahmad & G. Mclean (Eds.), Bangladesh Business Research Reports, Dhaka: UGC, pp.88-94, 1989. A o w r a n g a z a b , A.F.M., Industrialization process in Bangladesh: An evaluation of the role of state, policy measures, strategies, problems, and prospects. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh,2005. A s w a t h a p p a , K., Human resource management: Text and cases. Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2008. B r y m a n , A., C r a m e r , D., Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10 for windows. Hove and New York: Routledge,2003. Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). Annual Report. Chittagong, Bangladesh,2007. C h o w d h u r y , G. M., Review of the book human resources management practices in Bangladesh. Journal of Business Administration, 26(3&4), 117-119,2000. D e c e n z o , D. A., R o b b i n s , S. P., Human resource management. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1999. D e s s l e r , G., Human resource management. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited,2007. E r n s t Y., HR practices survey - Bangladesh. Dhaka, Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI), 2007. Government of Bangladesh (GOB), Ministry of Finance, Bangladesh economic review. Dhaka, 2007. H o q u e , M. J., Human resource development and organizational effectiveness. In R. B. Talukder (Eds.), Management of Change in South Asia. Dhaka: UPL, pp.433-451, 1994. H u a n g , T. C., Human resource management in Taiwan. In P. S. Budhwar & Y. A. Debrah (Eds.), Human resource management in developing countries. London: Routledge, pp.56-74, 2001. H u d a , K. N., K a r i m , M. R., A h m e d , F., HRM practices & challenges of non-government development organizations: An empirical study on Bangladesh. Journal of Management, Vol. 9, No.1, pp. 35-49,2007. H u s e l i d , M. A., B e c k e r , B. E., Methodological issues in cross-sectional and panel estimates of the HR-firm performance link. Industrial Relations, Vol. 35, pp.400-422, 1996. H u s e l i d , M. A., The Impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol.38, No.3, 635672,1995. I s r a e l , G. D., Determining sample size, 2003, available, at http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.edu. [October 24, 2008]. K a t o u , A. A., B u d w a r , P. S., The effects of human resource management policies on organizational performance in Greek manufacturing firms. Thunderbird International Business Review, Vol. 49, No.1, pp. 1-35, 2007. K h a n , A. Q., A l a u d d i n , M., Privatization: Its rationale in Bangladesh. Islamic University Studies, 4(1).1995. K h a n , M. M., Enhancing institutional capacity of public administration in Bangladesh: Present state and future direction. In M. F. Islam & S. S. Andaleeb (Eds.), Development issues of Bangladesh, Dhaka: UPL, pp.111-134,2007. K o t h a r i , C. R., Research methodology: Methods & techniques. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers, 1990. L e e c h, N. L., B a r r e t t , K. C., M o r g a n , G. A., SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,2005. L e e d y , P. D., O r m r o d , J. E.,Practical research. USA: Pearson,2005. M a l h o t r a , N. K., Marketing research. New Delhi: PHI, 2007.

Employee Compensation Practices in Industrial Enterprises of Bangladesh: A Public-Private … 11 26. M a m u n , M. A., I s l a m , M. A., Managing women work force: A case study of ready made garments (RMGs) in Bangladesh. The Chittagong University Journal of Commerce, Vol.16,pp. 8190,2001. 27. R a b , A., Management pattern and problems of small enterprises of Bangladesh. Journal of Business Administration, Vol.17, No 3&4, 1991. 28. S i k d e r , Z. H., A comparative study of management control systems in selected industrial enterprises in Bangladesh and India. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University, India, 1996. 29. S i n g h , K., Impact of HR practices on perceived firm performance in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, Vol.42, No.3, pp. 301-317, 2004. 30. T a h e r , A., Personnel management practices in Bangladesh: A case study of Khulna Hard Board Mills Ltd. Management Development, Vol. 21, No.1, pp. 69-82, 1992. 31. U d d i n , M. A., H a b i b , M. A., H a s s a n , M. R., Human resource management practices in power generation organizations of Bangladesh: A comparative study of public and private Sector. Journal of Business Studies, Vol.III, No.2, pp. 129-144, 2007. 32. W e e r a t u n g a , L., Human resource management. Dhaka: Bangladesh Open University, 2003. 33. W e r t h e r , W. B., D a v i s , K., Human resources and personnel management. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1996. 34. Y a m a n e , T., Statistics: An introductory analysis. New York: Harper and Row, 1967. 35. Y e g a n e h , H., S u , Z., An Examination of human resource management practices in Iranian public sector. Personnel Review, Vol. 37, No.2, pp. 203-221,2008.

Practicile de compensare a angajaţilor din întreprinderile industriale din Bangladesh: analiză contrastivă între sectorul public şi cel privat
Rezumat
Compensarea constituie una dintre cele mai importante funcţii ale managementului resurselor umane (HRM). Articolul de faţă îşi propune să exploreze diferenţele dintre întreprinderile din sectorul public şi din cel privat din Bangladesh cu privire la statutul de ansamblu al practicilor compensaţiei. Datele colectate din 26 de întreprinderi publice şi 34 întreprinderi private indică statutul practicilor compensaţiei din întreprinderile private ca fiind în mod semnificativ mai bun decât cel al întreprinderilor publice din Bangladesh. Se oferă totodată câteva sugestii în vederea perfecţionării practicilor legate de compensaţiile oferite în întreprinderile industriale publice şi private din Bangladesh.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Title Ix

...------------------------------------------------- Subject: Self-Audit of Title IX in Athletic Program Broadwater Academy PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY The Headmaster and Board of Directors want to be proactive, they would like the athletic department to conduct a Title IX audit. This audit is to ensure the Broadwater Academy is in compliance with all Title IX criteria for athletics. SCOPE AND METHODOLGY To help understand why this audit is being conducted, it is necessary to have some history: “The original legislation, Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C 1681 et seq., is a Federal statute that was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972.” (NIAAA, 2011) “Title IX regulations provide that: No person shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, be treated differently from another person, or otherwise be discriminated against in any interscholastic, intercollegiate, club or intramural athletics offered by a recipient, and no recipient shall provide such athletics separately on such basis.” (Justice) Justice, T. U. (n.d.). http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/cor/coord/ixlegal.php. Retrieved from Title IX Legal manual: http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/cor/coord/ixlegal.php NIAAA. (2011). Leadership Training LTC 506 Legal Issues II; Title IX and sexual Harassment . NIAAA. This process will begin with the development of a committee to evaluate, manage, and supervise the compliance of Title IX in Broadwater Academy’s athletic program...

Words: 2151 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Title Ix

...The Title IX Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX for short) broadly prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Most of the time, people speak about Title IX when referring to gender equality in college sports, but it actually covers a wider range of sexual discrimination. In the NCAA, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) would analyze a university’s decision to eliminate one of their team sports. They would determine if that school was compliant with Title IX. Some schools cite financial reasons for taking sports out, but that alone is not enough for the OCR. “Title IX requires that the percentage of male/female student-athletes should closely represent the student body population at the university and that the proportion of student aid should closely resemble the participating male/female ratio” (Cranney, 2013). Therefore, the athletic department’s male to female ratio has to be similar to the student body’s ratio as well. One of the reasons that Temple University took away seven of their sports was to balance their athletic department’s male/female ratio, and it would also save the school between $3 to $3.5 million yearly (Cranney, 2013). If the ratio at the athletic department of a school is acceptable, they would have to really show that keeping up certain sports is hurting the school significantly. For the OCR, they will find every reason for a school not to drop any of their sports,...

Words: 296 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Title Ix Paper

...As Title IX approaches its 40th anniversary, its policies and impacts on both men’s and women’s sports is still greatly debated and argued. While it is proven fact that it was tremendously successful at providing women far greater opportunities both in sports and outside of sports, the topic of how it is negatively affecting men’s sport is often debated. The five articles that I gathered advocate for Title IX. They express its positive impacts through narrative accounts and personal experiences of well-known female athletes who prospered due to Title IX not just in sports, but in their educational and professional careers. They also disprove the myths commonly associated with Title IX that lack evidence about how it is responsible for negatively affecting men’s sport opportunities and potentially ruining the programs currently in existence. Title IX is generally associated with women’s opportunity in sports to the point where its other positive implications tend to be forgotten. Title IX isn’t just about providing an opportunity for women to participate in sports in high school and at the college level, it is about providing young women the skills needed to achieve greater successes later on in life. Pugmire’s (2013) article quotes Women’s basketball legend Anne Meyers Drysdale saying the following: “According to the Women's Sports Foundation, 80% of women in Fortune 500 companies played sports. It teaches you so much -- confidence, failure, success, courage, how to get along...

Words: 1851 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Title IX Gender Equality

...On the day of June 23, 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments was enacted by Congress and signed into law by United States President Richard Nixon. On this monumental day, women across the entire United States would no longer be discriminated on the basis of sex. Thirty-seven that would change everything, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." This landmark federal statute was considered the most important step for gender equality since the right to vote given in the 19th Amendment.  Hawaii congresswoman, Patsy T. Mink worked tirelessly by...

Words: 1183 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Title Ix and Women’s Role in Sports

...the women’s movement was the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Storm 320). Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams. Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men (Simon 92). Title IX applies to educational institutions that receive any federal funds and prohibits discrimination in all educational programs and activities. Athletic programs are considered educational programs and activities. Title IX gives women athletes the right to equal opportunity in sports in educational institutions that receive federal funds, from elementary schools to colleges and universities (Poertner 92). There are three parts to Title IX as it applies to athletics programs:...

Words: 1703 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Wojo

...COM 101 Essay 2 – Are We Desensitized? LENGTH: 2 -3 Pages (aim for the very bottom of the 2nd page at least) DUE DATE: Rough Draft: Thursday, 10/1 on BB Final Draft: Tuesday, 10/13 on BB ASSIGNMENT: With our current section of articles, we’ve been discussing the concept of whether or not the younger generation (a.k.a. you guys) has been desensitized to things going on in the world. We’ve talked about this potential problem through a few different perspectives. We examined the argument about whether or not we’re desensitized to violence or death due to violent media, like video games. Then, we discussed whether or not we’re desensitized to suffering due to a feeling of helplessness, such as the belief that we can’t change things like economics or the government. Finally, we talked about technology and whether or not it has, in a sense, desensitized us to one another in the way that we interact thanks to new technologies like social media and cell phones. So, for your second essay, you’re going to answer the question of whether or not you believe the current generation is desensitized. However, in order to keep the paper focused and short (since it’s only 2-3 pages), choose just one of the perspectives to argue with or against. The perspective you choose will also determine which articles you use in your essay (you must use AT LEAST ONE). It breaks down much like this: Violence/Death – Narvaez, Jones, Eler Helplessness/Ineffectiveness – Leonhardt, McClelland...

Words: 441 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Sales of Mitsubishi

...Appendix ‘A’ FINANCIAL PLANNING 1. Library: 1. Books: |S.No. |Type |New Titles Required |Volume of New Titles |Cost per Unit |Total Costs |Remarks | | | | |Required | | | | |1 |Paper Back |1200 |1200 | Rs.1500/-Aprox cost | 18 Lacs | Common to ASAP | | | | | | | |& ASD | |2 |Electronic |  |  |  |  |  | 2. Journals: |S.No. |Type |New Titles Required |Volume of New Titles |Cost per Unit |Total Costs |Remarks | | | | |Required | | | | |1 |Paper Back | 4 | 4 | Rs.250/- | Rs.4000/- | Common to ASAP | | | | | ...

Words: 313 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Research Paper Format Ieee

...into it. A. Page Layout Your paper must use a page size corresponding to A4 which is 210mm (8.27") wide and 297mm (11.69") long. The margins must be set as follows: • Top = 19mm (0.75") • Bottom = 43mm (1.69") • Left = Right = 14.32mm (0.56") Your paper must be in two column format with a space of 4.22mm (0.17") between columns. III. Page Style All paragraphs must be indented. All paragraphs must be justified, i.e. both left-justified and right-justified. A. Text Font of Entire Document The entire document should be in Times New Roman or Times font. Type 3 fonts must not be used. Other font types may be used if needed for special purposes. Recommended font sizes are shown in Table 1. B. Title and Author Details Title must be in 24 pt Regular font. Author name must be in 11 pt Regular font. Author...

Words: 1776 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Business Culture in Swiss

...Business hierarchy in Switzerland The Swiss appreciate sobriety, thrift, tolerance, punctuality and a sense of responsibility. This is reflected in the way they do business. The business climate is very formal and conservative and companies are structured in the traditional vertical manner.  The culture of companies can vary somewhat, depending on whether they are in the German, French or Italian areas of Switzerland. Overall, one can say that decisions are taken at the top of the organisation. In most organisations employees have little responsibility, although this differs from one company to another.  The many international companies in Geneva have a more American management culture, they are less hierarchic and employees hold more responsibility. Strategy Generally, the management of an organisation is at large responsible for the planning. Most companies use detailed planning with a tight schedule, although organisations in the French and Italian areas may have a more laid-back approach to strategy. Most of the planning is long term. Swiss business meetings Meetings are generally impersonal, brisk, orderly, planned and task-oriented. It is important to prepare yourself in advance of a business meeting.  The Swiss tend to get right down to business after a few minutes of general discussion. Be aware of the fact that non-verbal communication, such as body language, is very important and varies from region to region in Switzerland. Note that organisation,...

Words: 822 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Dunno

...Start Your Cover Letter With a Bang © Written By Jimmy Sweeney President of CareerJimmy and Author of the new, Amazing Cover Letter Creator If you're still reading, then I've caught your attention with the title. You can do the same with your job-search cover letters. Whether you call it a title or a headline, this little 'weapon' will hit the mark, pulling your reader right through your written communication from the first word to the last. Here's how to strike gold each time. Open your cover letter with a 'big bang'––a powerful headline––and yours may be the only one that makes it past the 'scan and trash' syndrome. Hiring managers are inundated with cover letters each day. If you want yours to stand out, grab their attention from the start. Sizzling titles are like a magnet––attracting the reader to the point where he cannot get away from it. He wants to read on because the headline is so compelling. A clever title that 'jumps' off the page scores every time! Titles and headlines do the hard work for you. Imagine the fabulous results YOU could enjoy if your cover letter opens with an exciting, can't-put-it-down headline that is so irresistible and unique, the hiring manager is actually eager to keep reading? The big bang headline is your passport to more quality job interviews in a hurry. You may be thinking it's difficult or that you're not clever enough to come up with a great headline. Not true. It's actually quite simple. I've provided some great examples to get...

Words: 484 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

A. Soriano and Smc Corp

...1. Name of the Company: SMC and A.Soriano Corporation 2. Timeframe: 1980’s 3. Point of View: Mr. Andres Soriano Jr., CEO 4. Summary * The two Companies, SMC and ANSCOR Group of Companies addressed a long felt need for an effective formal planning system. * The companies had developed their budgeting and long-range planning system. * They were not satisfied with their ability to respond to the rapid changes in the environment despite the advantages they gain from their budgeting and long-range planning system. * They sought the professional advice from a team of experts on strategic planning headed by Dr. Peter Lorange. 5. Statement of the Problem: What will be the best strategy that SMC and ANSCOR Group of Companies will take for them to be able to adapt to the rapid change in the environment? 6. TOWS Analysis THREATS | OPPORTUNITIES | WEAKNESSES | STRENGTHS | Rapid change in consumers preference | With the help of R&D, the company can improve their products | Poor strategic planning | Established its name in the industry | Highly competitive market | Exploring new markets for them to be the first in that market | Decentralization of the organization | They have hired qualified and experienced people | 7. ACA (Alternative Course of Action) a. The company need to give more attention in R&D for product improvement b. Centralization of organization for proper management c. Using machines instead...

Words: 621 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Japanese Falling Asleep on Meetings

...Why Do Japanese Fall Asleep In Meetings? Santiago Puente Gallegos Intercultural Management 2341 March 9, 2016 Bill Louden Why Do Japanese Fall Asleep In Meetings? According to Rochelle Koop the reason why Japanese fall asleep in meetings is because “Japanese believe that by closing their eyes, they can hear more effectively, because they are screening out the visual stimulus and focusing only on the sound” (Koop, 2011, p.109). After I was reading this case study, and I wondered what would be my reaction if people stayed silent after I spoke? A lot of things came through my mind. For example, as a Hispanic I would think that Japanese falling asleep during my speech is rude and disrespectful. Probably, I would walk away and leave the office. But I have to consider that not all cultures and customs are the same as ours. On the other hand, I would put my mind working and begin thinking that Japanese are probably evaluating my speech, are visualizing my ideas, or that like the author states, “I’m so boring that this key person is sleeping” ( Koop, 2011, p.109). I have to think that in the business world, I might...

Words: 759 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Randdd Zysd

...Blogging Directions * Go to www.atkinsow8asdfasnmafdfarketingassociation.com/wp-admin and login with your user name and password. * Click on posts and add new. * Enter title and write your post in the space below the title * Be sure to run spell check!!! * Chose a category or categories - On the right side column - that match with what you wrote about. If there is no category that fits, you must login as an admin and add the category. * On each and every post you want on the homepage, you MUST chose the “All Article” category along with your category choice. * Fill out the Headspace box with the title and short description of the article. * Add tags: Click the “Yahoo Suggest” button and chose the tags that make sense for your post. * Save your post, but don’t post it yet! * Custom Fields: This makes it so an image rotates through on the home page. * First, find an image that you like to go with your post, but preferably something at least 586 by 261 in size so that it fits snuggly on the homepage. * Save your image to your desktop. * Click on the “Media” tab on the left column and click “add new”. * Select the file (wherever you saved it). * Change the file title name and click “edit image”. * Then click the “scale” button. * Change the width to 586 or height to 261 depending on the image so that at least one dimension fills up the rotating image and save the image. * Scroll...

Words: 360 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Hrm 598 Week 3 Case Study Job Evaluation at Whole Foods

...completed a job analysis and written job descriptions for Jobs A thorough Job I. Respond to the following: • Evaluation of Jobs and Job structure Evaluate the jobs listed in the case study and prepare a job structure based upon its evaluation. Assign titles to jobs, and show your structure by title and job letter. • Process, Techniques, and Factors Describe the process you went through to arrive at that job structure. The job evaluation techniques and compensable factors used should be described, and the reasons for selecting them should be stated. • Evaluation of Job Descriptions Evaluate the job descriptions. What parts of them were most useful? How could they be improved? You will need to follow APA style and format and have a title page, brief introduction and conclusion, centered headings for major parts, page numbering and page headers, and a reference page. The case study should be approximately 4–6 pages in length. The assignment will be reviewed using the following criteria: Written Case Study: Prepare a Job Structure rubric. Written Case Study: Prepare a Job Structure Rubric Possible Points Earned Points Comments • Evaluation of Jobs and Job structure • Assigned titles to jobs • Showed structure by title and job letter 30 • Process, Techniques, and Factors • Described the process went through to arrive at that job structure • Described the job evaluation techniques and compensable factors used • Stated reasons for selecting them 27 • Evaluation of...

Words: 2173 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Ieee Project

...format Sample IEEE Paper for A4 Page Size First Author#1, Second Author*2, Third Author#3 #First-Third Department, First-Third University Address Including Country Name 1first.author@first-third.edu 3third.author@first-third.edu *Second Company Address Including Country Name 2second.author@second.com Abstract— This document gives formatting instructions for authors preparing papers for publication in the Proceedings of an IEEE conference. The authors must follow the instructions given in the document for the papers to be published. You can use this document as both an instruction set and as a template into which you can type your own text. Keywords— Include at least 5 keywords or phrases I. Introduction This document is a template. An electronic copy can be downloaded from the conference website. For questions on paper guidelines, please contact the conference publications committee as indicated on the conference website. Information about final paper submission is available from the conference website. II. Page Layout An easy way to comply with the conference paper formatting requirements is to use this document as a template and simply type your text into it. A. Page Layout Your paper must use a page size corresponding to A4 which is 210mm (8.27") wide and 297mm (11.69") long. The margins must be set as follows: • Top = 19mm (0.75") • Bottom = 43mm (1.69") • Left = Right = 14.32mm (0.56") Your paper must be in two column format...

Words: 1801 - Pages: 8